Modes of Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Factors Influencing on the Airborne Transmission: A Review

Delikhoon, Mahdieh; Guzman, Marcelo I.; Nabizadeh, Ramin; Norouzian Baghani, Abbas

doi:10.3390/ijerph18020395

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Modes of Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Factors Influencing on the Airborne Transmission: A Review

Mahdieh Delikhoon

¹,

Marcelo I. Guzman

Ramin Nabizadeh

³ and

Abbas Norouzian Baghani

^3,*

Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA

Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(2), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020395

Received: 11 December 2020 / Revised: 28 December 2020 / Accepted: 31 December 2020 / Published: 6 January 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Environmental Science and Engineering)

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Abstract

The multiple modes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission including airborne, droplet, contact, and fecal–oral transmissions that cause coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) contribute to a public threat to the lives of people worldwide. Herein, different databases are reviewed to evaluate modes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and study the effects of negative pressure ventilation, air conditioning system, and related protection approaches of this virus. Droplet transmission was commonly reported to occur in particles with diameter >5 µm that can quickly settle gravitationally on surfaces (1–2 m). Instead, fine and ultrafine particles (airborne transmission) can stay suspended for an extended period of time (≥2 h) and be transported further, e.g., up to 8 m through simple diffusion and convection mechanisms. Droplet and airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 can be limited indoors with adequate ventilation of rooms, by routine disinfection of toilets, using negative pressure rooms, using face masks, and maintaining social distancing. Other preventive measures recommended include increasing the number of screening tests of suspected carriers of SARS-CoV-2, reducing the number of persons in a room to minimize sharing indoor air, and monitoring people’s temperature before accessing a building. The work reviews a body of literature supporting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through air, causing COVID-19 disease, which requires coordinated worldwide strategies. View Full-Text

Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; infection; SARS-CoV-2; pandemic

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Delikhoon, M.; Guzman, M.I.; Nabizadeh, R.; Norouzian Baghani, A. Modes of Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Factors Influencing on the Airborne Transmission: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020395

AMA Style

Delikhoon M, Guzman MI, Nabizadeh R, Norouzian Baghani A. Modes of Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Factors Influencing on the Airborne Transmission: A Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2):395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020395

Chicago/Turabian Style

Delikhoon, Mahdieh, Marcelo I. Guzman, Ramin Nabizadeh, and Abbas Norouzian Baghani. 2021. "Modes of Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Factors Influencing on the Airborne Transmission: A Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2: 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020395

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Mahdieh Delikhoon

Mahdieh Delikhoon is an Associate Professor of Occupational Health in the Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, where she teaches analytical and environmental chemistry courses. occupational health such as safety, health, welfare of people at occupation, indoor and outdoor air pollution, and airborne of pollutants and microbes (air microbiome and pollution. She performed a lots of studies about fungi, bacteria and virus and air pollution like: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.037 https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2020.1769135 https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2020.1737823 https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2020.1726959 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2020.104596 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.070 https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2017.11.0466 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.034

Marcelo I. Guzman

Marcelo I. Guzman is an Associate Professor of Chemistry in the University of Kentucky, where he teaches analytical and environmental chemistry courses. In 2013, he received a NSF CAREER award. He earned his Ph.D. at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech, 2007) working on ice chemistry with Michael R. Hoffmann. In 2002, he was an Andrew W. Mellon Fellow at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) working on Paper and Photograph Conservation in the Sherman Fairchild Center. For his postdoctoral experience he joined the Origins of Life Initiative at Harvard University as an Origins Fellow working with Scot T. Martin.

Ramin Nabizadeh

Ramin Nabizadeh is an Associate Professor of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, where she teaches Public Health courses. 1. B.Sc Environmental Health, IUMS, Tehran, Iran, 1990 2. MSc & MSPH & MPH Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran, 1993 3. Ph.D Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran, Language Skills 1. English Speaking: Good, Reading: Good, Writing: Good 1. Associate Professor Department of Environmental Health Engineering,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 2008 2. Assistant Professor Department of Environmental Health Engineering,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 2003-2008 3. Chief Manager of Environmental Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratories Department of Environmental Health Engineering,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 2003-2005 4. Member of the Managerial Board of Iranian Association of Environmental Health 2003-2007 5. Assistant Professor Department of Environmental Health Engineering, ,Iran University of Medical Sciences, 2002-2003 6. Consultant, Water & Wastewater Company Ministry of Energy, 2001-2003 7. Visiting Researcher Water Research Laboratory, University of Western Sydney, 2000-2001 8. Consultant

Abbas Norouzian Baghani

Abbas Norouzian Baghani is an Associate Professor of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran, where she teaches Public Health courses. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=5q6x5roAAAAJ&hl=en 1. B.Sc Environmental Health, IUMS, Tehran, Iran, 1990 2. MSc & MSPH & MPH Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran, 1993 3. Ph.D Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran, Language Skills 1. English Speaking: Good, Reading: Good, Writing: Good https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=5q6x5roAAAAJ&hl=en

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Modes of Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Factors Influencing on the Airborne Transmission: A Review

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