Influence of Population Density for COVID-19 Spread in Malaysia: An Ecological Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population, Design, and Setting
2.2. Data Source
2.3. Operators
2.4. Statistical Analysis
- i.
- 0.90 to 1.00 (or −0.90 to −1.00) as very high positive (or negative) correlation;
- ii.
- 0.70 to 0.90 (or −0.70 to −0.90) as high positive (or negative) correlation;
- iii.
- 0.50 to 0.70 (or −0.50 to −0.70) as moderate positive (or negative) correlation;
- iv.
- 0.30 to 0.50 (or −0.30 to −0.50) as low positive (or negative) correlation;
- v.
- 0.00 to 0.30 (or 0.00 to −0.30) as negligible correlation.
2.5. Conference Presentation
3. Results
3.1. Geographic Disparities of COVID-19 Case Counts, Attack Rates, and Infected People Per km2 in Malaysia
3.2. Taxonomy of COVID-19 Cases and Population Density Based on District-Wise Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
3.3. Correlations between Active COVID-19 Cases and Population Density
3.4. Propagation of Active COVID-19 Cases Influenced by Population Density
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | r (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Malaysia | 0.784 (0.781, 0.787) | <0.001 |
Northern region | 0.691 (0.687, 0.695) | <0.001 |
Central region | 0.912 (0.911, 0.913) | <0.001 |
Southern region | 0.731 (0.728, 0.734) | <0.001 |
East Coast region | 0.501 (0.496, 0.506) | 0.007 |
East Malaysia | 0.396 (0.390, 0.402) | 0.002 |
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Ganasegeran, K.; Jamil, M.F.A.; Ch’ng, A.S.H.; Looi, I.; Peariasamy, K.M. Influence of Population Density for COVID-19 Spread in Malaysia: An Ecological Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189866
Ganasegeran K, Jamil MFA, Ch’ng ASH, Looi I, Peariasamy KM. Influence of Population Density for COVID-19 Spread in Malaysia: An Ecological Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(18):9866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189866
Chicago/Turabian StyleGanasegeran, Kurubaran, Mohd Fadzly Amar Jamil, Alan Swee Hock Ch’ng, Irene Looi, and Kalaiarasu M. Peariasamy. 2021. "Influence of Population Density for COVID-19 Spread in Malaysia: An Ecological Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18: 9866. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189866