Protective Effects of Sodium Selenite against Aflatoxin B1-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Broiler Spleen

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of sodium selenite on aflatoxin B1-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in spleen of broilers. Two hundred one-day-old male broilers, divided into five groups, were fed with basal diet (control group), 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 (AFB1 group), 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 + 0.2 mg/kg Se (+Se group I), 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 + 0.4 mg/kg Se (+Se group II) and 0.3 mg/kg AFB1 + 0.6 mg/kg Se (+Se group III), respectively. According to biochemical assays, AFB1 significantly decreased the activities of glutathione peroxidase, total superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, catalase and the level of glutathione hormone, while it increased the level of malondialdehyde. Moreover, AFB1 increased the percentage of apoptosis cells by flow cytometry and the occurrence of apoptotic cells by TUNEL assay. Simultaneous supplementation with sodium selenite restored these parameters to be close to those in control group. In conclusion, sodium selenite exhibited protective effects on AFB1-induced splenic toxicity in broilers by inhibiting oxidative stress and excessive apoptosis.


ucts [11].Mil
er (2001) reported that small increases in concentration of sodium selenite can confer highly significant protection against oxidative damage [12].

The spleen is the principal peripheral lymphoid organ and plays an important role in protective immune reactions [13].It is involved in humoral and cellular immune responses through its role in the generation, maturation and storage of lymphocytes [14].Previous study revealed that AFB 1 significantly affected the development of spleen in ducklings [15], and Se could ameliorate the negative effects induced by AFB 1 [16].In order to investigate the effects of sodium selenite against AFB 1 -induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in spleen, splenic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and catalase (CAT) activities as well as glutathione hormone (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were detected by biochemical methods, and the apoptosis of splenocytes was determined by flow ytometry and a TUNEL assay.


Materials and Methods


Animals and Diets

Two hundred one-day-old male avian broilers (weighing 45 ± 5 g) were purchased from Wenjiang poultry farm (Sichuan Province, China) and randomly divided into five equal groups of 40 each and fed on diets as follows: control group, AFB 1 group (0.3 mg/kg AFB 1 ), +Se group I (0.3 mg/kg AFB 1 + 0.2 mg/kg Se), +Se group II (0.3 mg/kg AFB 1 + 0.4 mg/kg Se) and +Se group III (0.3 mg/kg AFB 1 + 0.6 mg/kg Se).By hydride-generation atomic absorption spectroscopy, the contents of Se in control group di tary were 0.404 mg/kg.Thus, the concentration of Se in each group was: 0.404 mg/kg (control group), 0.404 mg/kg (AFB 1 group), 0.604 mg/kg (+Se group I), 0.804 mg/kg (+Se group II) and 1.004 mg/kg (+Se group III), respectively.Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) was obtained from Fermentek Ltd (Jerusalem, Israel, 1162-65-8).AFB 1 farinose solid (3 mg) was completely dissolved in methanol (30 mL), and then the 30 mL mixture was mixed into the 10 kg corn-soybean basal diet to formulate the AFB 1 diet of experimental groups containing 0.3 mg/kg AFB 1 .The concentration of 0.3 mg/kg AFB 1 was chosen according to Ghosh's study [17].The equivalent methanol was mixed into the corn-soybean basal diet to produced control diet.Then the methanol of diets was evaporated at 98 °F (37 °C).Broilers were provided with drinking water as well as the aforementioned diets ad libitum for 21 day

periment were perf
rmed in compliance with laws and guidelines of Sichuan Agriculture University Animal Welfare Institute.


Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Defense System Assays

At 7, 14 and 21 days of the experiment, six chickens in each group were euthanized and the splenic tissues were immediately collected for evaluating state of oxidative stress.Splenic tissue (1 g) was homogenized with normal saline buffer (9 mL) through a cell homogenizer in an ice bath and centrifuged at 3,000 r/min for 10 min to obtain a clear supernatant.The centrifuge used was a TD24-WS of Xiangyi Co. (Changsha, China).After determining the amount of total protein in the supernatant of the splenic homogenate by the method of Bradford [18], the GSH, MDA contents and GSH-Px, SOD, GR, CAT activities in the splenic supernatant were measured by biochemical method following the instruction of reagent kits (Jiancheng, Nanjing, China), as described by Li et al. [19].GSH assays were based on the development of a yellow color when DTNB was added to compounds containing sulfhydryl groups.MDA assays were determined by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) colorimetric method.GSH-Px activities were detected by the consumption of glutathione.SOD activities were determined by the xanthine oxidase method.GR activities can be monitored by the NADPH consumption.CAT activities were determined by the H 2 O 2 decomposition rate.The absorbance of the supernatants were measured by spectrophotometric assay at 532 nm for MDA, 412 nm for GSH and GSH-Px, 550 nm for SOD, 340 n

for GR and 240 nm for CAT, the values were expressed as n
ol/mg protein for GSH and MDA, and units (U) per mg protein for GSH-Px, SOD, GR and CAT.


