An Investigation of Soundscape Factors Influencing Perceptions of Square Dancing in Urban Streets: A Case Study in a County Level City in China

Square dancing is a popular music-related group physical exercise for health benefits in China mainly participated by mid-aged women and elderly people. This paper investigates the soundscape and enjoyment of the square dancing in urban streets through a case study in Lichuan, a county level city in southwest China, in December 2017. It examines the impact of gender, age, participation and places on perceptions of square dancing soundscape. Two sites along two main urban streets in the city were selected to conduct onsite investigations where residents spontaneously perform square dancing on a daily basis. Ethnographical observations were conducted to identify the social-physical features and sounds of both sites during the dance and without dance. Sound pressure measurements (LAeq and LAmax) were also conducted under the two conditions. An off-site survey was distributed through the local social media groups to understand residents’ everyday experiences and perceptions of square dancing in the city; 106 responses were received for the off-site survey. T-tests and Chi-squared tests were used for statistical analysis of the survey data. The results show gender does appear to be a factor influencing the regularity of participation in square dancing, with a bias towards more female participants. Participation frequency of square dance has an impact on the enjoyment of square dancing. There is no correlation between the dislike of watching square dancing, or dislike of the music and a desire to restrict locations for square dancing.


Introduction
In the last decade, square dancing (known as grannies' dance) has gained vast popularity in Chinese cities [1,2]. Square dancing is a physical exercise combined with dancing movements in public spaces. There are three elements that make a square dancing scene: dance leader(s), music, a group of dancers in a paved urban space [3]. The dancing forms vary from gymnastic exercises to folk dance and disco. The music used for square dancing is edited with a plain soundtrack of drumbeats in similar rhythms. Often, the moves are made easy to follow the music. It is believed that the rise of square dancing originated from the historical folk dance, but more recently, Mao's promotion of sports to enhance people's health in China in the 1950s. The majority of people who practice square dance in China are middle-aged women and elderly people (both female and male). Square dancing serves as a social activity for people to enjoy themselves with low cost and maintain health. Estimated by the news centre of Chinese Central Television, over 100 million people in the country participate in square dancing everyday. It has become an undefeatable force in China to better understand the impacts and mechanism of square dancing to meet the demand of its large growing elderly population. Physical activities have been proven to bring health benefits, preventing chronic limited. Thus, durations of stay are not essential in the context of square dancing in urban streets. Instead, participation of square dancing might have an impact on perceptions of square dancing and associated acoustic comfort in urban streets.
Square dancing brings dual perceptual evaluations of the space from both perspective of the audience and participants. Compared with non-music-associated activities, music-associated activities in urban spaces attract audiences through aural-visual interactions [16]. In particular, larger group activities (n > 6) have more significant influences on pedestrians' behaviours and the time they stop to watch [11]. The associations of sounds in streets are argued as the key to initiate the social interactions between the space and the moving body [19]. Music might have played an important role in the spontaneity of square dancing, breaking the boundaries between audience and dancers. Sound pressure levels have been used to as a key objective factor to examine acoustic comfort in public spaces. People in public spaces rated low acoustic comfort when the sound pressure level exceeds 73 dBA [24]. A recent study on square dancing in a park in Harbin China measured the sound pressure level difference in the park when square dancing occurred as well as surveyed the objective loudness perceived by visitors [23]. The results reveal the music of square dancing has no significant impact on users' subjective evaluations of soundscape comfort in the park. The sound pressure level difference in the case was only 3 dBA and the average sound pressure level was less than 70 dBA. However, in urban streets where the background noise level is relatively higher than in parks and squares, it is questionable whether the sound pressure level and perceptions of the square dancing music are similar.
Thus, this paper aims to answer the questions: (1) What influence does square dancing have on the acoustic environment in urban streets? (2) How do gender, age and participation influence the enjoyment of square dancing? (3) Are urban streets perceived appropriate for square dancing to occur? Mixed methods of onsite acoustic measurements, observations and off-site surveys were used to conduct the study in two sites in a selected case city.

