Ximaoornatins A–C, Polyoxygenated Diterpenoids from the Hainan Soft Coral Sinularia ornata

Three complex polyoxygenated diterpenoids possessing uncommon tetradecahydro-2,13:6,9-diepoxybenzo[10]annulene scaffold, namely ximaoornatins A–C (1–3), one new eunicellin-type diterpene, litophynin K (4), and a related known compound, litophynol B (5) were isolated from the South China Sea soft coral Sinularia ornata. The structures and absolute configurations of 1–4 were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and/or modified Mosher’s method. A plausible biosynthetic relationship of 1 and its potential precursor 4 was proposed. In a bioassay, none of the isolated compounds showed obvious anti-inflammatory activity on LPS-induced TNF-α release in RAW264.7 macrophages and PTP1B inhibitory effects.


Introduction
The soft corals of the genus Sinularia (phylum Cnidaria, class Alcyonaria, subclass Octocorallia, order Alcyonacea, family Alcyoniidae), were widely distributed in oceans including the South China Sea. Chemical investigations indicated that Sinularia corals are rich sources of diverse and complex metabolites (terpenoids, steroids, polyamines, alkaloids, etc.), with widespread biological activities, such as immunological, cytotoxic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties [1][2][3][4]. A literature survey disclosed that, among all the species of Sinularia, S. ornata have never been chemically studied.
The structure of 1 was established by detailed 2D NMR analysis ( Figure 2). The extensive analysis of the 1 H− 1 H COSY spectrum ( Figure S5) (Figure S4) from H3-16 to C-6/C7/C-8. The HMBC correlations from H2-17 to C-10/C-11/C-12 and from H-10 to C-1/C-2/C-12 determined the presence of a cyclohexane ring (ring A) with a terminal double bond at C-11 and an isopropyl group at C-14. The cross peaks from H3-15 to C-2/C-3/C-4, revealed that the fragments a and c were connected via the quaternary carbon C-3. Furthermore, the presence of ether bridges between C-2 and C-13 and between C-6 and C-9 were deduced by HMBC correlations from H-13 to C-2 and from H-6 to C-9, respectively, forming two tetrahydrofuran rings (rings B and D) and one nonatomic ring C. Finally, the presence of a butyryloxy group at C-3 was deduced by the diagnostic HMBC correlations from H2-2′ to C-1′ and from H-2 to C-1′. In addition, the key HMBC correlations from H-8 to C-1′′ and from H3-2′′ to C-1′′ indicated the connection of an acetyloxy group at C-8. Thus, the structure of 1 was determined as drawn in Figure 2, with an uncommon tetracyclic ring system.
The relative configuration of 1 was determined by a detailed analysis of its NOESY spectrum ( Figure S6). As show in Figure 2

