Impact on Physical Fitness of the Chinese CHAMPS: A Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Intervention
2.2. Study Measurement and Process Evaluation
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Equivalence Test
3.2. Impacts on the Physical Fitness Outcomes
3.3. Process Evaluation of the Intervention Implementation
4. Discussion
Study Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CHAMPS | Childhood Health; Activity and Motor Performance Study; |
PA | physical activity; |
MVPA | moderate to vigorous physical activity; |
VPA | vigorous physical activity; |
SPE | school physical education intervention; |
ASP | after-school program; |
CRF | cardiorespiratory fitness; |
PFT | physical function training; |
INT | integrative neuromuscular training. |
References
- Ortega, F.B.; Ruiz, J.R.; Castillo, M.J.; Sjostrom, M. Physical fitness in childhood and adolescence: A powerful marker of health. Int. J. Obes. 2007, 32, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Malina, R.M. Physical activity and fitness: Pathways from childhood to adulthood. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2001, 13, 162–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuntzleman, C.T. Childhood Fitness: What is happening? What beeds to be done? Prev. Med. 1993, 22, 520–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gutin, B.; Manos, T.; Strong, W. Defining health and fitness: First step toward establishing children’s fitness standards. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 1992, 63, 128–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Venckunas, T.; Mieziene, B.; Emeljanovas, A. Aerobic Capacity is related to multiple other aspects of physical fitness: A study in a large sample of lithuanian schoolchildren. Front. Physiol. 2018, 9, 1797. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Castro-Pinero, J.; Artero, E.G.; Espana-Romero, V.; Ortega, F.B.; Sjostrom, M.; Suni, J.; Ruiz, J.R. Criterion-related validity of field-based fitness tests in youth: A systematic review. Br. J. Sports Med. 2010, 44, 934–943. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Council of Europe. Eurofit: Handbook for the Eurofit Tests of Physical Fitness; Council of Europe: Rome, Italy, 1988. [Google Scholar]
- Lang, J.J.; Tomkinson, G.R.; Janssen, I.; Ruiz, J.R.; Ortega, F.B.; Leger, L.; Tremblay, M.S. Making a case for cardiorespiratory fitness surveillance among children and youth. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2018, 46, 66–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- World Health Organization. Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Fan, X.; Cao, Z.-B. Physical activity among Chinese school-aged children: National prevalence estimates from the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China—The Youth Study. J. Sport Health Sci. 2017, 6, 388–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Song, M.; Carroll, D.D.; Fulton, J.E. Meeting the 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans among U.S. Youth. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2013, 44, 216–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hallal, P.C.; Andersen, L.B.; Bull, F.C.; Guthold, R.; Haskell, W.; Ekelund, U. Global physical activity levels: Surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet 2012, 380, 247–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morrow, J.R.; Tucker, J.S.; Jackson, A.W.; Martin, S.B.; Greenleaf, C.A.; Petrie, T.A. Meeting physical activity guidelines and health-related fitness in youth. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2013, 44, 439–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dencker, M.; Andersen, L.B. Health-related aspects of objectively measured daily physical activity in children. Clin. Physiol. Funct. Imaging 2008, 28, 133–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- The State General Administration of Sports. Bulletin on the 2010 Chinese National Survey on People’s Health; People’s Sports Publishing House: Beijing, China, 2011. (In Chinese)
- Zhang, J.; Seo, D.-C.; Kolbe, L.; Middlestadt, S.; Zhao, W. Associated trends in sedentary behavior and BMI among Chinese school children and adolescents in seven diverse Chinese provinces. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2012, 19, 342–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lu, C.; Stolk, R.P.; Sauer, P.J.J.; Sijtsma, A.; Wiersma, R.; Huang, G.; Corpeleijn, E. Factors of physical activity among Chinese children and adolescents: A systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2017, 14, 36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, Y.; Tang, Y.; Cao, Z.-B.; Zhuang, J.; Zhu, Z.; Wu, X.-P.; Wang, L.-J.; Cai, Y.-J.; Zhang, J.-L.; Chen, P.-J. Results from the China 2018 Report Card on physical activity for children and youth. J. Exerc. Sci. Fit. 2019, 17, 3–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lang, J.J.; Tremblay, M.S.; Léger, L.; Olds, T.; Tomkinson, G.R. International variability in 20 m shuttle run performance in children and youth: Who are the fittest from a 50-country comparison? A systematic literature review with pooling of aggregate results. Br. J. Sports Med. 2018, 52, 276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ainsworth, B.E. Step it up: Promoting physical activity in school-aged children and adolescents in China. J. Sport Health Sci. 2017, 6, 386–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, F.; Liu, Y.; Zhu, W.; Harmer, P. China’s challenges in promoting physical activity and fitness. Lancet 2016, 388, 1278–1279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- National Fitness Program (2016–2020). Available online: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2016-06/23/content_5084564.htm (accessed on 20 April 2019).
