Brazilian Food Banks: Overview and Perspectives

In recent decades food banks have become a worldwide response to the contradicting the coexistence of food losses and waste, on the one hand, and hunger and food insecurity on the other. In Brazil, food banks had a rapid expansion, becoming the object of public policy on Food and Nutrition Security and of non-profit private institutions. Our study presents an unprecedented overview of all the food banks currently active in the Brazilian territory, discussing their performances and perspectives. We conducted descriptive research, aiming to characterize the number, spatial distribution, performance, and modalities of operation of the Brazilian food banks. We mapped 217 active food banks and they all participated in the study. The results revealed the important capillarity of the food banks, which exist in all 27 Brazilian federative units, but also demonstrate the potential and need for expansion. Most of the Brazilian food banks has commercial establishments as their largest donor partners and have fruits and vegetables as their most donated items. They mostly complement the feeding of families at social risk and children served by social institutions. Food and nutrition education actions are offered by all the studied units to donor partners and beneficiary institutions and families.


Introduction
Over the past six decades, food banks have gained worldwide expression as an important and strategic response to the contradictory scenario in which food losses and waste (FLW) and food insecurity coexist. Although co-opted, in some regions of the world, by an uncritical logic based on charity [1], in other places, including Brazil, food banks are recognized for their positive impacts in reducing FLW and have been contributing to minimize the hunger and food insecurity caused by social inequalities [2,3].
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) [4] states that, worldwide, about one-third of the food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted each year, which is equivalent, on average, to 1.3 billion tons, representing an annual economic loss of USD 940 billion, and emission of 4.4 gigatons of greenhouse gases. Food losses are defined as resulting from inadequate or inefficient procedures that cause loss or damage to food products in the processes of handling, transformation, storage, transportation, and packaging [5]. Food waste, on the other hand, refers to the reduction in the volume of food suitable for human consumption that occurs in the final stage of the food chain. In other words, it is a phenomenon associated with the inefficiency of the distribution (both wholesale and retail) and consumption processes and has a close relationship with conscious food consumption [6].
Food is a right for everyone and must be guaranteed, through actions of food and nutritional security, so that "all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life" [7]. However, according to the report "The State of Food federal government. This important public program became a strategic public facility to complement food and promote the human right to adequate food in the country [24].
The creation and expansion of Brazilian food banks took place through different routes and incentives. However, as well as the facilities in other countries, the experiences in Brazil have common characteristics concerning their fundamental goals and the ways of operating, which are reflected in the most recent definition of food banks provided by Ordinance No. 17, of 14 April 2016, which established the Brazilian Food Bank Network: "Food banks are physical and/or logistical structures that offer the service of collecting and/or receiving food donated by private and/or public sectors and freely distributing it to public or private institutions characterized as providers of social assistance services, protection and civil defense, teaching and justice units, health establishments, and other food and nutrition units" [25].
In this operational format, food banks search for potential food loss or waste along the food production and supply chain and, after receiving donations, the collected food goes through selection, classification, sanitation, portioning, and packaging. It is then distributed to social institutions, complementing the food of the beneficiary audience with products in safe conditions for consumption and with guaranteed nutritional quality [2].
Brazilian food banks are guided by three fundamental goals: (i) the combat of food losses and waste, by reintroducing food that was about to be lost or wasted into the supply chain; (ii) the guarantee of food and nutritional security, contributing to the human right to adequate and healthy food of the vulnerable beneficiary population; and (iii) the performance of food and nutrition education actions, aiming at qualifying the agenda to promote adequate and healthy food [2]. This guiding tripod allows to integrate the efforts to improve the conditions of food, nutrition, and health of the Brazilian population.
Technical and scientific investigations and evaluations are basic and systematic elements for decision-making in the scope of any strategy, policy, or social program. These studies are fundamental to gather evidence that supports responses to qualify operational and management performance and contribute more effectively to overcoming or mitigating a social problem [26]. Food banks are the subject of scientific investigations and technical-operational assessments in the international literature, raising thought-provoking questions about the fundamental goals, the design, and logistics of such facilities. In Brazil, audits and technical assessments have been carried out in recent years to evaluate the Food Banks Program, aiming to verify the performance of the public management. In this regard: (i) the audit carried out by the Federal Court of Accounts [27] and its respective monitoring [28,29]; (ii) the first evaluation of the Food Banks Program, which mapped and characterized exclusively the governmental facilities, in 2006 [30]; (iii) the second evaluation of the Food Banks Program, which assessed the implementation and management of governmental units, in 2011 [31]; (iv) and the evaluation of the structure, processes, and results of government food banks in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, in 2014 [2]. All these mentioned technical-scientific studies, however, were restricted to the governmental food banks and to some territory, and a nationwide survey encompassing all types of food banks is missing.
González-Torre and Coque [11] and Simmet et al. [32] noted that the food banks received little attention in international literature. This is also true for the Brazilian scenario, which indicates the great need for studies and research that contribute to the cycle of agenda definition, formulation, decision-making, implementation, and evaluation of Brazilian food banks.
Motivated by this context, the aim of this article is to present an unprecedented overview of all the food banks currently in operation across the entire Brazilian territory, discussing their performances and perspectives regarding: (i) reducing food loss and waste; (ii) improving the food security of the beneficiaries and (iii) development of educational actions.