Annexin V Apoptosis Detection by Flow Cytometry

At 7, 14 and 21 days of the experiment, six chickens in each group were euthanized and spleens were sampled from each chick to determine the percentage of apoptotic cells by flow cytometry [20].Briefly, the excised spleens were immediately ground to form a cell suspension and filtered.Then, the cells were washed and suspended in 1 × binding buffer at a concentration of 1 × 10 6 cells/mL.Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (V-FITC, 5 µL) and propidium iodide (PI, 5 µL) were added into 100 µL cell suspension, and incubated at 25 °C for 15 min in the dark. 1 × binding buffer (400 µL) was added to the mixture, and then the apoptotic cells were assayed by flow cytometry (BD FACSCalibur) within 1 h.The annexin V-FITC Kit was obtained from BD Pharmingen (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA, 556547).


TUNEL

The DNA fragmentation indicative of apoptosis was examined using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling method (TUNEL), that could detect early stage apoptosis and examine the topographic distribution of apoptotic cells [21].At 7, 14 and 21 days of the experiment, six chickens in each group were euthanized and spleens were sampled and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and routinely processed in paraffin.Thin sections (5 ìm) of each tissue were sliced from each block and mounted on glass.Slides were stained with TUNEL assay, which was performed using a

ptosis detection kit (Merck, New York, Germany,
IA33) according to the manufacturer's instructions, as described by Peng et al. [22].


Statistical Analysis

The results were shown as means ± standard deviation (M ± SD).Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of SPSS 16.0 software.The difference between groups was considered significant when a probability (p) was <0.05.


Results

Compared with the control group, the GSH contents of spleen were significantly decreased (p < 0.01) in the AFB 1 group.However, when compared with those in the AFB 1 group, the GSH contents of spleen were increased in three +Se groups, especially in the +Se group II, from 7 to 21 days of age.At the same time, the MDA contents were higher in AFB 1 group than those in control group (p < 0.01), while those were lower in th

e +Se
roups than those in AFB 1 group, especially in +Se group II (Figure 1).As shown in Figure 2, the activities of GSH-Px, SOD, GR and CAT were all decreased (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) in the AFB 1 group when compared with those in control group from 7 to 21 days of age.However, the activities of GSH-Px, SOD, GR and CAT showed an increase in three +Se groups when compared with those in AFB 1 group, especially in +Se group II.As shown in Figure 3, the percentage of apoptotic splenocytes was increased (p < 0.05) in the AFB 1 group at 7 days of age and significantly increased (p < 0.01) at 14 and 21 days of age, when compared with that in control group.However, compared with that in AFB 1 group, the percentages of apoptotic

lenocytes were decrea
ed (p < 0.05) in three +Se groups, and significantly decreased (p < 0.01) in +Se group II.

Through the TUNEL assay, apoptotic cells with brown-stained nuclei were found in both the red pulp and white pulp of the spleens.The occurrence of apoptotic cells

AFB 1 g
oups were increased when compared with those in control group at 21 days (Figure 4a).When Se was added in the dietary, however, the occurrence of apoptotic cells were decreased, especially in the +Se group II (Figure 4b-d


Discussion and Conclusions

AFB 1 can cause oxidative damages, which may be one of the underlining mechanisms for AFB 1 -induced cell injury and DNA damage, and eventually lead to tumorigenesis [23].As previous  study revealed, AFB 1 induced oxidative stress, which included the decrease of the level of GSH and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px, and the increase of level of MDA in lymphocytes of human [24,25], the increase of MDA and lipid hydroperoxide (LHP) in hepatocytes of rats [26].

Our data showed that 0.3 mg/kg dietary AFB 1 could increase MDA contents, and decrease GSH contents, GSH-Px, SOD, GR and CAT activities, which demonstrated an oxidative stress in spleen of broilers.These results were consistented with previous studies.

