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Volume 17
Issue 2
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Journal of Eye Movement Research is published by MDPI from Volume 18 Issue 1 (2025). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).

J. Eye Mov. Res., Volume 17, Issue 2 (July 2024) – 6 articles

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34 pages, 30882 KiB  
Article
Intelligent Evaluation Method for Design Education and Comparison Research between visualizing Heat-Maps of Class Activation and Eye-Movement
by Jiayi Jia, Tianjiao Zhao, Junyu Yang and Qian Wang
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2024, 17(2), 1-34; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.17.2.1 - 10 Oct 2024
Viewed by 130
Abstract
The evaluation of design results plays a crucial role in the development of design. This study presents a design work evaluation system for design education that assists design instructors in conducting objective evaluations. An automatic design evaluation model based on convolutional neural networks [...] Read more.
The evaluation of design results plays a crucial role in the development of design. This study presents a design work evaluation system for design education that assists design instructors in conducting objective evaluations. An automatic design evaluation model based on convolutional neural networks has been established, which enables intelligent evaluation of student design works. During the evaluation process, the CAM is obtained. Simultaneously, an eye-tracking experiment was designed to collect gaze data and generate eye-tracking heat maps. By comparing the heat maps with CAM, an attempt was made to explore the correlation between the focus of the evaluation’s attention on human design evaluation and the CNN intelligent evaluation. The experimental results indicate that there is some certain correlation between humans and CNN in terms of the key points they focus on when conducting an evaluation. However, there are significant differences in background observation. The research results demonstrate that the intelligent evaluation model of CNN can automatically evaluate product design works and effectively classify and predict design product images. The comparison shows a correlation between artificial intelligence and the subjective evaluation of human eyes in evaluation strategy. Introducing artificial intelligence into the field of design evaluation for education has a strong potential to promote the development of design education. Full article
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33 pages, 1835 KiB  
Article
Persistence of Primitive Reflexes Associated with Asymmetries in Fixation and Ocular Motility Values
by Vicente A. Domingo-Sanz
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2024, 17(2), 1-33; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.17.2.5 - 19 Aug 2024
Viewed by 137
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined eye movement performance in patients aged 4 to 16 years. Measurements of eye movements were obtained before and after performing therapy for inhibition of four primitive reflexes, asymmetric tonic neck reflex, symmetric tonic neck reflex, labyrinthine tonic reflex and [...] Read more.
This cross-sectional study examined eye movement performance in patients aged 4 to 16 years. Measurements of eye movements were obtained before and after performing therapy for inhibition of four primitive reflexes, asymmetric tonic neck reflex, symmetric tonic neck reflex, labyrinthine tonic reflex and Moro reflex. Subsequently the scores of the four primitive reflexes were compared with the results of five variables: fixation maintenance, % mean saccade size, motility excursions, fixations during excursions and mean duration of fixations. The comparisons showed a significant reduction in evidence of fixation maintenance as well as mean saccade size due to the inhibition of the four primitive reflexes. There was also a significant increase in ocular motility while fixations per saccade and average duration of fixations also decreased significantly. Visual balance between values of both eyes improved in all tests. A device called VisagraphTM III, which measures eye movements, was used for data collection. These results suggest that the oculomotor improvements reflect the involvement of other maturational processes such as the emergence and inhibition of primitive reflexes, the whole reorganization being key to future reading and attentional processes. Full article
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22 pages, 7602 KiB  
Article
Influence of Complexity and Gestalt Principles on Aesthetic Preferences for Building Façades: An Eye Tracking Study
by Dilara Beder, Matthew Pelowski and Çağrı Imamoğlu
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2024, 17(2), 1-22; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.17.2.4 - 9 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 178
Abstract
Buildings are an integral part of our physical environment and have aesthetic significance with respect to the organizational integrity of architectural elements. While Gestalt principles are essential in design education, their relationship with architectural features remains understudied. The present study explored how Gestalt [...] Read more.
Buildings are an integral part of our physical environment and have aesthetic significance with respect to the organizational integrity of architectural elements. While Gestalt principles are essential in design education, their relationship with architectural features remains understudied. The present study explored how Gestalt principles and complexity levels influence evaluations of building façades through the use of questionnaires and eye tracking. Twenty-four two-dimensional black and white façade drawings, manipulated using selected Gestalt principles (similarity and proximity) to achieve different levels of complexity (low, medium & high), were presented to 79 participants. The results suggested a negative linear relationship between aesthetic ratings and complexity levels across selected Gestalt principles. In addition, as expected, participants had the highest number of fixations, shortest fixation durations, and lowest aesthetic ratings for higher levels of complexity. Results involving Gestalt principles revealed that proximity-based designs received higher aesthetic ratings, demanded less time, elicited lower number of fixations, and resulted in shorter fixation durations. Conversely, similarity-based designs received lower aesthetic ratings, demanded more time, elicited higher number of fixations, and resulted in longer fixation durations. These findings offer insights into architectural aesthetic experiences and inform future research directions. Full article
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19 pages, 1663 KiB  
Article
Gaze Behavior Reveals Automaticity and Attention Allocation During Music Teaching vs. Observing
by Robin S. Heinsen
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2024, 17(2), 1-19; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.17.2.3 - 22 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 106
Abstract
In a unique case-study approach in which I served as both the research participant and the experimenter, I wore eye-tracking glasses while teaching a brief music lesson to two university students learning trumpet, then approximately two weeks later, I watched a video of [...] Read more.