- Chen, P. Physical activity, physical fitness, and body mass index in the Chinese child and adolescent populations: An update from the 2016 Physical Activity and Fitness in China-The Youth Study. J. Sport Health Sci. 2017, 6, 381–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lai, S.K.; Costigan, S.A.; Morgan, P.J.; Lubans, D.R.; Stodden, D.F.; Salmon, J.; Barnett, L.M. Do school-based interventions focusing on physical activity, fitness, or fundamental movement skill competency produce a sustained impact in these outcomes in children and adolescents? A systematic review of follow-up studies. Sports Med. 2014, 44, 67–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, Z.; Dong, S.; Yin, J.; Fu, Q.; Ren, H.; Yin, Z. Improving physical fitness and cognitive functions in middle school students: Study protocol for the Chinese childhood health, activity and motor performance study (Chinese CHAMPS). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sallis, J.F. Edwin B Fisher Ecological models of health behavior. In Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research and Practice, 4th ed.; Glanz, K., Rimer, B.K., Viswanath, K., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2008; pp. 465–494. [Google Scholar]
- Dobbins, M.; Husson, H.; DeCorby, K.; LaRocca, R.L. School-Based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18. Cochrane Libr. 2013, 2, 5–25. [Google Scholar]
- Poitras, V.J.; Gray, C.E.; Borghese, M.M.; Carson, V.; Chaput, J.-P.; Janssen, I.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Pate, R.R.; Connor Gorber, S.; Kho, M.E.; et al. Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2016, 41 (Suppl. 3), S197–S239. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Y.; Cai, L.; Wu, Y.; Wilson, R.F.; Weston, C.; Fawole, O.; Bleich, S.N.; Cheskin, L.J.; Showell, N.N.; Lau, B.D.; et al. What childhood obesity prevention programmes work? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes. Rev. 2015, 16, 547–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Conroy, D.E.; Elliot, A.J.; Coatsworth, J.D. Competence motivation in sport and exercise: The hierarchical model of achievement motivation and self-determination theory. In Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Exercise and Sport; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 2007; pp. 181–192, 340–344. [Google Scholar]
- Pate, R.R.; Flynn, J.I.; Dowda, M. Policies for promotion of physical activity and prevention of obesity in adolescence. J. Exerc. Sci. Fit. 2016, 14, 47–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sims, J.; Scarborough, P.; Foster, C. The effectiveness of interventions on sustained childhood physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0132935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wolfenden, L.; Nathan, N.K.; Sutherland, R.; Yoong, S.L.; Hodder, R.K.; Wyse, R.J.; Delaney, T.; Grady, A.; Fielding, A.; Tzelepis, F.; et al. Strategies for enhancing the implementation of school-based policies or practices targeting risk factors for chronic disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2017, 11, 1–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pozuelo-Carrascosa, D.P.; García-Hermoso, A.; Álvarez-Bueno, C.; Sánchez-López, M.; Martinez-Vizcaino, V. Effectiveness of school-based physical activity programmes on cardiorespiratory fitness in children: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br. J. Sports Med. 2018, 52, 1234–1240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Minatto, G.; Barbosa Filho, V.C.; Berria, J.; Petroski, E.L. School-Based interventions to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med. (Auckl. N. Z.) 2016, 46, 1273–1292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gråstén, A.; Watt, A. A motivational model of physical education and links to enjoyment, knowledge, performance, total physical activity and body mass index. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2017, 16, 318–327. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Pannekoek, L.; Piek, J.P.; Hagger, M.S. Motivation for physical activity in children: A moving matter in need for study. Hum. Mov. Sci. 2013, 32, 1097–1115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dishman, R.K.; McIver, K.L.; Dowda, M.; Saunders, R.P.; Pate, R.R. Motivation and behavioral regulation of physical activity in middle school students. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2015, 47, 1913–1921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Atkin, A.J.; Gorely, T.; Biddle, S.J.H.; Cavill, N.; Foster, C. Interventions to promote physical activity in young people conducted in the hours immediately after school: A systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2011, 18, 176–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jago, R.; Edwards, M.J.; Sebire, S.J.; Tomkinson, K.; Bird, E.L.; Banfield, K.; May, T.; Kesten, J.M.; Cooper, A.R.; Powell, J.E.; et al. Effect and cost of an after-school dance programme on the physical activity of 11–12 year old girls: The Bristol Girls Dance Project, a school-based cluster randomised controlled trial. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2015, 12, 128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Robbins, L.B.; Ling, J.; Toruner, E.K.; Bourne, K.A.; Pfeiffer, K.A. Examining reach, dose, and fidelity of the “Girls on the Move” after-school physical activity club: A process evaluation. BMC Public Health 2016, 16, 671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Crimarco, A.; Mayfield, C.; Mitchell, N.; Beets, M.W.; Yin, Z.; Moore, J.B. Determinants of attendance at a physical activity focused afterschool program in elementary school children. Int. J. Exerc. Sci. 2018, 11, 137–151. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Pavey, T.G.; Gilson, N.D.; Gomersall, S.R.; Clark, B.; Trost, S.G. Field evaluation of a random forest activity classifier for wrist-worn accelerometer data. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2017, 20, 75–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhou, Z. Physical function training and physical fitness in middle school students. In Theory and Practice of Physical Function Training for Middle School Students; Pepole’s Sports Publish House of China: Beijing, China, 2017; Chapter 2. [Google Scholar]
- Yin, J. An overview of training idea and content system of physical function training. Teach. Phys. Educ. 2017, 1, 48–49. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Myer, G.D.; Faigenbaum, A.D.; Ford, K.R.; Best, T.M.; Bergeron, M.F.; Hewett, T.E. When to initiate integrative neuromuscular training to reduce sports-related injuries and enhance health in youth? Curr. Sports Med. Rep. 2011, 10, 155–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McNamee, J.; Bruecker, S.; Murray, T.; Speich, C. High-Activity skills progression. J. Phys. Educ. Recreat. Danc. 2007, 78, 17–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McMurray, R.G.; Bassin, S.; Jago, R.; Bruecker, S.; Moe, E.L.; Murray, T.; Mazzuto, S.L.; Volpe, S.L.; Group, H.S. Rationale, design and methods of the HEALTHY study physical education intervention component. Int. J. Obes. (Lond.) 2009, 33 (Suppl. 4), S37–S43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. Chinese National Student Physical Health Standard; Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China: Beijing, China, 2014. (In Chinese)
- Jago, R.; McMurray, R.G.; Bassin, S.; Pyle, L.; Bruecker, S.; Jakicic, J.M.; Moe, E.; Murray, T.; Volpe, S.L. Modifying middle school physical education: Piloting strategies to increase physical activity. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 2009, 21, 171–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. National Physical Education and Health Education Curriculum Standards-2011; Beijing Normal University Publishing Group: Beijing, China, 2011.
