Deoxyuridines from the Marine Sponge Associated Actinomycete Streptomyces microflavus

One new nucleoside derivative, named 3-acetyl-5-methyl-2′-deoxyuridine (1), along with two known compounds 3,5-dimethyl-2′-deoxyuridine (2) and 3-methyl-2′-deoxyuridine (3), were isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces microflavus. This strain was an associated actinomycete isolated from the marine sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis collected from the coast of Dalian (China). Their structures were elucidated by detailed NMR and MS spectroscopic analysis as well as comparison with literature data.


Introduction
The marine environment, particularly with sponges, is a rich source of new bioactive metabolites-287 novel metabolites were isolated from marine sponges in 2008 [1]. The availability of biomass is a limiting factor for isolating marine natural products. The widespread isolation of typical microbial metabolites from sponges leads to the hypothesis that these metabolites are in fact the

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products of microbial metabolism [2]. The isolation of secondary metabolite-producing bacteria from sponges and of microbial secondary metabolism gene clusters from the metagenome of sponges has led to the general understanding that these metabolites are, in many cases, the products of microbial symbionts and are not derived from the microbial diet of sponges [3]. Thus, marine organism-associated microbes have been attracting increasing interest as potential sources of marine natural products in order to solve the supply shortage.
A number of reports have been published on the isolation of actinobacteria from marine organisms [4]. Screening bioactive substances from these marine-derived actinobacteria has yielded several new bioactive metabolites [5][6][7][8]. In our recent screening for new natural products, one novel deoxyuridine (1), along with two known nucleoside derivatives (2, 3), were isolated from Streptomyces microflavus strain No. HVG29 belonging to actinomycetes. To date, there have been no reports of deoxyuridine structures isolated from this species. We report herein the isolation and structure elucidation of 1-3.
The structures of known compounds 2 and 3 were confirmed by detailed NMR data comparison with those in literatures [11]. To the best of our knowledge, compound 1 is the first example of acetyl deoxyuridine from marine-derived actinomycetes to be isolated from the marine sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis.

General
NMR spectra were recorded at 500 and 125 MHz for 1 H and 13 C, respectively, on a Bruker Avance 500 NMR spectrometer in acetone-d 6 with TMS as internal standard. Low and high resolution mass spectra were determined on Autospec Premier P776 and VG AutoSpec 3000 mass spectrometers. IR spectra were obtained on a JASCO FT/IR-4100 fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Column chromatography was performed with silica gel (200-300 mesh, Qingdao Haiyang Chemical Co., Qingdao, China) and Sephadex LH-20 (Pharmacia). TLC was carried out with precoated silica gel plates (GF-254, Qingdao Haiyang Chemical Co., Qingdao, China). All solvents were of analytical grade.

Microorganism Material
The sponge-associated actinobacterium Streptomyces microflavus was isolated from the inner tissue of the marine sponge Hymeniacidon perlevis collected from the inter-tidal beach of the Yellow Sea at Dalian, China (38°52′N, 121°41′E) in March 2003. Sponge specimens were placed in plastic bags containing seawater and immediately transported to the laboratory. Actinobacteria identification was carried out by the method reported by Zhang et al. [12]. The sequence data derived from the strain have been submitted and deposited at GenBank with accession number EU554304. BLAST search result showed that the sequence was similar (99%) to the sequence of S. microflavus (compared to EU273548). The strain is preserved within the biological technology department, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Extraction and Isolation
For chemical investigations, the actinobacterium strain was cultivated statically in special media, which was reported by Xin et al. [13]. Mycelium and culture broth of S. microflavus (10 L) were homogenized and exhaustively extracted with MeOH and EtOAc, resp. Since the TLC and HPLC profiles of the two extracts were nearly identical, they were combined before further separation. The combined extracts (20 g) were subjected to column chromatography (CC) over SiO 2 (200-300 mesh) and eluted with different solvents of increasing polarity to yield 11 fractions (Fr. 1-Fr. 11) on the basis of TLC analysis. Fr. 8 was further fractionated by CC on Sephadex LH-20 (CHCl 3 /MeOH, 2:1) and then purified by CC on Sephadex LH-20 (MeOH) to give compound 1 (4.0 mg). Fr. 11 was subjected to CC over SiO 2 and then further purified by CC on Sephadex LH-20 (CHCl 3 /MeOH, 2:1) to yield compounds 2 (10.8 mg) and 3 (7.0 mg).

Conclusions
In previous research into metabolites isolated from S. microflavus, many fattiviracin derivatives and actinomycin X2 have been elucidated [14]. The major product of these fattiviracin derivatives was fattiviracin FV-8, which consists of four glucose and two trihydroxy fatty acid residues [15][16][17]. Actinomycin X2 included a wide range of fatty acids (C10-C22), which have been isolated from Streptomyces nasri [18]. Compounds 1-3 represent the first examples of deoxyuridine structures isolated from S. microflavus which was associated with sponges.
The known compounds (2 and 3) were originally isolated from a marine sponge [11], Geodia barretti, and now, for the first time, from sponge-associated microorganisms. This finding strengthens the hypothesis that marine microbial symbionts are possibly the true producers or take part in the biosynthesis of some bioactive marine natural products isolated from the marine organism hosts.
These nucleosides may have potent biological or physiological effects. A series of nucleoside analogues were synthesized and exhibited potential antiviral activities against duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) [19], herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), and varicella zoster virus (VZV) [20][21][22]. All of those synthesized 2′-deoxyuridine analogues have special substituents on position C-5 of uridine moiety. However, there is no evaluation for the compound which has the substituents on position N-3 of uridine residue. Compounds 1 and 2 provide new thoughts of introducing functional groups on nucleoside structures for synthetic medical chemistry.