Sample Selection
This study encompassed all the Brazilian food banks distributed in the 27 federative units of the country, and we performed observational research, with a descriptive, quantitative, and exploratory approach, with a cross-sectional survey.
Until the time of this research, there was no mapping of all Brazilian food banks and, therefore, this unprecedented study had the challenge of identifying, locating, and characterizing the facilities distributed across the entire Brazilian territory. From January to July 2018, a survey of the universe of Brazilian food banks was carried out, with support from the Ministry of Citizenship and the National Department of Sesc which provided data from the Brazilian Food Bank Network and from Rede Mesa Brasil, respectively. To complement the mapping, an exhaustive active search was carried out for existing and operating facilities in the country through the researchers' networks and internet news.
After this systematization, it was possible to identify 233 Brazilian food banks and include them in the sample universe of the research.

Data Collection Instrument
The development of the data collection instrument was guided by intense bibliographic research [2,[33][34][35][36]. Tenuta [2] adapted assessment variables referring to the dimensions of structure, processes and results, originally used to assess the quality of health services [36], to the concepts of food banks. The food bank evaluation variables proposed by Tenuta [2] were adapted for this study, guiding the construction of the questions in a semi-structured questionnaire, which was evaluated by managers and technicians from six operating food banks, to test its validity and reliability. The instrument was then revised to incorporate the obtained contributions, generating the final version of the questionnaire with 69 questions. For this paper, 16 questions were selected and analyzed (questionnaire). The final version of the questionnaire was implemented for application using the Google Forms tool.
Besides the questions, an initial text was included in the instrument, presenting an overview of the research, its supporters, executors, and objectives, in addition to emphasizing the importance of participation. Other information on filling in, deadlines for participation, and contact of those responsible for the research were also added. Consent for participation was requested at the beginning of the questionnaire itself, using the answer options "YES" and "NO" for the following text: "Do you accept to participate in the "National Evaluation of Food Banks" research?" (Mandatory question). The link to access the full content of the free and informed consent form was included in the text.
The self-completed questionnaire was sent on 20 December 2018, via institutional email, to all food banks registered in the database of contacts systematized by the research team (n = 233).
Aiming at the adherence of those responsible for food banks, we kept constant telephone and email contact during the participation period, from 20 December 2018 to 15 March 2019. No incentive was offered to participate and complete the questionnaire.

Research Variables
The variables of interest extracted from Tenuta [2] and adapted by this study were grouped based on the three fundamental goals of the Brazilian food banks (Table S1). It is understood that an overview of the experiences of Brazilian food banks, the objective of this work, must be based on the guiding pillars of such social action.