- Golley, R.K.; Hendrie, G.A.; Slater, A.; Corsini, N. Interventions that involve parents to improve children’s weight-related nutrition intake and activity patterns—What nutrition and activity targets and behaviour change techniques are associated with intervention effectiveness? Obes. Rev. 2011, 12, 114–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tomkinson, G.R.; Leger, L.A.; Olds, T.S.; Cazorla, G. Secular trends in the performance of children and adolescents (1980–2000): An analysis of 55 studies of the 20 m shuttle run test in 11 countries. Sports Med. 2003, 33, 285–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eisenmann, J.C.; Welk, G.J.; Ihmels, M.; Dollman, J. Fatness, fitness, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children and adolescents. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2007, 39, 1251–1256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research. Fitnessgram Test Administration Manual; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Johnson, F.; Wardle, J.; Griffith, J. The Adolescent Food Habits Checklist: Reliability and validity of a measure of healthy eating behaviour in adolescents. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 56, 644–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Turconi, G.; Celsa, M.; Rezzani, C.; Biino, G.; Sartirana, M.A.; Roggi, C. Reliability of a dietary questionnaire on food habits, eating behaviour and nutritional knowledge of adolescents. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 57, 753–763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Duan, J.; Hu, H.; Wang, G.; Arao, T. Study on current levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior among middle school students in Beijing, China. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0133544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, Y.; Tao, F.B.; Su, P.Y. Self-assessment of pubertal Tanner stage by realistic colour images in representative Chinese obese and non-obese children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr. 2012, 101, e163–e166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Evenson, K.R.; Catellier, D.J.; Gill, K.; Ondrak, K.S.; McMurray, R.G. Calibration of two objective measures of physical activity for children. J. Sports Sci. 2008, 26, 1557–1565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhu, Z.; Chen, P.; Zhuang, J. Predicting Chinese children and youth’s energy expenditure using ActiGraph accelerometers: A calibration and cross-validation study. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 2013, 84 (Suppl. 2), S56–S63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McKenzie, T.L.; Sallis, J.F.; Nader, P.R. SOFIT: System for observing fitness instruction time. J. Teach. Phys. Educ. 1991, 11, 195–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, W.J.; Zeveloff, A.; Steckler, A.; Schneider, M.; Thompson, D.; Pham, T.; Volpe, S.L.; Hindes, K.; Sleigh, A.; McMurray, R.G.; et al. Process evaluation results from the HEALTHY physical education intervention. Health Educ. Res. 2012, 27, 307–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Telford, R.M.; Olive, L.S.; Cochrane, T.; Davey, R.; Telford, R.D. Outcomes of a four-year specialist-taught physical education program on physical activity: A cluster randomized controlled trial, the LOOK study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2016, 13, 64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- McKenzie, T.L.; Sallis, J.F.; Prochaska, J.J.; Conway, T.L.; Marshall, S.J.; Rosengard, P. Evaluation of a two-year middle-school physical education intervention: M-SPAN. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2004, 36, 1382–1388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mura, G.; Rocha, N.B.; Helmich, I.; Budde, H.; Machado, S.; Wegner, M.; Nardi, A.E.; Arias-Carrion, O.; Vellante, M.; Baum, A.; et al. Physical activity interventions in schools for improving lifestyle in European countries. Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health 2015, 11 (Suppl. 1: M5), 77–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- De Meester, F.; van Lenthe, F.J.; Spittaels, H.; Lien, N.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I. Interventions for promoting physical activity among European teenagers: A systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2009, 6, 82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Janssen, I.; LeBlanc, A.G. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2010, 7, 40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Group, H.S.; Foster, G.D.; Linder, B.; Baranowski, T.; Cooper, D.M.; Goldberg, L.; Harrell, J.S.; Kaufman, F.; Marcus, M.D.; Treviño, R.P.; et al. A school-based intervention for diabetes risk reduction. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 363, 443–453. [Google Scholar]