Results and Discussion
The acetone extract of the soft coral S. ornata was partitioned between  Figures S1 and S2), as well as coupling constants of the connected protons, revealed the presence of one disubstituted terminal double bond (δ H 5.08, s, 1H, H-17a; δ H 5.05, s, 1H, H-17b; δ C 111.5, CH 2 , C-17; 144.6, C, C-11). One double bond and two ester carbonyls accounted for three of the total seven degrees of unsaturation, implying a tetracyclic ring system in the molecule.
The structure of 1 was established by detailed 2D NMR analysis ( Figure 2). The extensive analysis of the 1 H− 1 H COSY spectrum ( Figure S5) Figure S4) from H 3 -16 to C-6/C7/C-8. The HMBC correlations from H 2 -17 to C-10/C-11/C-12 and from H-10 to C-1/C-2/C-12 determined the presence of a cyclohexane ring (ring A) with a terminal double bond at C-11 and an isopropyl group at C-14. The cross peaks from H 3 -15 to C-2/C-3/C-4, revealed that the fragments a and c were connected via the quaternary carbon C-3. Furthermore, the presence of ether bridges between C-2 and C-13 and between C-6 and C-9 were deduced by HMBC correlations from H-13 to C-2 and from H-6 to C-9, respectively, forming two tetrahydrofuran rings (rings B and D) and one nonatomic ring C. Finally, the presence of a butyryloxy group at C-3 was deduced by the diagnostic HMBC correlations from H 2 -2 to C-1 and from H-2 to C-1 . In addition, the key HMBC correlations from H-8 to C-1 and from H 3 -2 to C-1 indicated the connection of an acetyloxy group at C-8. Thus, the structure of 1 was determined as drawn in Figure 2, with an uncommon tetracyclic ring system. To determine the absolute configuration of 1, we fortunately managed to obtain its suitable single crystals in methanol, which were successful applied on X-ray crystallography using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54178 Å). The analysis of the X-ray data not only unambiguously confirmed the structure of 1 but also disclose its absolute configuration as 1R,2S,3R,6R,7R,8S,9S, 10R,13R,14R (Flack parameter was −0.09(7)) ( Figure 3, CCDC 2126980).  The relative configuration of 1 was determined by a detailed analysis of its NOESY spectrum ( Figure S6). As show in Figure  To determine the absolute configuration of 1, we fortunately managed to obtain its suitable single crystals in methanol, which were successful applied on X-ray crystallography using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54178 Å). The analysis of the X-ray data not only unambiguously confirmed the structure of 1 but also disclose its absolute configuration as 1R,2S,3R,6R,7R,8S,9S, 10R,13R,14R (Flack parameter was −0.09(7)) ( Figure 3, CCDC 2126980).
Compound 2 was isolated as colorless oil with the chemical formula of C 28 H 44 O 7 as disclosed by the HREIMS ion peak at m/z 492.3080, ([M] + , calcd 492.3082), implying seven degrees of unsaturation. The 13 C NMR, DEPT and HSQC spectra (Figures S10 and S11) revealed the presence of 28 carbons including six methyl groups, eight methylenes, nine methines, three quaternary carbons and two ester carbonyls (δ C 172.8, 172.9). In fact, compound 2 displayed very similar 1D NMR data as those of 1 (Table 1), with the only difference on the substitution at C-8 position. Instead of the acetoxyl group in 1, the HMBC correlations ( Figure S12) from H-8 to 1 and the 1 H-1 H COSY correlations ( Figure S13) of H 2 -2 (δ H 2.38)/H 2 -3 (δ H 1.70)/H 3 -4 (δ H 0.98), indicating the butyryloxy group at the C-8 of 2, which was in agreement with a 28 mass units' difference in their molecular weights. Therefore, the structure of 2 was determined as shown in Figure 1, named ximaoornatin B. suitable single crystals in methanol, which were successful applied o raphy using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54178 Å). The analysis of the X-ra ambiguously confirmed the structure of 1 but also disclose its absolu 1R,2S,3R,6R,7R,8S,9S, 10R,13R,14R (Flack parameter was −0.09 (7)) 2126980).   Compound 3 was isolated as an optical active colorless oil. From the molecular ion peak at m/z 422.2665 [M] + (calcd 422.2663) in the HRESIMS spectrum, a molecular formula of C 24 H 38 O 6 was elucidated, indicating six degrees of unsaturation. The 1D NMR data of 3 were reminiscent of those of 1 and 2 (Table 1), and a further analysis of their 2D NMR spectra (Figure 2, Figures S19−S22) suggested the same skeleton of the three compounds with the same tetrahydrofuran rings A−D. The main differences between these compounds were found to be the presence of a hydroxy group at C-8 (δ C 79.0; δ H 4.09) in 3 instead of the acetoxyl group in 1 and butyroxyl group in 2, which was also confirmed by their mass spectrum. Thus, compound 3 was C-8 deacetyl derivative of 1, named ximaoornatins C.
The relative configurations of 2 and 3 were assigned to be the same as that of 1 due to the same NOE patterns in all three compounds. The absolute configurations of 2 and 3 were also assigned to be same as that of 1 by comparing their NMR spectra and on a biogenetic consideration since they only differed by the different substitution on 8-OH.
The molecular formula of compound 4 was found to be C 26 H 40 O 6 by HRESIMS (m/z 471.2718 [M + Na] + , calcd 471.2717), suggesting seven degrees of unsaturation. The 13 C NMR and HSQC spectra ( Figures S26 and S27) disclosed the presence of 26 carbons including six sp 2 carbon atoms (2 × C=O, 1 × C = CH 2 , 1 × C = CH) at lower field and twenty sp 3 carbon atoms at higher field (4 × OCH, 1 × OC, 5 × CH 2 , 4 × CH, 6 × CH 3 ), accounting for four degrees of unsaturation. Thus, the remaining three degrees of unsaturation reveal 4 as a tricyclic molecule. Detailed analysis of its NMR data indicated that the spectroscopic features of 4 were similar to those of the known compound litophynin B (6) [11]. The apparent downfield shift of H-13 (from δ H 1.75, 1.05 in 6 to δ H 3.57 in 4) and C-13 (from δ C 25.4 in 6 to δ C 72.3 in 4) indicated the presence of 13-OH in 4, which was implied by the clear COSY correlations (Figure S29) of H 2 -12 (δ H 2.46, 2.31)/H-13/H-14 (δ H 1.40). In addition, the significant HMBC cross-peaks ( Figure S28) from H-8 (δ H 4.83) to C-1 (δ C 170.6)/C-2 (δ C 21.4), and from H-2 to C-1 confirmed the replacement of a butyryloxy group at C-8 in litophynin B by an acetyloxy group in 4. Therefore, the structure of 4 was defined as shown in Figure 1.
The relative configuration of 4 was confirmed by NOESY experiment (Figure 2 and Figure S30). The NOE correlations (Figure 2 From the above evidence, the relative configuration of 4 was determined as 1R*,2R*,3R*,8R*,9S*,10R*,13R*,14R*. Finally, to deduce the absolute configuration of the secondary alcohol at C-13, two aliquots of compound 4 were treated with (R)-and (S)-α-methoxy-α-trifluoromethylphenyl acetyl (MTPA) chlorides to obtain the (S)-and (R)-esters, respectively. The analysis of ∆δ SR values (δ S −δ R ) observed for the signals of the protons close to 13-OH and according to Mosher's rule [12,13], the absolute configuration at C-13 in 4 was established as R ( Figure 4). Thus, the stereochemistry of 4 was unambiguously elucidated as 1R,2R,3R,8R,9S,10R,13R,14R. Compounds 1-3 comprise an unprecedented tetradecahydro-2,13:6,9-diepoxybenzo[10] annulene skeleton, which were totally different from the co-occurring compound 4 and other eunicellin-type diterpenes. However, they are structurally related by sharing some common moieties, such as a six-membered ring A. Therefore, a plausible biosynthetic connection from the eunicellin diterpene 4 to 1 was proposed as drawn in Scheme 1, which mainly underwent an oxidation of ∆ 6,7 on 4 towards the epoxide intermediate 4a, followed by an acid-promoted electron delivery from the 13-hydroxyl to 6,7-epoxyl via the 2,9-ether group. All the isolates were subjected to the test of anti-inflammatory effects on LPSinduced TNF-α release in RAW264.7 macrophages and PTP1B inhibitory effects, and none of them showed obvious activities. ues (δ S −δ R ) observed for the signals of the protons close to 1 Mosher's rule [12][13], the absolute configuration at C-13 in 4 was 4). Thus, the stereochemistry of 4 was unambigu 1R,2R,3R,8R,9S,10R,13R,14R.  r. Drugs 2022, 20, x compound 4 and other eunicellin-type diterpenes. However, they are by sharing some common moieties, such as a six-membered ring A. Th biosynthetic connection from the eunicellin diterpene 4 to 1 was pro Scheme 1, which mainly underwent an oxidation of Δ 6,7 on 4 toward mediate 4a, followed by an acid-promoted electron delivery from the epoxyl via the 2,9-ether group. All the isolates were subjected to the te tory effects on LPS-induced TNF-α release in RAW264.7 macrophage tory effects, and none of them showed obvious activities.