Geographic Analysis and Descriptive Statistics
The spatial distribution of all food banks was registered, on a map, using the ArcGis ® software (version 10.1, ESRI, (Redlands, CA, USA)). The information on management modality was associated with the identification of each food bank on the map so that it was possible to identify the capillarity of each modality in the country.
Descriptive statistics using absolute and relative frequencies was used to reveal the characteristics of Brazilian food banks related to the above-mentioned variables of interest, and to present other practices that contribute to improving the performance of Brazilian food banks.
All subjects provided their informed consent for inclusion before they participated in the study, and all signed a free and informed consent form. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (Diamantina, Brazil) (No 2.633.526, 3 May 2018).

Results
The research questionnaire was sent to the 233 food banks mapped in Brazil, obtaining a return and participation rate of 97.42% (227 food banks). Participation was voluntary, and six food banks did not answer the questionnaire for undeclared reasons. Out of the 227 respondent food banks, 10 (4.41%) were excluded from the sample group because they reported not being currently in operation, totaling 217 units analyzed in this study.
The results are presented below to characterize the Brazilian food banks and their distribution in the country. Later, the descriptive statistical results serve to draw an overview of the performance of this facility according to the variables of interest in this research, that is, the fundamental goals of Brazilian food banks.

Management and Operation: Who Are the Brazilian Food Banks
The management of food banks in Brazil occurs in four main modalities, described according to the typology defined by the Brazilian Food Bank Network [25]. Public food banks are those managed by the municipal governments. Most of them have support of the federal government, which since 2005 has financed the implementation of new units or the physical renovation of existing structures, but the operating and maintenance expenses are paid by the city halls. Public food banks represent 42.86% (n = 93) of the units operating in the country.
The other three management modalities are related to non-public initiatives (Table 1). Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc food banks are facilities implemented and maintained by the Social Service of Commerce (Sesc), a non-profit Brazilian private institution. The activities of the food banks are financed by regional departments existing in each state, often with financial support from the Sesc national department. This is the second most common management modality of the Brazilian food banks, accounting for 41.01% (n = 89) of the investigated units.
The food banks of civil society organizations are spontaneous civil society initiatives, which are implemented and maintained with resources from companies and other supporting partners, also receiving individual donations of money, services or products. These facilities often benefit from public or private notices for supporting social actions. These food banks represent 11.98% (n = 26) of the studied units. Finally, there are the food banks located within supply centers, which are generally large commercial centers that concentrate dozens to hundreds of stores that sell food, both wholesale and retail. These food banks are financially maintained and managed by the supply centers themselves. The former MDS supported, in 2012, via a public notice, the implementation or modernization of these facilities, which are strategically located. This management modality is the least frequent, accounting for 4.15% (n = 9) of the Brazilian food banks.
In Brazil, food banks also present two different operational modalities ( Figure 1 and Table S2). The first modality identified by this study is the one in which the food bank is headquartered in a building adapted for administrative and operational services such as the sorting, storage, portioning, and distribution of food for donation to beneficiaries. They may also have space and equipment for handling and processing food, producing sauces, pulps, and sliced vegetables, among other minimally processed foods. In this case, either the donor partners can deliver donations in the food bank facility, or the food bank vehicles may gather it from the donors' facilities, and the beneficiaries themselves are responsible for withdrawing donations directly in the food bank. This operational modality is recognized in Brazil as a conventional modality and is referenced in this work for analysis purposes (Figures 1 and 2). The second operational modality, on the other hand, is that in which only the administrative activities of the food bank are carried out in a headquarter. The operational team of such food banks goes to the donor partners to collect donation, and performs, in the donor establishment itself, the stages of sorting and portioning, followed by the immediate delivery of food to the institutions and/or beneficiary families. This modality is recognized in Brazil as an urban harvest modality and is referenced in this work for analysis purposes (Figures 1 and 2). It was observed that, in Brazil most food banks (64.52%) operate in the conventional modality, and 35.48% in the urban harvest modality (Table S2). Analyzing by management modality, food banks located in supply centers operate only in the conventional modality (100.00%). Most food banks of Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc operate (66.30%) in the urban harvesting modality. The civil society organizations (92.30%) and public (82.80%) food banks, on the other hand, operate mostly in the conventional modality. implementation or modernization of these facilities, which are strategically located. This management modality is the least frequent, accounting for 4.15% (n = 9) of the Brazilian food banks. In Brazil, food banks also present two different operational modalities ( Figure 1 and Table S2). The first modality identified by this study is the one in which the food bank is headquartered in a building adapted for administrative and operational services such as the sorting, storage, portioning, and distribution of food for donation to beneficiaries. They may also have space and equipment for handling and processing food, producing sauces, pulps, and sliced vegetables, among other minimally processed foods. In this case, either the donor partners can deliver donations in the food bank facility, or the food bank vehicles may gather it from the donors' facilities, and the beneficiaries themselves are responsible for withdrawing donations directly in the food bank. This operational modality is recognized in Brazil as a conventional modality and is referenced in this work for analysis purposes (Figures 1 and 2). The second operational modality, on the other hand, is that in which only the administrative activities of the food bank are carried out in a headquarter. The operational team of such food banks goes to the donor partners to collect donation, and performs, in the donor establishment itself, the stages of sorting and portioning, followed by the immediate delivery of food to the institutions and/or beneficiary families. This modality is recognized in Brazil as an urban harvest modality and is referenced in this work for analysis purposes (Figures 1 and 2). It was observed that, in Brazil most food banks (64.52%) operate in the conventional modality, and 35.48% in the urban harvest modality (Table S2). Analyzing by management modality, food banks located in supply centers operate only in the conventional modality (100.00%). Most food banks of Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc operate (66.30%) in the urban harvesting modality. The civil society organizations (92.30%) and public (82.80%) food banks, on the other hand, operate mostly in the conventional modality.