- Hoehner, C.M.; Soares, J.; Parra Perez, D.; Ribeiro, I.C.; Joshu, C.E.; Pratt, M.; Legetic, B.D.; Malta, D.C.; Matsudo, V.R.; Ramos, L.R.; et al. Physical activity interventions in Latin America: A systematic review. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2008, 34, 224–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Demetriou, Y.; Vondung, C.; Bucksch, J.; Schlund, A.; Schulze, C.; Knapp, G.; Coen, S.E.; Puil, L.; Phillips, S.P.; Reimers, A.K. Interventions on children’s and adolescents’ physical activity and sedentary behaviour: Protocol for a systematic review from a sex/gender perspective. Syst. Rev. 2019, 8, 65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sollerhed, A.C.; Ejlertsson, G. Physical benefits of expanded physical education in primary school: Findings from a 3-year intervention study in Sweden. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2008, 18, 102–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rexen, C.T.; Ersbøll, A.K.; Møller, N.C.; Klakk, H.; Wedderkopp, N.; Andersen, L.B. Effects of extra school-based physical education on overall physical fitness development—The CHAMPS study DK. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2015, 25, 706–715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hansen, H.S.; Froberg, K.; Hyldebrandt, N.; Nielsen, J.R. A controlled study of eight months of physical training and reduction of blood pressure in children: The Odense schoolchild study. BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.) 1991, 303, 682–685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lonsdale, C.; Rosenkranz, R.R.; Peralta, L.R.; Bennie, A.; Fahey, P.; Lubans, D.R. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions designed to increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in school physical education lessons. Prev. Med. 2013, 56, 152–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Barreira, T.V.; Broyles, S.T.; Champagne, C.M.; Chaput, J.-P.; Fogelholm, M.; Hu, G.; Johnson, W.D.; Kuriyan, R.; Kurpad, A.; et al. Physical activity, sedentary time, and obesity in an international sample of children. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2015, 47, 2062–2069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Active Healthy Kids Canada. Is active play extinct? In The Active Healthy Kids Canada 2012 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth; Active Healthy Kids Canada: Toronto, ON, Canada, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Health Active Kids New Zealand. The New Zealand Physical Activity Report Card for Children and Youth; Health Active Kids New Zealand: Aukland, New Zealand, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Stone, M.R.; Faulkner, G.E.J. Outdoor play in children: Associations with objectively-measured physical activity, sedentary behavior and weight status. Prev. Med. 2014, 65, 122–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baquet, G.; van Praagh, E.; Berthoin, S. Endurance training and aerobic fitness in young people. Sports Med. (Auckl. N. Z.) 2003, 33, 1127–1143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Pescatello, L.S.; Arena, R.; Riebe, D.; Thompson, P.D. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 9th ed.; Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Harvey, S.; Jarrett, K. A review of the game-centred approaches to teaching and coaching literature since 2006. Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagog. 2014, 19, 278–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Myer, G.D.; Faigenbaum, A.D.; Chu, D.A.; Falkel, J.; Ford, K.R.; Best, T.M.; Hewett, T.E. Integrative training for children and adolescents: Techniques and practices for reducing sports-related injuries and enhancing athletic performance. Physician Sportsmed. 2011, 39, 74–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Granacher, U.; Puta, C.; Gabriel, H.H.W.; Behm, D.G.; Arampatzis, A. Editorial: Neuromuscular Training and adaptations in youth athletes. Front. Physiol. 2018, 9, 1264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Faigenbaum, A.D.; Myer, G.D.; Farrell, A.; Radler, T.; Fabiano, M.; Kang, J.; Ratamess, N.; Khoury, J.; Hewett, T.E. Integrative neuromuscular training and sex-specific fitness performance in 7-year-old children: An Exploratory Investigation. J. Athl. Train. 2014, 49, 145–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gutin, B.; Barbeau, P.; Yin, Z. Exercise interventions for prevention of obesity and related disorders in youths. Quest 2004, 56, 120–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arundell, L.; Fletcher, E.; Salmon, J.; Veitch, J.; Hinkley, T. A systematic review of the prevalence of sedentary behavior during the after-school period among children aged 5-18 years. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2016, 13, 93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chen, Y.; Zheng, Z.; Yi, J.; Yao, S. Associations between physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors among adolescents in 10 cities in China. BMC Public Health 2014, 14, 744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Arundell, L.; Hinkley, T.; Veitch, J.; Salmon, J. Contribution of the after-school period to children’s daily participation in physical activity and sedentary behaviours. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0140132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Tremblay, M.S.; LeBlanc, A.G.; Kho, M.E.; Saunders, T.J.; Larouche, R.; Colley, R.C.; Goldfield, G.; Connor Gorber, S. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2011, 8, 98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Carson, V.; Hunter, S.; Kuzik, N.; Gray, C.E.; Poitras, V.J.; Chaput, J.P.; Saunders, T.J.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Okely, A.D.; Connor Gorber, S.; et al. Systematic review of sedentary behaviour and health indicators in school-aged children and youth: An update. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2016, 41 (Suppl. 3), S240–S265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lo, K.-Y.; Wu, M.-C.; Tung, S.-C.; Hsieh, C.C.; Yao, H.-H.; Ho, C.-C. Association of school environment and after-school physical activity with health-related physical fitness among junior high school students in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mears, R.; Jago, R. Effectiveness of after-school interventions at increasing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity levels in 5- to 18-year olds: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Sports Med. 2016, 50, 1315–1324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harvey, S.; Smith, L.; Fairclough, S.; Savory, L.; Kerr, C. Investigation of Pupils’ Levels of MVPA and VPA During Physical Education Units Focused on Direct Instruction and Tactical Games Models. Phys. Educ. 2015, 72, 40–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yin, Z.; Moore, J.B.; Johnson, M.H.; Vernon, M.M.; Gutin, B. The impact of a 3-year after-school obesity prevention program in elementary school children. Child. Obes. (Print) 2012, 8, 60–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Madsen, K.A.; Gosliner, W.; Woodward-Lopez, G.; Crawford, P.B. Physical activity opportunities associated with fitness and weight status among adolescents in low-income communities. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2009, 163, 1014–1021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cox, A.E.; Smith, A.L.; Williams, L. Change in physical education motivation and physical activity behavior during middle school. J. Adolesc. Health 2008, 43, 506–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Lippevelde, W.; Verloigne, M.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.; Brug, J.; Bjelland, M.; Lien, N.; Maes, L. Does parental involvement make a difference in school-based nutrition and physical activity interventions? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int. J. Public Health 2012, 57, 673–678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. Regulations on Effectively Guaranteeing One Hour of Daily Physical Activities for Primary and Secondary School Students; Ministry of Education, The People’s Republic of China: Beijing, China, 2011. (In Chinese)
- Donnelly, J.E.; Hillman, C.H.; Castelli, D.; Etnier, J.L.; Lee, S.; Tomporowski, P.; Lambourne, K.; Szabo-Reed, A.N. Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children: A systematic review. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2016, 48, 1197–1222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lobb, R.; Colditz, G.A. Implementation science and its application to population health. Annu. Rev. Public Health 2013, 34, 235–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Intervention Treatment | Offering the After-School Program | ||
---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | ||
Modifying school physical education program | No | No change in PE policy No teacher training No after-school program | Provision of after-school PA program (adding 45 min of MVPA 2 d/week) Provision of portable exercise equipment Fitness & nutrition education Bi-weekly text messages to students on healthy tips No change in PE policy Parent engagement |
90 min MVPA/week (45 min PE × 2 d/week) | 180 min MVPA/week (45 min PE × 2 d/week & 45 min PA × 2 d/week); ≥45 min VPA/week | ||
