The Cost-Effectiveness of Lowering Permissible Noise Levels Around U.S. Airports
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview
- (1)
- People currently being exposed to >55 to ≤65 dB DNL;
- (2)
- The same cohort with noise insulation adequate to reduce noise exposure to below 55 dB DNL.
2.2. Model Parameters
2.2.1. Probability
2.2.2. Relative Risk
2.2.3. Cost
2.2.4. Health Utility
2.3. Decision Analysis Models
- (1)
- We used the average nation-wide cost of sound insulation per person for our model. It was assumed that the household size in neighborhoods near LGA was same as nation-wide average household size.
- (2)
- The RRs of CVD and anxiety associated with aircraft noises were based on studies conducted in the United Kingdom and Italy. We assumed that they were generalizable to the United States.
- (3)
- There was no data on RRs of CVD and anxiety associated with aircraft noises for different age groups. They were assumed to be constant over the life course.
- (4)
- For those who developed both CVD and anxiety, we assumed that health utility decrement due to anxiety was already captured in health utility decrement due to CVD.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Base | Standard Error/Range | Distribution * | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cost (2016 U.S.$) | ||||
Direct Cost | ||||
Medical cost of cardiovascular disease (CVD) | 23,229 | 5807 | Gamma | Nichols et al., 2010 |
Medical cost of anxiety | 2814 | 704 | Gamma | Greenberg et al., 1999 |
Cost of sound insulation | 18,959 | 4740 | Gamma | Wolfe et al., 2016 |
Indirect Cost | ||||
Productivity loss of CVD | 12,837 | 3209 | Gamma | Lloyd-Jones et al., 2010; Nichols et al., 2010 |
Productivity loss of Anxiety | 313 | 78 | Gamma | Greenberg et al., 1999 |
Health Utility Value | ||||
Health utility decrement due to CVD | 0.283 | 0.0130 | Beta | Ara et al., 2010; Ara et al., 2009 |
Health utility decrement due to anxiety | 0.156 | 0.0391 | Beta | EQ5D |
Health utility of CVD history | 0.844 | 0.0096 | Beta | Ara et al., 2010; Ara et al., 2009 |
Probability | ||||
Probability of developing a CVD (by age) | Mozaffarian et al., 2016 | |||
35–44 | 0.15% | 0.04% | Beta | |
45–54 | 0.71% | 0.18% | Beta | |
55–64 | 1.49% | 0.37% | Beta | |
65–74 | 2.66% | 0.67% | Beta | |
75–84 | 4.78% | 1.20% | Beta | |
85 and above | 6.81% | 1.70% | Beta | |
Probability of developing an anxiety disorder | 18.10% | 0.70% | Beta | Kessler et al., 2005 |
Relative Risk (RR) | ||||
RR of CVD for aircraft noise exposure | 1.12 | low: 1.07; high: 1.18 | Triangular | Hansell et al., 2013 |
RR of anxiety for aircraft noise exposure | 1.69 | low: 1.00; high: 2.66 | Triangular | Hardoy et al., 2005 |
RR of anxiety for CVD patients | 1.66 | low: 1.49; high: 1.82 | Triangular | Fan et al., 2008 |
RR of CVD among those with prior CVD history | 1.97 | low: 1.67; high: 2.30 | Triangular | Nichols et al., 2010 |
Strategy | Cost | Incremental Cost | QALY | Incremental QALY | ICER * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Status quo | 635,369 | 19.61 | |||
Changing the regulatory DNL level from 65 dB to 55 dB | 642,162 | 6793 | 20.22 | 0.61 | 11,163 |
Variable | Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio * | |
---|---|---|
Low | High | |
Relative risk (RR) of anxiety for aircraft noise exposure (Low: 1.00; High: 2.66) | 195,717 | Cost-saving |
Cost of sound insulation (Low: −25%; High: +25%) † | Cost-saving | 24,448 |
RR of cardiovascular disease (CVD) for aircraft noise exposure (Low: 1.07; High: 1.18) | 20,539 | 2822 |
Medical cost of anxiety (Low: −25%; High: +25%) † | 16,316 | 6010 |
Medical cost of CVD (Low: −25%; High: +25%) † | 15,931 | 6394 |
Probability of developing a CVD (Low: −25%; High: +25%) | 13,830 | 7064 |
RR of anxiety for CVD patients (Low: 1.49; High: 1.82) | 13,838 | 8912 |
Health utility decrement due to anxiety (Low: 0.117; High: 0.195) | 13,914 | 9320 |
Productivity loss of CVD (Low: −25%; High: +25%) † | 12,860 | 9466 |
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Jiao, B.; Zafari, Z.; Will, B.; Ruggeri, K.; Li, S.; Muennig, P. The Cost-Effectiveness of Lowering Permissible Noise Levels Around U.S. Airports. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121497
Jiao B, Zafari Z, Will B, Ruggeri K, Li S, Muennig P. The Cost-Effectiveness of Lowering Permissible Noise Levels Around U.S. Airports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(12):1497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121497
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiao, Boshen, Zafar Zafari, Brian Will, Kai Ruggeri, Shukai Li, and Peter Muennig. 2017. "The Cost-Effectiveness of Lowering Permissible Noise Levels Around U.S. Airports" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 12: 1497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121497
APA StyleJiao, B., Zafari, Z., Will, B., Ruggeri, K., Li, S., & Muennig, P. (2017). The Cost-Effectiveness of Lowering Permissible Noise Levels Around U.S. Airports. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1497. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121497