Geographic Analysis: Where Are the Brazilian Food Banks
There are identified food banks operating in the 27 Brazilian federative units, but they are heterogeneously distributed throughout country territory, being most concentrated in the southeast region, followed by the south and northeast.

Geographic Analysis: Where Are the Brazilian Food Banks
There are identified food banks operating in the 27 Brazilian federative units, but they are heterogeneously distributed throughout country territory, being most concentrated in the southeast region, followed by the south and northeast. Figure 2 and Table 1 and  Table S2  Most of the Brazilian food banks operate in the conventional operational modality. Although disseminated throughout the country, food banks operating in the urban harvest modalities are more concentrated in the southeast and south regions (Figure 2).

Performance of Food Banks in Achieving Goal 1: Combating Food Losses and Waste
The profile of the donor partners of Brazilian food banks was investigated, aiming to trace the main provenance of the recovered food. The survey showed that 46.54% of the food banks (n = 101) operating in the country have warehouses, markets, supermarkets, and hypermarkets as their main donors, which indicates that they articulate preferably with donors at the end of the food supply chain. This characteristic, verified at a national level, differs only in the food banks of supply centers, which, due to their location, articulate preferably with donor partners installed in the center itself (Table 2). Food banks can articulate with each other in networks to enhance food collections and improve logistics, among other actions. A total of 57.60% of the Brazilian food banks (n = 125) participate in local and/or regional food bank networks. Almost all the food banks of civil society organizations (92.31%) integrate some local and/or regional network, followed by public food banks (58.06%), food banks of the Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc (48.31%), and the food banks of supply centers (44.44%).
The results indicated that some alternative practices are frequently used by the Brazilian food banks to complement their operational inventories. In 2018, 50.69% (n = 110) of food banks reported that they bought food through the Food Acquisition Program (PAA), a public program for purchasing food from family farming. Of these, 29.09% (n = 32) reported that the PAA share in the inventories was 1 to 25% of the total volume collected in that year, 24.55% (n = 27) reported that this share was 26% to 50%, 27.27% (n = 30) reported participation with 51% to 75%, and in 19.09% (n = 21) of these food banks the PAA share represented 76% to 100% of the food inventory.
Observing this characteristic by operational modality, public food banks (64.52%) were the ones that most operationalized the PAA compared with other modalities. In 2018, 48.31% of the Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc facility had this complementary inventory, followed by the supply centers food banks (33.33%), and food banks from civil society organizations (15.38%).