Yes | PE policy change (3 PE classes/week and daily recess) 2-d teacher training Provision of portable exercise equipment PE curriculum re-design Fitness & nutrition education Bi-weekly text messages to students on healthy tips Parent engagement | PE policy change (3 PE classes/week and daily recess) Provision of after-school PA program (adding 45 min of MVPA 2 d/week) 3-d teacher training Provision of portable exercise equipment PE curriculum re-design Physical fitness & nutrition education Bi-weekly text messages to students on healthy tips Parent engagement | |
210 min MVPA/week (45 min PE × 3 d/week & 15 min recess × 5 d/week); ≥105 min VPA/week | 300 min MVPA/week (45 min PE × 3 d/week, 15 min recess × 5 d/week & 45 min PA × 2 d/week); ≥150 min VPA/week |
Study Sites | Control | School Physical Education Intervention | After-School Program Intervention | School Physical Education & After-School Intervention | All Sites | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | F | n | M | F | n | M | F | n | M | F | n | M | F | n | |
Site 1 | 31, 63% | 18, 37% | 49 | 21, 57% | 16, 43% | 37 | 23, 49% | 24, 51% | 47 | 33, 62% | 20, 38% | 53 | 108, 58% | 78, 42% | 186 |
Site 2 | 28, 53% | 25, 47% | 53 | 26, 50% | 26, 50% | 52 | 19, 54% | 16, 46% | 35 | 24, 49% | 25, 51% | 49 | 97, 51% | 92, 49% | 189 |
Site 3 | 36, 53% | 32, 47% | 68 | 38, 52% | 35, 48% | 73 | 54, 55% | 44, 45% | 98 | 30, 45% | 36, 55% | 66 | 158, 52% | 147, 48% | 305 |
All sites | 95, 59% | 75, 41% | 170 | 85, 52% | 77, 48% | 162 | 96, 53% | 84, 47% | 180 | 87, 52% | 81, 48% | 168 | 363, 53% | 317, 47% | 680 |
Variables | All (n = 680) | Control (n = 170) | SPE (n = 162) | ASP (n = 180) | SPE+ASP (n = 168) | Group Comparisons (p < 0.05) † | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD) (y) | 12.66 (0.56) | 12.68 (0.63) | 12.69 (0.53) | 12.67 (−0.53) | 12.63 (0.54) | F > M | |
Female, No. (%) | 317 (46.6) | 75 (44.1) | 77 (47.5) | 84 (46.7) | 81 (48.2) | M > F | |
Pubertal stage, No. (%) ‡ | 2 | 219 (32.2) | 49 (28.8) | 52 (32.1) | 68 (37.8) | 50 (29.8) | |
3 | 327 (48.1) | 86 (50.6) | 80 (49.4) | 81 (45.0) | 80 (47.6) | ||
4 | 134 (19.7) | 35 (20.6) | 30 (18.5) | 31 (17.2) | 38 (22.6) | ||
Father education level, No. (%) | Junior high school | 143 (21.0) | 40 (23.5) | 50 (30.9) | 15 (8.3) | 38 (22.6) | |
High school | 204 (30.0) | 60 (35.3) | 54 (33.3) | 46 (25.6) | 44 (26.2) | ||
Junior Colleges | 145 (21.3) | 40 (23.5) | 23 (14.2) | 47 (26.1) | 35 (20.8) | ||
University | 114 (16.8) | 22 (12.9) | 18 (11.1) | 44 (24.4) | 30 (17.9) | ||
Postgraduate | 42 (6.2) | 3 (1.8) | 3 (1.9) | 21 (11.7) | 15 (8.9) | ||
Mother education level, No. (%) | Junior high school | 180 (26.5) | 51 (30.0) | 61 (37.7) | 18 (10.0) | 50 (29.8) | |
High school | 209 (30.7) | 63 (37.1) | 56 (34.6) | 52 (28.9) | 38 (22.6) | ||
Junior college | 146 (21.5) | 28 (16.5) | 27 (16.7) | 56 (31.1) | 35 (20.8) | ||
University | 95 (14.0) | 20 (11.8) | 6 (3.7) | 39 (21.7) | 30 (17.9) | ||
Postgraduate | 28 (4.1) | 5 (2.9) | 3 (1.9) | 10 (5.6) | 10 (6.0) | ||
Monthly family income, No. (%) | RMB ≤ 5000 | 183 (26.9) | 49 (28.8) | 67 (41.4) | 27 (15.0) | 40 (23.8) | |
RMB 5000-10000 | 301 (44.3) | 67 (39.4) | 66 (40.7) | 87 (48.3) | 81 (48.2) | ||
RMB 10001-15000 | 111 (16.3) | 35 (20.6) | 14 (8.6) | 43 (23.9) | 19 (11.3) | ||
RMB ≥ 15000 | 63 (9.3) | 16 (9.4) | 6 (3.7) | 18 (10.0) | 23 (13.7) | ||
Height, mean (SD) (cm) | 162.24 (−6.59) | 161.93 (−6.91) | 162.09 (−6.69) | 162.53 (−6.53) | 162.39 (−6.29) | M > F | |
Weight (kg) | 52.73 (11.17) | 51.40 (10.76) | 53.09 (11.38) | 52.82 (9.91) | 53.65 (12.60) | M > F | |
20-m shuttle run (laps) | 38.33 (15.25) | 38.09 (14.59) | 35.96 (14.13) | 40.07 (16.18) | 39.00 (15.75) | M > F | |
Broad jump (cm) | 178.69 (23.30) | 179.75 (21.00) | 177.96 (23.25) | 179.44 (22.81) | 177.51 (26.06) | M > F | |
50-m run (seconds) | 8.76 (0.95) | 8.85 (1.09) | 8.78 (0.88) | 8.64 (0.80) | 8.80 (1.00) | F > M | |
Sit-and-reach (cm) | 9.50 (5.64) | 9.89 (5.48) | 9.28 (5.12) | 9.39 (6.56) | 9.46 (5.25) | F > M | |
T test for agility (seconds) | 12.40 (1.31) | 12.54 (1.37) | 12.40 (1.43) | 12.22 (1.15) | 12.45 (1.29) | F > M | |
1-min sit-ups (counts) | 36.91 (8.93) | 36.23 (9.73) | 35.73 (9.20) | 38.43 (8.34) | 37.09 (8.24) | M > F | |
Plank support (seconds) | 34 | 100.08 (39.38) | 98.74 (41.10) | 97.35 (37.59) | 100.21 (36.81) | 103.92 (41.91) | F > M |
Body fat percent (%) | 20.96 (5.68) | 20.92 (5.46) | 21.10 (5.70) | 20.84 (4.99) | 20.93 (6.42) | F > M |
Outcome | Estimated Mean (95% CI) | Contrasts Coefficient (95% CI); Effect Size *; p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measure | Control | SPE | ASP | SPE+ASP | SPE & ASP & SPE+ASP vs. Control | SPE & SPE+ASP vs. ASP | SPE+ASP vs. ASP |
20-m shuttle run (laps) | 3.52 a, b, c (1.18, 5.85) | 17.85 a (15.68, 20.02) | 12.38 b (10.2, 14.56) | 25.78 c (23.7, 27.86) | 15.2 (12.3, 18.2); 0.29; <0.001 | 9.4 (6.5, 12.4); 0.18; <0.001 | 13.6 (10.2, 17.0); 0.22; <0.001 |