Selection of Case Study
In metropolitan cities, like Beijing and Shanghai, square dancing has been banned in main streets and certain public spaces to deal with the noise compliance and public order. In order to investigate influences of square dancing in urban streets, a case study was conducted in a county-level city in southwest China (Lichuan) where square dancing is popular and relatively less controlled by the government compared to the metropolitan areas. The city has three main streets running through the urban area in parallel from west to east and a number of squares in front of key infrastructures such as government, hospitals and schools to facilitate the everyday public social activities. Square dancing spreads out in the city particularly along sidewalks in the three main streets. Two sites were selected in the case study city ( Figure 1): site 1 along Qingjiang Road (high street) and site 2 along Binjiang Road (riverside). Qingjiang Road is mainly for commercial activities with buildings on both sides as shops, restaurants, hotels and a mixed-use residential complex. However, alongside Binjiang Road, there are mainly residential buildings and offices on one side and the Qingjiang river on the other side. Site 1 is located outside a mixed-use residential building with shops on the ground floor. There is a paved space at the front of the building around 120 square metres (18 m × 6 m). A dance team starts dancing around 6:00 pm everyday there with a speaker positioned against the building façade projecting music towards the street. Site 2 is located along the paved riverside walk opposite the city's media and culture bureau. The site is stepped back from the pedestrian with a paved area around 300 square metres (30 m × 10 m). The speaker was positioned against the retaining wall projecting towards the open space facing the river. Site 1 is located outside a mixed-use residential building with shops on the ground floor. There is a paved space at the front of the building around 120 square metres (18m × 6m). A dance team starts dancing around 6pm everyday there with a speaker positioned against the building façade projecting music towards the street. Site 2 is located along the paved riverside walk opposite the city's media and culture bureau. The site is stepped back from the pedestrian with a paved area around 300 square metres (30m × 10m). The speaker was positioned against the retaining wall projecting towards the open space facing the river.

Onsite measurements
Data were collected in December 2017, using Castle-Group GA216L Sound Level Metre. During the measurements, the SLM was provided with a wind-screen and located on a tripod at a height of 1.50 m from the ground to reduce the effect of acoustic reflections (refer to [11]). Measurements were taken between 6:00 and 8:00 pm (the peak time for square dancing), conducted 30 min after the start when the size of group is more stable. A-weighted equivalent sound levels (LAeq) will be measured at slow-mode for 1-minute intervals three times in three different positions (as shown in Figure 2 where the red dot represents the location of the speaker and light grey dots represent participants in the square dancing): a. 1m from the loudspeaker (frontal position) b. In the middle point of the area occupied by the square dancers (frontal position) c. At the farthest point of the area occupied by the square dancers (side position).

Onsite Measurements
Data were collected in December 2017, using Castle-Group GA216L Sound Level Metre. During the measurements, the SLM was provided with a wind-screen and located on a tripod at a height of 1.50 m from the ground to reduce the effect of acoustic reflections (refer to [11]). Measurements were taken between 6:00 and 8:00 pm (the peak time for square dancing), conducted 30 min after the start when the size of group is more stable. A-weighted equivalent sound levels (L Aeq ) will be measured at slow-mode for 1-minute intervals three times in three different positions (as shown in Figure 2 where the red dot represents the location of the speaker and light grey dots represent participants in the square dancing): a.
1 m from the loudspeaker (frontal position) b.
In the middle point of the area occupied by the square dancers (frontal position) c.
At the farthest point of the area occupied by the square dancers (side position). Rather than noise monitoring, repeated recordings in short intervals are useful to capture the characteristics of the acoustic environment in an urban context [26]. In order to compare with no dancing conditions, a set of three 1-minute recordings were performed in position a and c as taken in in-session measurements to obtain an A-weighted equivalent sound level. The measurements outside Rather than noise monitoring, repeated recordings in short intervals are useful to capture the characteristics of the acoustic environment in an urban context [26]. In order to compare with no dancing conditions, a set of three 1-minute recordings were performed in position a and c as taken in in-session measurements to obtain an A-weighted equivalent sound level. The measurements outside the session were conducted between 1:00 and 2:00 p.m. to get a representative acoustic environment in streets for normal everyday city life. Considering the fluctuating sound features of square dancing music, the peak levels (L Amax ) will also be recorded to reflect on attractions of attentions during the dance.

Ethnographical Observations
Observations were conducted by the principle investigator onsite along with the measurements in order to map out the settings of square dancing on two sites ( Table 1). The purpose was to note the size of the dancing group, built forms of the space and the engagement with the audience.