Performance of Food Banks in Achieving Goal 2: Guarantee of Food and Nutritional Security
The profile of the main beneficiaries of the Brazilian food banks was also surveyed, as a premise to understand the impacts of their activity. It was found that 41.47% (n = 90) of Brazilian food banks have families at social risk as the main beneficiaries, while 36.87% (n = 80) of the food banks serves mainly children, through the delivery of food donations to institutions of childcare. These two beneficiary profiles are the most expressive ones in all four food bank management modalities (Table 3). The families at social risk benefit from the activities of food banks in three main forms: (i) in 61.29% (n = 133) of the food banks the food is donated to registered mediating institutions that pass it to the families. Specifically, this practice is adopted by 48.39% of the municipal public food banks, 67.42% of the units of the Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc, 92.31% of the food banks of civil society organizations, and 44.44% of the supply center facility; (ii) in the second form, adopted by 31.34% (n = 68) of the food banks, the food is donated directly to families previously selected and registered by the Social Assistance Reference Centers (CRAS), which are municipal public welfare agencies. A total of 69.89% of the public food banks, 2.25% of the units of the Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc, and 11.11% of the facility at the supply centers use this strategy to serve families; (iii) in the last form, the food is also donated directly to the families, but the selection and registration of them is performed by the food bank itself. Only 5.53% (n = 12) of the food banks adopt this practice, comprising 8.60% of the public food banks, 3.37% of the Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc facilities, and 11.11% of units installed in supply centers. A total of 13.82% of food banks (n = 30) combine two or three of these practices to assist families, and the other 86.18% (n = 187) adopt a single form. When analyzed by management modality, public food banks stand out for being the ones that most articulate with CRAS to plan and carry out the service. The Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc prioritizes service to families through the support of mediating institutions.
The food banks may receive a wide range of products, and the type of food subsequently donated to the beneficiaries has a direct impact on their food and nutritional security. To evaluate this issue, the nutritional profile of foods most received by the food banks was investigated. It was found that 85.25% (n = 185) of the Brazilian food banks have "fruits and vegetables (natural, chilled or frozen, dried, and dehydrated-without adding any other ingredients)" as the most recurrent food type in operational inventories. This characteristic maintains in 96.63% of the facility of the Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc, in 91.40% of the municipal public food banks, and in 88.89% of those installed in supply centers. The basic staples of the Brazilian diet, "rice, corn in grain or on the cob, beans, manioc, corn, and wheat flour, pasta, homemade bread, and French bread" [37], are the main received items in 13.82% (n = 30) of the food banks. The last food group is more recurrent in the inventory of 76.92% of civil society organizations food banks.
The quality of the food collected by the food banks is also a major factor to analyze, because it impacts directly in the volume of food that is suitable for consumption (and, therefore, donation) after selection. In total, 90.32% (n = 196) of the Brazilian food banks reported that they use up to 75% of the total volume of food collected. Of these, the food banks of civil society organizations and the Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc stand out for having the highest recovery rates, using 96.15% and 95.51% of the collected food, respectively.
A total of 6.91% (n = 15) of the investigated food banks manage to use less than 50% of the collected volume, and these represent 22.22% of the supply centers food banks, 8.60% of the public food banks, 4.49% of the Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc food banks, and 3.85% of the food banks from civil society organizations. The remaining 2.77% food banks use up to 75% of the volume of food collected, the utilization range occupied by 6.45% of the municipal public food banks.
In terms of food volume, Brazilian food banks annually move thousands of kilos of food that, otherwise, would be lost or wasted throughout the supply chain. Most of the investigated food banks recover and donate over 20 tons of food annually, and some of them go far beyond that mark. The analysis of the food volume donated by food banks of each management modality highlights the huge operational capacity of the food banks located in supply centers. In 2018, 66.67% of such food banks donated more than 450 tons of food to their beneficiaries (Table 4).