General Experimental Procedures
IR spectra were recorded on a Nicolet 6700 spectrometer (Ther tham, MA, USA); peaks are reported in cm -1 . Melting points were m digital micro-melting point apparatus. Optical rotations were mea Elmer 241MC polarimeter (PerkinElmer, Fremont, CA, USA). The measured at 300 K on DRX 500 and Avance 600 MHz NMR spectrome AG, Fallanden, Germany). Chemical shifts are reported in parts per (δH reported referred to CHCl3 at 7.26 ppm; δC reported referred to C and coupling constants (J) in Hz; assignments were supported by 1 H HMBC, and NOESY experiments. HR-ESIMS was carried out on a W mass spectrometer (Waters, MA, USA). HREIMS spectra were carrie DFS mass spectrometer. Semi-preparative HPLC was performed on a tem equipped with a DAD G1315D detector using ODS-HG-5 (250 m by eluting with the CH3OH-H2O or CH3CN-H2O system at 3.0 mL/min gel (200−300 and 300−400 mesh; Qingdao, China) was used for colum (CC). Precoated Si gel plates (Merck Chemicals Co., Ltd., G60 F25 were used for analytical TLC. Sephadex LH-20 (Amersham Bioscien was also used for CC. All solvents used for column chromatography analytical grade (Shanghai Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd., Shanghai, Ch graphic grade (Dikma Technologies Inc., Shanghai, China), respective