In a unique case-study approach in which I served as both the research participant and the experimenter, I wore eye-tracking glasses while teaching a brief music lesson to two university students learning trumpet, then approximately two weeks later, I watched a video of the lesson and tracked my gaze again. To investigate unconscious perceptual processes engaged during music teaching, I compared my attention allocation while teaching to my attention allocation during selfobservation. My gaze behavior while teaching revealed a high level of automaticity regarding lesson sequencing and allocation of attention. Strategic moment-to-moment shifts in attention between the two students occurred entirely below my conscious awareness, yet post hoc analyses revealed precisely timed changes that were related to momentary goals. While watching the video, absent the demands of behavioral interaction and momentary decision-making, I directed more sustained attention to both students than I had while teaching. These results reveal important features of “teacher thinking” that are not directly observable or typically construed as conscious behavior. That this component of teaching practice does not involve volitional control suggests that teachers’ descriptions of their thinking may not reveal to novices important elements of pedagogical expertise. Full article
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27 pages, 5145 KiB  
Article
Gender Selection Dilemma in Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Advertising: Insights from Eye-Tracking Research
by Minanshu Sinha, Madhvendra Misra and Saurabh Mishra
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2024, 17(2), 1-27; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.17.2.6 - 22 Jul 2024
Viewed by 124
Abstract
Selecting the gender of a celebrity for fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) advertising presents a strategic challenge. Previous research has predominantly concentrated on comparing celebrity spokespersons with non-celebrities, frequently neglecting the intricate distinctions in the effectiveness of male versus female endorsers. This study addresses [...] Read more.
Selecting the gender of a celebrity for fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) advertising presents a strategic challenge. Previous research has predominantly concentrated on comparing celebrity spokespersons with non-celebrities, frequently neglecting the intricate distinctions in the effectiveness of male versus female endorsers. This study addresses this research gap by employing both traditional and neuromarketing methodologies. By integrating eye-tracking technology via RealEye and questionnaire-based surveys, the results indicate that female celebrities are more effective in capturing visual attention, whereas male celebrities are more effective in enhancing perceived trustworthiness. These findings are pivotal for both academic research and commercial strategy, as they elucidate the optimal selection of celebrity gender for maximizing FMCG advertising efficacy. Full article
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15 pages, 535 KiB  
Article
Accounting for Visual Field Abnormalities When Using Eye-Tracking to Diagnose Reading Problems in Neurological Degeneration
by Carla D. Guantay, Laura Mena-García, Miguel Ángel Tola-Arribas, María José Garea García-Malvar, Marta Para-Prieto, Gloria González Fernández, Agustín Mayo-Iscar and J. Carlos Pastor
J. Eye Mov. Res. 2024, 17(2), 1-15; https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.17.2.2 - 4 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 109
Abstract
State-of-the-art eye trackers provide valuable information for diagnosing reading problems by measuring and interpreting people’s gaze paths as they read through text. Abnormal conditions such as visual field defects, however, can seriously confound most of today’s existing methods for interpreting reading gaze patterns. [...] Read more.
State-of-the-art eye trackers provide valuable information for diagnosing reading problems by measuring and interpreting people’s gaze paths as they read through text. Abnormal conditions such as visual field defects, however, can seriously confound most of today’s existing methods for interpreting reading gaze patterns. Our objective was to research how visual field defects impact reading gaze path patterns, so the effects of such neurological pathologies can be explicitly incorporated into more comprehensive reading diagnosis methodologies. A cross-sectional, non-randomized, pilot clinical study including 45 patients with various neurologic disorders and 30 normal controls was designed. Participants underwent ophthalmologic/neuropsychologic and eye-tracker examinations using two reading tests of words and numbers. The results showed that the use of the eye tracker showed that patients with brain damage and an altered visual field require more time to complete a reading-text test by fixating a greater number of times (p < 0.001); with longer fixations (p = 0.03); and a greater number of saccades in these patients (p = 0.04). Our study showed objective differences in eye movement characteristics in patients with neurological diseases and an altered visual field who complained of reading difficulties. These findings should be considered as a bias factor and deserve further investigation. Full article
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