Performance of Food Banks in Achieving Goal 3: Performing Food and Nutrition Education Actions
Brazilian food banks have the actions of food and nutrition education as a strategic agenda, which can target the audience of donor partners, the food bank collaborators and employees, or the beneficiaries. Educational actions are carried out by food banks more frequently (87.56%, n = 190) for institutions, beneficiary families and individuals, followed by actions aimed at their collaborators and employees (86.64%, n = 188). Educational activities are offered to donor partners by 75.12% (n = 163) of food banks. The food banks of the Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc and the supply centers food banks are the ones that most prioritize educational actions aimed at donor partners and institutions, beneficiary families and individuals (Table 5).

Practices That Contribute to Improving the Performance of Brazilian Food Banks
Evaluation and monitoring practices, accountability, satisfaction surveys, and nutritional assessment of beneficiaries are actions performed by the food banks that substantially impact the efficiency of daily operational tasks and the fulfillment of the three fundamental goals. A total of 73.27% (n = 159) of the Brazilian food banks report their results in activities/events with partners, beneficiaries, and other members of the civil society. Self-assessment (65.90%, n = 143) and the dissemination of results in the media (58.99%, n = 128) are also recurrent practices among Brazilian food banks. Satisfaction surveys with beneficiary institutions (29.03%, n = 63), with their employees and collaborators (23.50%, n = 51), and monitoring the nutritional status of beneficiaries (23.04%, n = 50) are also actions carried out by about one-third of the food banks surveyed. Satisfaction surveys with donor partners, is a practice performed by few facilities (17.51%, n = 38) ( Table 6).