Broad jump (cm) | 5.33 a, b, c (1.94, 8.71) | 21.12 a (18.1, 24.14) | 17.19 b (14.13, 20.24) | 31.09 c (27.6, 34.58) | 17.0 (12.8, 21.3); 0.22; <0.001 | 9.7 (5.3, 14.2); 0.12; <0.001 | 15.0 (9.9, 20.0); 0.17; <0.001 |
50-m run (seconds) | −0.13 a, b (−0.27, 0.00) | −0.55 a (−0.66, −0.43) | −0.12 (−0.26, 0.01) | −1.07 b (−1.21, −0.93) | −0.4 (−0.6, −0.3); 0.14; <0.001 | −0.7 (−0.9, −0.5); 0.23; <0.001 | −1.0 (−1.2, −0.8); 0.29; <0.001 |
Sit-and-reach (cm) | 0.11 a, b (−0.57, 0.78) | 3.97 a (3.28, 4.66) | 1.09 (0.36, 1.82) | 6.96 b (6.16, 7.75) | 3.5 (2.5, 4.5); 0.20; <0.001 | 4.1 (3.1, 5.1); 0.23; <0.001 | 5.7 (4.6, 6.8); 0.28; <0.001 |
T test for agility (seconds) | −0.37 a, b, c (−0.6, −0.14) | −1.22 a (−1.43, −1.01) | −0.66 b (−0.84, −0.48) | −2.16 c (−2.37, −1.96) | −1.0 (−1.2, −0.7); 0.20; <0.001 | −1.0 (−1.3, −0.7); 0.21; <0.001 | −1.5 (−1.8, −1.2); 0.28; <0.001 |
1-min sit-ups (counts) | 2.25 a, b, c (0.95, 3.55) | 8.16 a (6.83, 9.48) | 1.09 b (−0.19, 2.37) | 13.12 c (11.85, 14.38) | 5.1 (3.3, 6.9); 0.16; <0.001 | 9.5 (7.8, 11.3); 0.30; <0.001 | 12.0 (10.0, 14.0); 0.34; <0.001 |
Plank support (seconds) | −6.18 a, b (−13.01, 0.66) | 29.96 a (21.26, 38.65) | −0.08 (−7.34, 7.18) | 49.01 b (42.71, 55.31) | 31.8 (22.4, 41.2); 0.19; <0.001 | 37.2 (27.8, 46.7); 0.22; <0.001 | 48.6 (37.8, 59.5); 0.25; <0.001 |
Body fat (percent) | 1.3 a, b, c (0.7, 2.0) | 0.8 a (0.3, 1.3) | 0.4 b (−0.3, 1.2) | −1.9 c (−2.7, −1.1) | −1.6 (−2.4, −0.8); 0.12; <0.001 | −1.1 (−2.0, −0.1); 0.07; =0.03 | −2.4 (−3.5, −1.4); 0.14; <0.001 |
Test Items or Variables | Control (n = 164) | SPE (n = 160) | ASP (n = 171) | SPE+ASP (n = 163) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Posttest | Baseline | Posttest | Baseline | Posttest | Baseline | Posttest | |
Nutrition Knowledge Test * | 4.37 1.21 | 5.28 1.40 † | 4.34 1.25 | 7.01 1.65 † | 4.33 1.40 | 7.17 1.97 † | 4.37 1.41 | 7.64 1.70 † |
Food Habits Checklist ** | 12.15 2.47 | 13.80 2.59 † | 12.41 2.69 | 17.12 3.00 † | 12.35 1.90 | 17.74 2.66 † | 12.21 2.57 | 18.05 3.03 † |
Time spent on TV watching during school days | 19.97 | 20.23 | 22.85 | 17.90 | 20.38 | 14.49 | 18.37 | 12.61 |
1.80 | 1.78 | 2.06 | 1.51 † | 1.78 | 1.45 † | 1.94 | 1.38 † | |
Time spent on TV watching during weekend days | 65.37 | 61.92 | 64.39 | 63.04 | 51.77 | 52.35 | 60.06 | 60.39 |
5.86 | 4.88 | 4.57 | 4.57 | 4.51 | 4.64 | 5.61 | 5.22 | |
Time spent on internet during school days | 23.86 | 24.66 | 27.82 | 24.50 | 27.40 | 16.21 | 25.31 | 15.98 |
2.37 | 2.22 | 2.56 | 1.98 | 2.48 | 1.57 † | 2.52 | 1.45 † | |
Time spent on internet during weekend days | 59.63 | 55.74 | 68.02 | 62.81 | 53.55 | 50.94 | 56.98 | 55.04 |
5.03 | 4.20 | 5.73 | 5.33 | 4.93 | 4.60 | 5.60 | 5.19 | |
Time spent on computer games during school days | 9.26 | 10.23 | 10.82 | 8.29 | 8.21 | 5.76 | 8.37 | 5.34 |
1.53 | 1.68 | 1.73 | 1.36 † | 1.60 | 1.22 † | 1.75 | 1.34 † | |
Time spent on computer games during weekend days | 37.94 | 33.37 | 34.33 | 38.30 | 30.96 | 29.80 | 29.90 | 30.24 |
4.41 | 4.03 | 3.42 | 3.70 | 4.03 | 3.86 | 3.90 | 4.18 |
Variables | Control | SPE | ASP | SPE+ASP | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Posttest | Baseline | Posttest | Baseline | Posttest | Baseline | Posttest | |
Daily wearing time for the past 7 days (min/day) | 818.11 | 803.95 | 841.55 | 834.84 | 818.48 | 765.23 | 842.01 | 760.83 |
146.04 | 186.08 | 179.19 | 185.59 | 159.66 | 221.05 | 155.19 | 161.44 † | |
% of time in sedentary behaviors per day for the past 7 days | 71.44 | 74.40 | 70.10 | 75.51 | 70.38 | 75.74 | 69.88 | 74.51 |
9.11 | 10.80 | 8.53 | 9.64 † | 8.95 | 8.81 † | 10.28 | 11.95 | |
% of time in LPA per day for the past 7 days | 26.09 | 23.36 | 27.22 | 19.14 | 27.06 | 20.04 | 27.54 | 18.28 |
8.58 | 9.80 | 7.93 | 9.37 † | 8.24 | 8.84 † | 9.43 | 11.95 † | |
% of time in MPA per day for the past 7 days | 1.54 | 1.36 | 1.70 | 2.73 | 1.54 | 2.33 | 1.59 | 3.65 |
0.97 | 0.90 | 0.85 | 1.15 † | 0.74 | 0.83 † | 1.03 | 0.98 † | |
% of time in VPA per day for the past 7 days | 0.93 | 0.87 | 0.98 | 2.62 | 1.02 | 1.89 | 0.99 | 3.57 |
0.64 | 0.77 | 0.67 | 0.86 † | 0.71 | 0.75 † | 0.75 | 1.00 † | |
% of time in MVPA per day for the past 7 days | 2.47 | 2.23 | 2.68 | 5.35 | 2.56 | 4.22 | 2.58 | 7.21 |
1.43 | 1.52 | 1.42 | 1.79 † | 1.27 | 1.39 † | 1.71 | 1.84 † | |
Daily wearing time during weekdays (min/day) | 825.95 | 832.14 | 838.04 | 882.40 | 820.14 | 800.05 | 834.74 | 813.05 |
149.01 | 181.95 | 183.02 | 226.39 | 170.38 | 240.31 | 166.63 | 191.16 | |
% of time in sedentary behaviors per day during weekdays | 69.61 | 71.65 | 69.35 | 74.66 | 70.05 | 73.79 | 69.17 | 72.94 |
9.45 | 10.96 | 8.97 | 9.23 † | 8.61 | 9.27 | 11.27 | 11.39 | |
% of time in LPA per day during weekdays | 27.53 | 25.97 | 27.53 | 18.87 | 27.12 | 21.34 | 28.02 | 18.29 |
8.76 | 9.99 | 8.23 | 9.35 † | 7.85 | 9.40 † | 10.23 | 11.72 † | |