Off-Site Survey
Unlike previous studies, an off-site survey was conducted to understand how people perceive square dancing in a general sense in their everyday life rather than constrained to the site and temporary conditions. The survey was distributed online through local social media networks between 23 December 2017 and 23 January 2018 in the case study city. In total, 106 responses were received within the month when the measurements were conducted with an age range from twenty years old to seventy. Of those participants 69% were female, 78% were local residents with a further 17% originating from other county level cities and 4.7% from larger provincial cities. The age ranges from 20 through to 70, with 23% aged 20-30, 14% aged 30-40, 30% aged 40-50, 30% aged 50-60 and 3% aged 60+. Five questions were designed to gather data for statistic analysis on interrelationships between gender, age, participation, place and enjoyment of square dancing: (1) Do you enjoy watching square dancing? (2) How often do you participate in square dancing? (3) How would you describe square dancing? (4) Do you find the square dancing music unpleasant? (5) What places are appropriate for square dancing?
Participants were given options to choose from for each question. Those options were developed based on the existing perceptual indicators, which focused more on the comfort and unique soundscape features of square dancing. Thus, three bipolar psycho-acoustic descriptors were chosen from previous studies [27][28][29] as multiple options to select in the survey for subjective perceptions of square dance: annoying-pleasing, noisy-rhythmic, boring-interesting.

Ethics
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee in Faculty of Arts, Media and Design at Birmingham City University on 20th December 2017. The survey is anonymised and has gained consent from the participants to use the data for academic research and publications. Table 1. Observation notes and photos of sites during square dancing at 6-8:00 pm and without square dancing at 1-2:00 pm.

Time
Observations Photo of the site 1-2:00 pm without square dancing Dominant sounds onsite: traffic dance.

Ethnographical Observations
Observations were conducted by the principle investigator onsite along with the measurements in order to map out the settings of square dancing on two sites ( Table 1). The purpose was to note the size of the dancing group, built forms of the space and the engagement with the audience.

Off-Site Survey
Unlike previous studies, an off-site survey was conducted to understand how people perceive square dancing in a general sense in their everyday life rather than constrained to the site and temporary conditions. The survey was distributed online through local social media networks between 23 December 2017 and 23 January 2018 in the case study city. In total, 106 responses were received within the month when the measurements were conducted with an age range from twenty years old to seventy. Of those participants 69% were female, 78% were local residents with a further 17% originating from other county level cities and 4.7% from larger provincial cities. The age ranges

Off-Site Survey
Unlike previous studies, an off-site survey was conducted to understand how people perceive square dancing in a general sense in their everyday life rather than constrained to the site and temporary conditions. The survey was distributed online through local social media networks between 23 December 2017 and 23 January 2018 in the case study city. In total, 106 responses were received within the month when the measurements were conducted with an age range from twenty years old to seventy. Of those participants 69% were female, 78% were local residents with a further

Off-Site Survey
Unlike previous studies, an off-site survey was conducted to understand how people perceive square dancing in a general sense in their everyday life rather than constrained to the site and temporary conditions. The survey was distributed online through local social media networks between 23 December 2017 and 23 January 2018 in the case study city. In total, 106 responses were received within the month when the measurements were conducted with an age range from twenty years old to seventy. Of those participants 69% were female, 78% were local residents with a further 17% originating from other county level cities and 4.7% from larger provincial cities. The age ranges

The Objective Loudness and Acoustic Environments
Mean values of sound pressure level measurements at the identified points were used to assess the change of objective loudness in urban streets during square dance compared to midday normal everyday conditions (see Table 2). The background noise level between 1 and 2:00 pm on site 2 is 2-5 dBA lower than at site 1. Significantly increased sound pressure levels were found at point a during the dance on both sites compared to midday without square dance. The most dominant sounds observed on both sites during the square dance were the square dance music from the audience side whilst the sound of traffic was dominant during midday. There is a significant drop from the speaker (point a) to the edge (point c) of the dancing group on both sites: 10 dBA difference at site1 whilst 30 dBA difference at site 2 during the dance. However, no significant difference was found at point c compared to normal conditions with only 2 dBA increase in site 1 and 5 dBA in site 2. Although the background noise level at site 1 was higher than that at site 2, the sound pressure level of the broadcasting music during the dance at site 2 was much higher (17 dBA more) than at site 1. The scale of space and intensity of commercial activities onsite seem to have an impact on the background noise and loudness of the music broadcasted to reach to the edge of the group. The space of site 2 was twice the size of site 1 and without any solid construction within 30 m from the edges. Peak levels during the dance on both sites were found to be only 5-6 dBA different from the continuous equivalent levels. It seems unlikely that people will be attracted by the incident sound from the speaker.