Discussion
This study revealed the presence of food banks operating in all the 27 Brazilian federative units, indicating the existence of a comprehensive network of food banks in Brazil. southeast, south, and northeast are the most populous regions of the country and, coherently, are the regions with more food banks. It is noteworthy, however, that there are large regions of the country without food banks, and that some major urban centers, such as Florianópolis, Manaus and Belém, for example, are assisted by only one food bank.
The public food bank is the most common management modality of the country, followed by the Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc modality. However, it should be noted that Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc is the only food bank management modality present in all Brazilian states. The remarkable capillarity of these two management modalities is due to the constant financial investments made by the federal government (mainly through public notices between 2005 and 2012) to support the implantation and modernization of public food banks throughout the country and, in the same way, the important financial investment that Sesc made in their food bank system in recent years.
We found that Brazilian food banks operate in two distinct routes, implementing a physical structure for handling and storing food, or not. In other countries, the operation of food banks is usually similar to the conventional modality, described as the most recurrent in Brazil [11,16]. This operational dynamic allows greater flexibility in the process and enhances the use of the collected food since it is possible to have its own and exclusive physical area for sorting and, above all, more time for the processes. On the other hand, the urban harvesting modality is characterized by more agile actions, requiring less physical and financial resources to implement and operate. The choice for an operational modality must consider what is available to make the facility operate, besides assessing the objectives and goals outlined for the activity.
There are some relevant relations between operational and management modalities. Given the logistical conditions and potential for handling large volumes of food, the food banks located in supply centers choose, in their entirety, to have a physical structure available for sorting and storing food, operating in the conventional modality. The Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc, in turn, is the only management modality in which most of its units operate in the urban harvest modality. The choice for an operational modality, in the Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc, considers the relationship between cost and benefit regarding human resources and financial investments necessary to operate, depending on the flow of donations, availability of donor partners and needs of beneficiary institutions [38].
Another important relation revealed by the data is that Brazilian food banks have been primarily collecting food from donor partners at the final stage of the supply chain (such as warehouses and markets), which is likely related to the location of such partners in urban areas, which greatly facilitates logistics due to the road network. In the two food bank evaluation surveys, carried out in 2006 and 2011, the supply centers were identified as the major donor partners of the food banks [30,31], which indicates a substantial change in the food sources in the last decade. Understanding where the food banks are gathering most of their food is a crucial step to identify the stages of the production and supply chain that are not addressed by the current activities, and trace future strategies. According to data from the Food Losses and Waste in Latin America and The Caribbean report [4], 28% of food losses occur in the production segment, 6% during processing, 22% in handling and storage, 17% during marketing and distribution and 28% in the consumer segment. Therefore, the results of this study indicate the need for Brazilian food banks to expand food collection in the sectors of food production, processing, handling and storage, where the most significant losses occur. In this sense, the networked articulations verified by this study become a concrete possibility for strategic interaction aiming to mobilize potential donor partners belonging to other stages of the production and supply chain.
Analyzing the composition of the operating inventories of the studied facilities allowed us to diagnose an important pattern in the food banks performances. The purchase of food from family farming with government resources, through PAA, was verified in half of the Brazilian food banks, but especially in the public ones, corroborating a practice identified by the second food bank evaluation survey [31] and by Tenuta and Teixeira [39]. Such a pattern deserves attention, because as the food purchases grow in importance within the food banks, these units deviate from their primary objective of combating food losses and wastes. Taking this issue into account, the Brazilian Food Bank Network stated that, in order to be considered a food bank and integrate the network, a unit must necessarily collect food that was about to be lost and/or wasted, and these products must compose at least 25% of their operational inventories. Therefore, to be considered a food bank, a unit must not exceed 75% of food coming from other programs, such as PAA [40]. Using this parameter, according to their 2018 data, 19.09% of the studied units would not be considered food banks and should be classified as warehouses for family farming products instead. However, as this parameter is dynamic, it was decided not to exclude these units from the sample so that it was possible to bring this question into the analysis. The first audit of public food banks carried out by the Federal Court of Accounts in 2005, already indicated that part of the audited facilities worked almost exclusively with food that did not originate from losses and waste, constituting a distortion of one of the fundamental goals of food banks [27].
In line with the objective of guaranteeing food and nutritional security, Brazilian food banks have maintained their concern with encouraging the consumption of healthy foods. We verified the predominance of donations of natural fruits and vegetables to food bank beneficiaries, a pattern already identified in the two Food Bank Evaluation Surveys [30,31]. Food banks have served primarily families at social risk, with fruits, vegetables, and other items of the traditional Brazilian diet. According to the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population [41], a healthy diet must be composed of natural or minimally processed foods, in great variety and predominantly of vegetable origin. In this sense, we consider that the Brazilian food banks have been moving toward the promotion of adequate and healthy food. This concern with nutritional quality of the food offered by the food banks is legitimate due to recent evaluation of the profiles of food consumption of the Brazilian population, which reported a tendency toward the consumption of ultra-processed food in detriment to the consumption of healthy foods [42].
The systematic promotion of food and nutritional education activities is an innovative feature of Brazilian food banks. The results of our research demonstrate a constant concern of the food banks in carrying out such educational actions, in continuity with the report by the First Food Bank Evaluation Survey [30]. In this regard, the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Education Benchmark for Public Policies recognizes the food banks as important spaces for promoting and strengthening food and nutrition education [43]. The great potential of food banks to promote the practice of healthy eating habits to a wide and diverse audience, from donor partners, collaborators, and employees to beneficiary institutions, families and individuals is noteworthy.
Another important result of this survey was the description of common practices such as self-assessment and public presentations of results among the Brazilian food banks. Disclosure of results and communication are crucial elements to increase the social visibility of the goals and activities of the food banks, contributing to the establishment of new partnerships and to the consolidation of their actions. Self-assessment, in turn, enables greater efficiency in the allocation of physical, human, and financial resources and increases the autonomy and responsibility of the technical and administration teams. According to our research, satisfaction surveys have not been common practice in the Brazilian food banks. Such practices should be incorporated into the routine of the food banks to evaluate the satisfaction of the beneficiaries about the provided services and about the quality of the donated food, as well as to verify the efficiency of the processes involving donor partners.