As is known, AFB 1 may cause ROS generation, lipid peroxidation and formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in vivo and in vitro [26].When the concentration of ROS exceeds the antioxidant capability of cells, oxidative stress occurs in a cell or tissue [27].The levels of enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants are the main determinants of the anti xidant defence mechanism of the cell [28].In our present study, the activities of antioxidase, including GSH-Px, SOD, GR and CAT were all markedly decreased in AFB 1 groups compared with those of the control group.These enzymatic antioxidants have been recognized to play an important role in the anti-oxidant mechanism of the body, which can eliminate ROS from cell, for instance, SOD converts O 2 x reduces H 2 O 2 into H 2 O and O 2 [29].If their activities decreased, the oxygen free radical would induce harmful effects to biological systems.GSH, a non-enzymatic antioxidant, is also an early biological marker of the oxidative stress [30].It plays a role in the suppression of oxygen free-radical formation and the reduction in NO generat

n [31].As well known, throu
h the action of glutathione-S-transferase, the metabolites of AFB 1 are mainly conjugated with GSH before to be excreted [32].So, a decreased content of GSH was observed in AFB 1 group in our study.The MDA is the end product of lipoperoxydation, consid re stress and cellular damage [8].In the present study, we found an increased level of MDA in the AFB 1 group, which could result in extensive cell damage and death [33].

Apoptosis is a mode of programmed cell death [34], whereas excessive apoptosis is actively involved in immunosuppression in various circumstances [35].Several studies indicated that AFB 1 was able to induce apoptosis in hepatocytes, lung and bone marrow cells, or human bronchial epithelial cells [36][37][38].In our study, through flow cytometer method and TUNEL assay, an increased apoptotic splenocytes was observed in AFB 1 groups, which revealed one mechanism of AFB 1 -induced immunosuppression.Previous studies have clarified that oxidative stress would induce mitochondrial dysfunction, nuclear translocation, DNA binding, and transcriptional activity of p53, and then activate the course of cell-cycle arrest and cell apoptosis [39,40].According to our results, it was concluded that the increased percentage of apoptotic splenocytes was closely related to oxidative stress in the AFB 1 group.

Se is an essential micronutrient to humans and animals and is required for anti-oxidant selenoenzymes [41], but high concentration of Se is toxic when it excesses the threshold [42].According to previous study, Se could alleviate the destructive oxidative stress caused by various factors, like heroin, adriamycin, and cisplatin [43][44][45].Our present study showed that in three +Se groups, the contents of GSH and the activities of GSH-Px, SOD, GR, and CAT were all increased when compared with AFB 1 group, and the MDA content was decreased.It may be associated with increased antioxidative function resulting from an increase in activity of GSH-Px whose center is Se [46].As previous study revealed, Se can inhibit lipid peroxidation [47].Furthermore, Se also has an anti-apoptotic property involved with ROS and mitochondria linked signal pathway [48].In our study, through flow cytometer method and TUNEL assay, a decreased apoptosis status of splenocytes was observed in three +Se groups.Coincide with previous study [49], our results suggested that adequate GSH levels could reduce ROS formation and protect against apoptosis.Moreover, Se can also prevent from oxidative damage to mitochondria DNA [47], and accordingly inhibit apoptosis induced by mitochondria pathway.However, it was observed in +Se group III that the contents of GSH and the activities of GSH-Px, SOD, GR, CAT were higher than those in +Se group II, and the contents of MDA was lower than those in +Se group II.This may result from the toxicity of excessive Se in diet.

According to our results and the aforementioned discussion, it was concluded that administrated dietary sodium selenite can prevent AFB 1 -induced immunosuppression by inhibiting AFB 1 -induced oxidative stress and excessive apoptosis in spleen of broilers, especially at the concentration of 0.804 mg/kg.

Figure 1 .Figure 2 .
12
Figure 1.Effect of AFB 1 and Se on the GSH and MDA contents of spleen in chickens.


Figure 3 .
3
Figure 3.Effect of AFB 1 and Se on th percentage of apoptotic splenocytes in chickens.


Figure 4 .
4
Figure 4. Histological images of TUNEL assay.

AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by the program for Changjiang Scholars and University Innovative Research Team (IRT 0848) and the Education Department of Sichuan Province (2012FZ0066).Conflict of InterestThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
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