Perceptions of Square Dance and Square Dance Music
Based on the survey data collected, a standard 95% confidence interval calculation was conducted to determine the true proportions of participants' responses to different factors. The true proportion of participants in the survey who regularly (more than once a week) participate in square dancing is between 24% and 41.9%. Over half of participants in the survey never practiced square dance. There is a variation in preference of watching square dance and listening to the square dance music among different age groups (see Figure 3).
Based on the survey data collected, a standard 95% confidence interval calculation was conducted to determine the true proportions of participants' responses to different factors. The true proportion of participants in the survey who regularly (more than once a week) participate in square dancing is between 24% and 41.9%. Over half of participants in the survey never practiced square dance. There is a variation in preference of watching square dance and listening to the square dance music among different age groups (see Figure 3). A series of T-tests were carried out to determine factors influencing the enjoyment of square dancing. A correlation was found between those who described square dancing in negative terms and those who find the music unpleasant (see Table 3). This correlation also held true between those not enjoying watching square dancing and those finding the music unpleasant It can be concluded that with at least a 95% degree of certainty that perceived comfort of the music has an influence of whether people enjoy watching square dancing (see table 4). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the mean ages of those who enjoy watching square dancing and those who do not enjoy watching square dancing (see table 5). This correlation with mean age  A series of T-tests were carried out to determine factors influencing the enjoyment of square dancing. A correlation was found between those who described square dancing in negative terms and those who find the music unpleasant (see Table 3). This correlation also held true between those not enjoying watching square dancing and those finding the music unpleasant Table 3. Two-Sample t test with unequal variances comparing the description of square dancing with pleasantness of music. It can be concluded that with at least a 95% degree of certainty that perceived comfort of the music has an influence of whether people enjoy watching square dancing (see Table 4). Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the mean ages of those who enjoy watching square dancing and those who do not enjoy watching square dancing (see Table 5). This correlation with mean age also held true for the unpleasantness of the music (see Table 6) and the regularity of participation (see Table 7).

Description of Square Dancing
However we found no significant difference in gender associated with these preferences. Using a Chi-squared test (χ 2 ) we can conclude that with a 95% degree of certainty, gender has no significant impact on the enjoyment of watching square dance (χ 2 = 3.80 which is not > 5.991 for 95% with 2 degrees of freedom Table 8), of finding the music pleasant (χ 2 = 6.20 which is not > 7.815 for 95% with 3 degrees of freedom, Table 9).      However, our research did find some correlation between gender and the regularity of participation in square dance activities (χ 2 = 4.77 which is > 3.841 for 95% with 1 degree of freedom, Table 10), suggesting that females are more likely to participate more regularly. From the t-test data it can also be concluded to at least the same degree of certainty that age does in fact have a significant impact on the enjoyment of and participation in square dance. However, the distribution of online surveys might have an impact on the age groups who have access to the survey. This needs further investigation through a larger sampling survey through other methods.
A strong correlation was found between those who participate regularly with both the perceived unpleasantness of the music (see Table 11) and the enjoyment of watching square dance (see Table 12)  However, there are 30% who occasionally are annoyed by the square dance music. The reasons for the occasional annoyance might come from personal conditions which are difficult to predict or control. Unlike previous literature, the overall perceptions of square dance in the survey are not negative particularly from the audience's perspectives (32.4% of those who rarely or never participate in square dance identified as not enjoying watching square dance). The music of square dance plays important roles in their perceptions where rhythm was the most frequently selected psycho-acoustic descriptor (see Figure 4). The percentage (based on 95% confidence intervals) of people who find square dancing music pleasant is between 63.6% and 78.4%. control. Unlike previous literature, the overall perceptions of square dance in the survey are not negative particularly from the audience's perspectives (32.4% of those who rarely or never participate in square dance identified as not enjoying watching square dance). The music of square dance plays important roles in their perceptions where rhythm was the most frequently selected psycho-acoustic descriptor (see Figure 4). The percentage (based on 95% confidence intervals) of people who find square dancing music pleasant is between 63.6% and 78.4%.