Conclusions
In an antagonistic world scenario where one-third of the food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted, millions of people suffer from hunger and/or are in some degree of food insecurity [8]. Global commitments, such as goals 2.1 and 12.3 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals [44], are being systematically assumed by various countries to change this reality. In this context, food banks all around the world, including in Brazil, have a strategic role in reintroducing lost or wasted food in the production and supply chain to supplement food for people in situations of social, food, and nutritional vulnerability.
This study revealed the great reach of the food bank strategy in the Brazilian territory, figured as a comprehensive and widespread network that spread throughout the country. The irregular spatial distribution of the units, however, reveals regions that have little equipment in place for operating, indicating the need for the expansion of services. The public authorities and the Rede Mesa Brasil Sesc have, in recent years, been the main motivating force for implementing and supporting the food banks in Brazil. However, this study points to the need and relevance of new initiatives located in or close to supply centers given the percentage of loss occurring in the distribution phase of the supply chain, which reveals the potential, and responsibility, of rescuing large volumes of food in these spaces.
Brazilian food banks relied on international experiences to shape their performance, but, over time, they have developed their unique modus operandi, and adapted to the country's social, territorial, political, and economic reality. In Brazil, two operational modalities forge the logistical format of food banks. The capturing, handling, and distribution of food donations are carried out under two different perspectives that balance financial investments and the infrastructure required to fulfill the agenda of reducing food losses and wastes and guaranteeing the human right to adequate food.
When combating food loss and waste, the Brazilian food banks have demonstrated commitment in attracting food donations from partners at the marketing stage of the supply chain, but have left unattended the stages of the production, transportation, processing, and distribution of food. This behavior reveals the need for new fronts of action for the Brazilian food banks which allow, in addition to increasing the collected volumes, to intensify the rescue of food that is about to be lost. It is imperative that the food banks' teams themselves systematically analyze the need to attract new donor partners and, to that end, continue mapping new potential partners in their coverage area.
It is also worth questioning the composition of the operational inventories of food banks. Previous studies identified, and the present research corroborates, that the Brazilian food banks have been purchasing food to complement their inventories, indicating a potential distortion of the primary objective of collecting food from losses and waste.
The objective of guaranteeing food and nutritional security for vulnerable populations reinforces and justifies the place occupied by food banks on the public agenda and the support received by other private, parastatal, and civil society institutions and organizations. The current concept of food and nutritional security considers the food dimension and the nutritional dimension as basic and complementary elements for the manifestation of the physical availability and nutritional quality of food. This reflection must be intrinsic to the performance of food banks, and our study indicates that Brazilian facilities are succeeding in offering healthy food to beneficiaries, meeting the recommendations for adequate health and lifestyle habits.
Food and nutrition education is an essential dimension to guarantee the human right to food, because it can significantly guide the eating behavior of individuals, from purchasing to consuming food. Our research identified that Brazilian food banks have engaged in such educational actions, spreading information and encouraging the appropriation of knowledge regarding healthy food habits to donor partners, collaborators, employees, and beneficiaries. However, it should be noted that information on the contents and frequencies of such food and nutrition education actions were not assessed by this research, pointing to the need for new studies capable of understanding the nature, scope, and pedagogical processes developed in educational actions offered by food banks, besides assessing the impact of these actions for the audience involved and participating.
This study has limitations for comparison and discussion with previous research because it is the first survey involving Brazilian food banks from the entire national territory analyzing all existing management and operational modalities. We find extremely important that more studies with this wide scope are carried out in the future, aiming for the constant improvement of the food banks. We hope that the results, discussions, and perspectives presented in this study serve as a subsidy to recognize, improve, and strengthen Brazilian food banks and other food banks in operation around the world.
Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10 .3390/ijerph182312598/s1, Table S1: Goals of Brazilian food banks and research variables, Table S2: Distribution of food banks in Brazil in 2019, by region and by state, according to operational modality (n = 217). Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement:
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to agreements with the funding institution.