% of time in MPA per day during weekdays | 1.75 | 1.46 | 1.96 | 3.24 | 1.62 | 2.69 | 1.68 | 4.38 |
1.07 | 0.94 | 1.06 | 1.31 † | 0.73 | 0.99 † | 1.05 | 1.29 † | |
% of time in VPA per day during weekdays | 1.10 | 0.92 | 1.15 | 3.23 | 1.21 | 2.18 | 1.13 | 4.38 |
0.76 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 1.10 † | 0.90 | 0.83 † | 0.82 | 1.26 † | |
% of time in MVPA per day during weekdays | 2.85 | 2.38 | 3.12 | 6.47 | 2.83 | 4.87 | 2.81 | 8.76 |
1.64 | 1.56 | 1.74 | 2.14 † | 1.46 | 1.61 † | 1.81 | 2.39 † | |
Daily wearing time during the weekend (min/day) | 836.83 | 765.18 | 899.20 | 757.69 | 835.11 | 716.60 | 903.35 | 668.29 |
254.07 | 279.16 | 397.15 | 403.32 | 300.46 | 351.95 | 319.95 | 243.45 † | |
% of time in sedentary behaviors per day during the weekend | 77.81 | 82.69 | 72.44 | 77.50 | 70.98 | 81.14 | 72.29 | 79.74 |
14.84 | 14.97 | 12.95 | 19.32 | 17.23 | 16.52 † | 15.95 | 17.82 † | |
% of time in LPA per day during the weekend | 20.95 | 15.58 | 26.07 | 20.68 | 27.30 | 17.02 | 25.80 | 18.06 |
14.04 | 13.53 | 12.25 | 17.66 | 16.28 | 15.12 † | 14.81 | 16.02 † | |
% of time in MPA per day during the weekend | 0.84 | 1.07 | 0.99 | 1.18 | 1.26 | 1.01 | 1.32 | 1.27 |
1.22 | 1.28 | 0.96 | 1.74 | 1.25 | 1.32 | 1.58 | 1.84 | |
% of time in VPA per day during the weekend | 0.40 | 0.67 | 0.50 | 0.64 | 0.47 | 0.93 | 0.58 | 0.93 |
0.61 | 1.07 | 0.72 | 1.17 | 0.59 | 1.47 | 0.86 | 1.81 | |
% of time in MVPA per day during the weekend | 1.24 | 1.73 | 1.49 | 1.82 | 1.73 | 1.94 | 1.91 | 2.20 |
1.66 | 2.18 | 1.45 | 2.75 | 1.71 | 2.57 | 2.25 | 3.51 | |
Average heart rate during PE class (beats/minute) | 103.02 | 106.33 | 102.43 | 141.29 | 101.31 | 107.43 | 101.86 | 142.18 |
15.11 | 9.58 | 14.55 | 7.70 † | 13.37 | 17.57 † | 11.54 | 10.40 † | |
Average of maximum heart rate during PE class (beats/minute) | 122.21 | 119.44 | 120.51 | 152.85 | 118.89 | 125.46 | 121.63 | 156.48 |
14.81 | 9.98 | 15.03 | 7.42 † | 13.09 | 21.00 | 13.49 | 9.03 † | |
% ≥130 bpm of HR during PE class | 14.82 | 12.12 | 14.32 | 72.23 | 12.17 | 13.01 | 13.06 | 72.73 |
15.32 | 3.10 | 14.72 | 6.43 † | 13.03 | 9.63 | 13.01 | 9.55 † | |
% ≥140 bpm of HR during PE class | 6.88 | 4.04 | 7.26 | 60.72 | 5.87 | 5.71 | 6.41 | 61.75 |
14.45 | 2.48 | 14.40 | 3.79 † | 12.06 | 8.74 † | 12.06 | 4.81 † | |
% ≥150 bpm of HR during PE class | 1.70 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 5.71 | 1.27 | 1.39 | 1.22 | 25.56 |
6.28 | 0.00 | 6.61 | 8.74 † | 5.67 | 4.56 | 5.25 | 2.49 † | |
Walking during PE class based on SOFIT (min) | 12.42 | 9.49 | 12.24 | 21.50 | 12.47 | 9.95 | 12.83 | 22.14 |
3.65 | 3.49 | 3.23 | 4.09 † | 3.79 | 3.05 | 3.83 | 4.16 † | |
VPA during PE class based on SOFIT (min) | 2.80 | 3.50 | 3.82 | 8.97 | 3.61 | 4.21 | 2.83 | 8.42 |
2.72 | 2.93 | 2.85 | 3.01 † | 3.05 | 2.94 | 2.48 | 3.01 † | |
MVPA during PE based on SOFIT (min) | 15.22 | 12.99 | 16.06 | 30.47 | 16.08 | 14.16 | 15.66 | 30.56 |
3.64 | 4.23 | 2.57 | 3.43 † | 3.45 | 2.90 | 3.53 | 3.48 † | |
Class time in class management during PE class based on SOFIT (min) | 13.19 | 11.76 | 13.12 | 4.80 | 13.36 | 13.72 | 12.87 | 4.70 |
3.38 | 5.00 | 3.76 | 1.63 † | 3.82 | 4.19 | 2.94 | 1.85 † | |
Class time in knowledge instruction during PE class based on SOFIT (min) | 11.11 | 11.29 | 11.12 | 4.71 | 11.14 | 9.40 | 10.01 | 4.45 |
5.00 | 4.01 | 5.02 | 2.12 † | 4.79 | 4.07 | 4.78 | 2.06 † | |
Class time in physical fitness instruction during PE class based on SOFIT (min) | 7.55 | 7.39 | 7.17 | 19.79 | 7.42 | 7.17 | 7.48 | 19.16 |
3.86 | 3.33 | 3.71 | 4.33 † | 3.61 | 3.38 | 4.15 | 4.55 † | |
Class time in skill instruction during PE class based on SOFIT (min) | 5.12 | 4.73 | 5.51 | 10.17 | 5.31 | 4.80 | 5.72 | 11.11 |
1.92 | 2.09 | 2.59 | 3.46 † | 2.26 | 1.88 | 2.47 | 2.98 † | |
Class time in game instruction during PE class based on SOFIT (min) | 5.28 | 5.59 | 5.72 | 3.71 | 5.44 | 5.62 | 6.29 | 3.45 |
2.95 | 2.21 | 2.62 | 1.51 | 2.34 | 2.02 | 3.03 | 1.34 † |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Zhou, Z.; Li, S.; Yin, J.; Fu, Q.; Ren, H.; Jin, T.; Zhu, J.; Howard, J.; Lan, T.; Yin, Z. Impact on Physical Fitness of the Chinese CHAMPS: A Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224412
Zhou Z, Li S, Yin J, Fu Q, Ren H, Jin T, Zhu J, Howard J, Lan T, Yin Z. Impact on Physical Fitness of the Chinese CHAMPS: A Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(22):4412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224412
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Zhixiong, Shiyu Li, Jun Yin, Quan Fu, Hong Ren, Tao Jin, Jiahua Zhu, Jeffrey Howard, Tianwen Lan, and Zenong Yin. 2019. "Impact on Physical Fitness of the Chinese CHAMPS: A Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22: 4412. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224412