Association between Childhood Maltreatment History and Premenstrual Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Assessment of PMS
2.2.2. Childhood Maltreatment History
2.2.3. Covariates
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Summary of the Demographic Characteristics of The Study Participants
3.2. Bivariate and Multivariate Associations between Childhood Maltreatment History and PMS
3.3. Bivariate and Multivariate Associations between The Number of Types of Childhood Maltreatment and PMS
3.4. Bivariate and Multivariate Associations between Each Type of Childhood Maltreatment History and PMS
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics of Respondents | Child Maltreatment History | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (N = 3815) | None (N = 2894, 75.9%) | Any (N = 921, 24.1%) | ||||||
N or Mean | % or SD | N or Mean | % or SD | N or Mean | % or SD | |||
Age | 35.1 | 10.3 | 34.9 | 10.2 | 35.9 | 10.6 | 0.011 | |
Age (category) | 25 and older | 3196 | 83.8 | 2432 | 84 | 764 | 83 | 0.438 |
24 and younger | 619 | 16.2 | 462 | 16 | 157 | 17 | ||
Marital status | Never married | 1966 | 51.5 | 1508 | 52.1 | 458 | 49.7 | <0.001 |
Married | 1585 | 41.5 | 1226 | 42.4 | 359 | 39 | ||
Divorced, widowed, others | 252 | 6.6 | 152 | 5.3 | 100 | 10.9 | ||
Living with child/children | Yes | 1021 | 26.8 | 769 | 26.6 | 252 | 27.4 | 0.832 |
No | 2791 | 73.2 | 2123 | 73.4 | 668 | 72.5 | ||
Smoking | No | 2818 | 73.9 | 2206 | 76.2 | 612 | 66.4 | <0.001 |
Used to smoke | 573 | 15 | 403 | 13.9 | 170 | 18.5 | ||
Yes | 362 | 9.5 | 242 | 8.4 | 120 | 13 | ||
Alcohol | No | 1332 | 34.9 | 973 | 33.6 | 359 | 39 | 0.005 |
1–3 times per month | 1293 | 33.9 | 1020 | 35.2 | 273 | 29.6 | ||
Once a week or more | 1119 | 29.3 | 850 | 29.4 | 269 | 29.2 | ||
Economic hardship | No | 2136 | 56 | 1735 | 60 | 401 | 43.5 | <0.001 |
Yes | 1638 | 42.9 | 1128 | 39 | 510 | 55.4 | ||
Domestic violence | No | 3408 | 89.3 | 2705 | 93.5 | 703 | 76.3 | <0.001 |
Yes | 382 | 10 | 172 | 5.9 | 210 | 22.8 |
Predictors | Prevalence of PMS (%) | Bivariate | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | |||
Any child maltreatment history | No | 79.2 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
Yes | 83.4 | 1.39 | 1.15–1.68 | 1.51 | 1.25–1.84 | 1.47 | 1.20–1.81 | |
Age | 0.94 | 0.94–0.95 | 0.94 | 0.93–0.94 | ||||
Marital status | Never married | 83.9 | Ref | |||||
Married | 78.2 | 1.38 | 1.10–1.74 | |||||
Divorced, widowed, others | 63.5 | 0.63 | 0.45–0.88 | |||||
Living with child/children | No | 81.6 | Ref | |||||
Yes | 76.4 | 1.01 | 0.81–1.27 | |||||
Smoking | No | 79.7 | Ref | |||||
Used to smoke | 82.2 | 1.41 | 1.12–1.80 | |||||
Yes | 84.3 | 1.29 | 0.95–1.75 | |||||
Alcohol | No | 78.9 | Ref | |||||
1–3 times per month | 83.8 | 1.32 | 1.08–1.61 | |||||
Once a week or more | 80.7 | 1.22 | 0.99–1.49 | |||||
Economic hardship | No | 78.6 | Ref | |||||
Yes | 82.7 | 1.32 | 1.11–1.57 | |||||
Domestic Violence | No | 79.8 | Ref | |||||
Yes | 85.6 | 1.57 | 1.15–2.15 |
Predictors | Crude | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | ||
No. of child maltreatment history | 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
1 | 1.13 | 0.87–1.46 | 1.19 | 0.91–1.55 | 1.32 | 0.93–1.63 | |
2 | 1.71 | 1.20–2.44 | 1.87 | 1.30–2.69 | 1.88 | 1.28–2.75 | |
3+ | 1.62 | 1.16–2.27 | 1.82 | 1.29–2.57 | 1.60 | 1.11–2.29 | |
Age | 0.94 | 0.94–0.95 | 0.94 | 0.93–0.94 | |||
Marital status | Never married | Ref | |||||
Married | 1.39 | 1.10–1.75 | |||||
Divorced, Widowed, Others | 0.64 | 0.45–0.89 | |||||
Living with child/children | No | Ref | |||||
Yes | 1.01 | 0.81–1.26 | |||||
Smoking | No | Ref | |||||
Used to smoke | 1.41 | 1.10–1.80 | |||||
Yes | 1.28 | 0.94–1.74 | |||||
Alcohol | No | Ref | |||||
1–3 times per month | 1.32 | 1.09–1.62 | |||||
Once a week or more | 1.22 | 1.00–1.50 | |||||
Economic hardship | No | Ref | |||||
Yes | 1.32 | 1.11–1.56 | |||||
Domestic Violence | No | Ref | |||||
Yes | 1.53 | 1.12–2.10 |
Each Type of Childhood Maltreatment History | Crude | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | aOR | 95% CI | |
Emotional neglect | 1.16 | 0.90–1.51 | 1.32 | 1.01–1.73 | 1.20 | 0.90–1.59 |
Witnessing intimate-partner violence | 1.21 | 0.91–1.62 | 1.40 | 1.04–1.89 | 1.26 | 0.92–1.73 |
Physical abuse | 1.95 | 1.43–2.67 | 2.02 | 1.47–2.79 | 1.89 | 1.35–2.64 |
Emotional abuse | 1.53 | 1.23–1.92 | 1.62 | 1.29–2.03 | 1.55 | 1.21–1.98 |
Sexual abuse | 1.60 | 0.95–2.69 | 1.76 | 1.03–3.01 | 1.50 | 0.87–2.58 |
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Ito, K.; Doi, S.; Isumi, A.; Fujiwara, T. Association between Childhood Maltreatment History and Premenstrual Syndrome. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 781. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020781
Ito K, Doi S, Isumi A, Fujiwara T. Association between Childhood Maltreatment History and Premenstrual Syndrome. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):781. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020781
Chicago/Turabian StyleIto, Kanako, Satomi Doi, Aya Isumi, and Takeo Fujiwara. 2021. "Association between Childhood Maltreatment History and Premenstrual Syndrome" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 781. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020781