General Experimental Procedures
IR spectra were recorded on a Nicolet 6700 spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA); peaks are reported in cm −1 . Melting points were measured on an X-4 digital micro-melting point apparatus. Optical rotations were measured on a Perkin-Elmer 241MC polarimeter (PerkinElmer, Fremont, CA, USA). The NMR spectra were measured at 300 K on DRX 500 and Avance 600 MHz NMR spectrometers (Bruker Biospin AG, Fallanden, Germany). Chemical shifts are reported in parts per million (δ) in CDCl 3 (δ H reported referred to CHCl 3 at 7.26 ppm; δ C reported referred to CDCl 3 at 77.16 ppm) and coupling constants (J) in Hz; assignments were supported by 1 H-1 H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY experiments. HR-ESIMS was carried out on a Waters Q-TOF Ultima mass spectrometer (Waters, MA, USA). HREIMS spectra were carried out on a Thermo DFS mass spectrometer. Semi-preparative HPLC was performed on an Agilent-1260 system equipped with a DAD G1315D detector using ODS-HG-5 (250 mm × 9.4 mm, 5 µm) by eluting with the CH 3 OH-H 2 O or CH 3 CN-H 2 O system at 3.0 mL/min. Commercial silica gel (200−300 and 300−400 mesh; Qingdao, China) was used for column chromatography (CC). Precoated Si gel plates (Merck Chemicals Co., Ltd., G60 F254, Shanghai, China) were used for analytical TLC. Sephadex LH-20 (Amersham Biosciences, London, U.K.) was also used for CC. All solvents used for column chromatography and HPLC were of analytical grade (Shanghai Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) and chromatographic grade (Dikma Technologies Inc., Shanghai, China), respectively. X-ray diffraction studies were carried out on a Bruker D8 Venture diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54178 Å).

Biological Materials
Specimens of the soft coral Sinularia ornata, identified by Prof. Xiu-Bao Li from Hainan university, were collected along the coast of Ximao Island, Hainan province, China, in 2018, and were frozen immediately after collection. A voucher specimen (18-XD-07) was deposited at the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity Assay
RAW264.7 cell, a murine macrophage cell line, was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA). In the bioassay for anti-inflammation, RAW264.7 cells were grown in DMEM containing 2 mmol/L L-glutamine, 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin, and maintained in a humidified incubator of 5% CO 2 at 37 • C. The anti-inflammatory effect was measured by the cell viability and TNF-α production of RAW264.7 cells. The cells (1 × 10 5 /well) were incubated in 96-well plates in triplicate. For the cell viability part, RAW264.7 cells were cultured with vehicle (final concentration of 0.125% DMSO) or tested compounds at the indicated concentrations for 24 h. A total of 20 µL CCK-8 reagent was added to each well and after 1 h incubation and the OD values were collected after 1 h incubation at 450 nm (650 nm calibration) by a microplate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). For the anti-inflammatory activity assay, after adherence, the cells were cultured with vehicle (final concentration of 0.125% DMSO) or tested compounds at the indicated concentrations for 30 min. Then, the cells were primed with 1 µg/mL of LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) for 24 h. Supernatants were centrifuged and then quantified with the mouse TNF-α ELISA kit following the manufacturer's instructions. The CC50 and IC50 were estimated using the log (inhibitor) vs. normalized response nonlinear fit (Graph Pad Prism 6.0).

PTP1B Inhibitory Activity Assay
The recombinant PTP1B catalytic domain was expressed and purified according to a previous report [13]. The enzymatic activities of the PTP1B catalytic domain were determined at 30 • C by monitoring the hydrolysis of pNPP. The dephosphorylation of pNPP generates product pNP, which was monitored at an absorbance of 405 nm by the EnVision multilabel plate reader (PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Boston, MA, USA). In a typical 100 µL assay mixture containing 50 mmol/L 3-[N-morpholino]-propanesulfonic acid (MOPs), pH 6.5, 2 mmol/L pNPP, and 30 nmol/L recombinant PTP1B, activities were continuously monitored and the initial rate of the hydrolysis was determined using the early linear region of the enzymatic reaction kinetic curve. The IC50 was calculated with Prism 4 software (Graphpad, San Diego, CA, USA) from the nonlinear curve fitting of the percentage of inhibition (% inhibition) vs. the inhibitor concentration [I] using the following equation: % inhibition = 100/(1 + [IC50/[I]] k ), where k is the Hill coefficient.

Conclusions
In summary, this is the first detailed chemical investigation of the soft coral S. ornata leading to the isolation and full characterization of three unusual diterpenoids, ximaoornatins A-C (1-3), with unprecedented tetradecahydro-2,13:6,9-diepoxybenzo [10]annulene skeleton, and a related new eunicellin-type diterpene, litophynin K (4). The two ether bridges between C-2 and C-13, and between C-6 and C-9, respectively, as well as the tetracyclic ring systems of compounds 1-3, are totally different from the skeleton of eunicellin diterpenoids, the 2,11-cyclized cembranoids [14]. Therefore, compounds 1-3 represent a new subclass of 2,11-cyclized cembranoids which have greatly expanded the diversity and complexity of the marine diterpenoids. The stereochemistry of the new compounds was determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and/or modified Mosher's method. In the bioassay, none of the isolates showed obvious anti-inflammatory activity and PTP1B inhibitory effects. Further biomimetic synthesis and other biological studies should be conducted to understand the real ecological and/or biological role played by these interesting molecules during the life cycle of the soft corals and their possible medicinal application.