Perceptions of Appropriate Places for Square Dance
The majority of respondents (82%) suggested that external spaces are most appropriate for square dance, with only 18% suggesting that the interior spaces of gymnasium are most appropriate (see Figure 5). The percentage of participants (based on 95% confidence intervals) in the survey who think interior spaces are most appropriate for square dancing is between 11.8% and 24%. The percentage of participants who identified themselves enjoy the square dancing music and prefer square dance to occur in public urban spaces (i.e., urban squares and streets), rather than parks or community open spaces which are usually in gated enclaves, is between 27.6% and 46.2%. However, only a few considered sidewalks in urban streets like the case studies are appropriate for square dance. Park and squares are most frequently selected places which are appropriate for square dance to occur.

Perceptions of Appropriate Places for Square Dance
The majority of respondents (82%) suggested that external spaces are most appropriate for square dance, with only 18% suggesting that the interior spaces of gymnasium are most appropriate (see Figure 5). The percentage of participants (based on 95% confidence intervals) in the survey who think interior spaces are most appropriate for square dancing is between 11.8% and 24%. The percentage of participants who identified themselves enjoy the square dancing music and prefer square dance to occur in public urban spaces (i.e., urban squares and streets), rather than parks or community open spaces which are usually in gated enclaves, is between 27.6% and 46.2%. However, only a few considered sidewalks in urban streets like the case studies are appropriate for square dance. Park and squares are most frequently selected places which are appropriate for square dance to occur. think interior spaces are most appropriate for square dancing is between 11.8% and 24%. The percentage of participants who identified themselves enjoy the square dancing music and prefer square dance to occur in public urban spaces (i.e., urban squares and streets), rather than parks or community open spaces which are usually in gated enclaves, is between 27.6% and 46.2%. However, only a few considered sidewalks in urban streets like the case studies are appropriate for square dance. Park and squares are most frequently selected places which are appropriate for square dance to occur. A range of T-tests and Chi Squared Tests were conducted to ascertain any correlation between spatial preferences for the performance of square dance. The majority of respondents (82%) suggested that external spaces are most appropriate for square dance, with only 18% suggesting that the interior spaces of gymnasium are most appropriate. Using a Chi Squared Test, there was no correlation A range of T-tests and Chi Squared Tests were conducted to ascertain any correlation between spatial preferences for the performance of square dance. The majority of respondents (82%) suggested that external spaces are most appropriate for square dance, with only 18% suggesting that the interior spaces of gymnasium are most appropriate. Using a Chi Squared Test, there was no correlation between those who do not identify as enjoying square dance and a preference for interior spaces (see Table 13, χ 2 = 3.28 which is not > 5.991 for 95% with 2 degrees of freedom). Using a T-test we found no correlation between those who described the music as being unpleasant and the preference for square dancing to be outside public urban areas (t = 0.8518 which is not >1.96 for the 95%, Table 14). However there was a tentative correlation (90-95% significance) between those who describe square dancing in negative terms (boring, noisy or annoying) and a preference for dancing to occur outside public urban spaces (t = 01.9082 which is not >1.96 for the 95% but is >1.645 for the 90% see Table 15). Using a Chi Squared Test, there was no significant difference between respondents description of square dance and the preference for public urban spaces (see Table 16), suggesting that people do not mind square dancing in urban spaces even if they do not enjoy participating, watching or listening to the music. No significant difference was found between those who participate regularly or rarely and a preference for square dances to occur in public urban spaces (see Table 17).  Thus, participation of square dancing has no influence on perceptions of the physical settings of the soundscape and visual interactions of square dances. There is also no significant difference in preference of spaces for square dance to occur between those who described square dancing in a positive way and those who described it in more negative terms.

