Variation in Public Trust, Perceived Societal Fairness, and Well-Being before and after COVID-19 Onset—Evidence from the China Family Panel Studies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Public Trust and Perceived Societal Fairness
1.2. Depression and Subjective Well-Being
1.3. Education and Socioeconomic Status
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Study Population
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Public Trust and Perceived Societal Fairness
2.2.2. Depression and Subjective Well-Being
2.2.3. Socioeconomic Status
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA of Public Trust and Perceived Societal Fairness
3.2. The One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA of Depression and Subjective Well-Being
3.3. Linear Regression Analysis with Public Trust, Perceived Societal Fairness, Depression, and Subjective Well-Being as the Dependent Variables
4. Discussion
4.1. Variation in Public Trust and Perceived Societal Fairness
4.2. Variation in Depression and Subjective Well-Being
4.3. Predictive Role of Education and Socioeconomic Status
4.4. Limitations and Future Research Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | T1 (M ± SD) | T2 (M ± SD) | F | p | η2p | 90% CI [Lower, Upper] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Public trust | 14.03 ± 5.27 | 15.17 ± 5.08 | 111.66 | 0.000 | 0.007 | [0.005, 0.01] |
Perceived societal fairness | 19.07 ± 2.64 | 19.15 ± 2.56 | 4.50 | 0.034 | 0.000 | [0.000, 0.001] |
Depression | 13.46 ± 3.85 | 13.55 ± 4.06 | 4.27 | 0.039 | 0.000 | [0.000, 0.001] |
Subjective well-being | 30.95 ± 5.63 | 30.98 ± 5.65 | 14.87 | 0.000 | 0.001 | [0.000, 0.002] |
Variables | First Level | Second Level | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | t | β | t | |
Constant | 9.30 *** | 9.47 *** | ||
T1 Public trust | 0.45 *** | 66.43 | 0.43 *** | 61.92 |
Gender | 0.27 *** | 3.79 | 0.24 ** | 3.30 |
Urban/rural | 0.01 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.20 |
Age | −0.01 *** | −5.69 | −0.02 *** | −6.99 |
Education | 0.17 *** | 5.74 | ||
Socioeconomic status | 0.91 *** | 21.58 | ||
R2 | 0.22 | 0.25 | ||
ΔR2 | 0.22 *** | 0.02 *** | ||
F | 1118.42 *** | 849.82 *** |
Variables | First Level | Second Level | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | t | β | t | |
Constant | 13.11 *** | 14.25 *** | ||
T1 Perceived societal fairness | 0.31 *** | 42.43 | 0.29 *** | 39.00 |
Gender | 0.22 *** | 5.59 | 0.25 *** | 6.61 |
Urban/rural | −0.31 *** | −8.00 | −0.17 *** | −4.16 |
Age | 0.00 | 1.95 | −0.01 *** | −5.29 |
Education | −0.08 *** | −5.29 | ||
Socioeconomic status | 0.48 *** | 21.42 | ||
R2 | 0.12 | 0.14 | ||
ΔR2 | 0.12 *** | 0.03 *** | ||
F | 509.15 *** | 432.81 *** |
Variables | First Level | Second Level | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | t | β | t | |
Constant | 7.26 *** | 8.27 *** | ||
T1 Depression | 0.50 *** | 66.85 | 0.48 *** | 63.66 |
Gender | −0.37 *** | −6.43 | −0.32 *** | −5.64 |
Urban/rural | −0.42 *** | −7.32 | −0.33 *** | −5.40 |
Age | −0.00 | −0.32 | −0.00 | −1.69 |
Education | −0.22 *** | −9.28 | ||
Socioeconomic status | −0.45 *** | −13.37 | ||
R2 | 0.24 | 0.25 | ||
ΔR2 | 0.24 *** | 0.01 *** | ||
F | 1216.65 *** | 865.99 *** |
Variables | First Level | Second Level | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β | t | β | t | |
Constant | 13.54 *** | 17.25 *** | ||
T1 Subjective well-being | 0.52 *** | 76.00 | 0.43 *** | 63.74 |
Gender | 0.11 | 1.48 | 0.12 | 1.58 |
Urban/rural | −0.32 *** | −4.18 | 0.02 | 0.21 |
Age | 0.03 *** | 11.95 | 0.01 * | 2.17 |
Education | 0.02 | 0.61 | ||
Socioeconomic status | 1.99 *** | 44.71 | ||
R2 | 0.28 | 0.37 | ||
ΔR2 | 0.28 *** | 0.08 *** | ||
F | 1532.81 *** | 1487.42 *** |
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Wei, C.; Li, Q.; Lian, Z.; Luo, Y.; Song, S.; Chen, H. Variation in Public Trust, Perceived Societal Fairness, and Well-Being before and after COVID-19 Onset—Evidence from the China Family Panel Studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912365
Wei C, Li Q, Lian Z, Luo Y, Song S, Chen H. Variation in Public Trust, Perceived Societal Fairness, and Well-Being before and after COVID-19 Onset—Evidence from the China Family Panel Studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912365
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei, Chunli, Qingqing Li, Ziyi Lian, Yijun Luo, Shiqing Song, and Hong Chen. 2022. "Variation in Public Trust, Perceived Societal Fairness, and Well-Being before and after COVID-19 Onset—Evidence from the China Family Panel Studies" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912365