Acoustic Boundaries between Square Dancers and Audience in Streets
The square dancing music also redefines acoustic territories in urban streets. Perception of sounds in public spaces is a dynamic process of disintegration and reconfiguration shifting between personal and shared experiences [17]. Sounds in streets create temporary territories for specific activities and attract attention from the outside. However, what defines the boundaries of acoustic territories is arguable.
The objective loudness is not decisive in defining the acoustic boundaries of square dancing in urban streets. In the case explored, there is only a 2-5 dBA difference at the audience side (edge of the dance group) during the dance which causes no significant contrast of loudness in the streets. The background sound level influences soundscape evaluations in urban open public spaces and a lower background level makes people feel quieter [24].
Although a 17 dBA difference was found near the speaker during the dance, similar sound levels were found at the edge of the dance group around 73 dBA. With a similar background noise level, 73 dBA might be the threshold sound level for participants to engage in the dance with the music. This territory is different from the audience's. It is suggested that people within 10 meters from edge of the music related activity group often will be attracted to stay and watch [11]. However, this might not be true for square dancing in urban streets. The significant correlation between the enjoyment of square dance music and watching square dance indicates the acoustic boundaries of the audience are set by the audible level of the square dance music. This might also relate to the scale of the space and visual distance between dancers and the dance leaders at the front.

Impacts of Age and Gender on Perceptions of Square Dancing
A previous study found differences in different age groups when evaluating acoustic comforts [21]. Personal preferences of different sounds play an important role in this evaluation. The older age groups in the survey enjoy watching square dancing or listening to the music which reveals a generational gap in preferences of musical sounds and activities in public urban spaces. Most participants in the age range between 20 and 30 rarely practice square dancing. The involvement and appreciation of square dancing seem to have an impact on their perceptions. The social context of the city (being a county level city, there are fewer options of leisure activities whilst closer social relationships) explored might also have impacts on people's perceptions and participation of square dancing.
Although square dance in China is commonly perceived as an exercise or leisure for mid-aged women [10], there is no difference in gender of perceiving square dances and the music in the case study. However, the types of square dance music in the city explored are quite singular and mostly based on popular folk music commonly heard on television without gender bias. This might be different if the types of music and dance are more gender targeted.

Impacts of Place Context on Perceptions of Square Dance
The preconceptions of soundscapes in different types of places might have impacts on perceptions of square dance and the music. The perceptions of a park being suitable for physical exercises with low background noise and squares for music-related activities with a loud background sound level have a significant impact on people's choices of square and parks as the most appropriate places for square dance. However, sidewalks in urban streets as explored in the case are not in preference for square dance. The expectations of space for square dancing to be a large flat area [3] might have influenced their evaluations of street sidewalks for square dancing. However, this is also related to the type and size of square dancing groups occurring frequently in participants' everyday experiences.
However, people do not seem to be influenced by the appearance of the physical space when evaluating their perceptions of square dance. No correlations were found between enjoyment of square dance and the choices of places. In the city explored, the time when square dance happens (between 6:00 pm and 8:00 pm) is often after sunset. The visual appearance of the physical space does not have much influence. This might be different in other places where there is a late sunset in some seasons.

Limitation of this Study
This study explored square dancing soundscape in a singular case which cannot represent the diversity of square dancing in other cities in a different context. The study was conducted in winter where the participation, clothing factor and background noise levels might be different from other seasons. The off-site survey based on people's everyday experiences retrieved from memories might be different from in-situational experiences. Onsite survey will be needed to explore the in-situ experiences from both perceivers' and dancers' views to further investigate the acoustic territories.
A previous study suggests that one potentially effective solution to control noise from square dancing is to use Bluetooth earphones [10]. The level of social interactions will be reduced in this sense. It might also cause safety issues since no sound signals will be received by other users in the street. Further investigations might be useful to examine this assumption through an initiated Bluetooth earphone aided square dancing.

Conclusions
It can be concluded from this study the main factor influencing the enjoyment of square dancing was age rather than gender. However, gender does appear to be a factor influencing the regularity of participation in square dancing, with a bias towards more female participants. Participation in square dancing has an impact on the enjoyment of square dancing. Those who participate in square dancing regularly and those who enjoy watching square dancing are more likely to find the music pleasant.
Similarly, those who found square dancing music unpleasant were less likely to participate in or watch square dancing; however, this dislike did not influence their preferences for square dancing to occur outside public urban spaces.
There is no correlation between the dislike of watching square dancing, or dislike of the music and a desire to restrict locations for square dancing. Likewise, no correlation was found between enjoyment of any aspect of square dancing and the desire for specifically urban spaces.
It can be seen from the results that the enjoyment of the music of square dancing has no significant influence on the preferred spatial location for square dancing.