Design and Synthesis of Novel Phenylahistin Derivatives Based on Co-Crystal Structures as Potent Microtubule Inhibitors for Anti-Cancer Therapy

Phenylahistin is a naturally occurring marine product with a diketopiperazine structure that can bind to the colchicine site of microtubulin as a possible anticancer agent. To develop more potent microtubule inhibitors, novel phenylahistin derivatives were designed and synthesized based on the co-crystal complexes of phenylahistin derivatives and microtubulin. We established a focused library of imidazole-type molecules for the introduction of different groups to the C-ring and A-ring of phenylahistin. Structure–activity relationship studies indicated that appropriate hydrocarbon substituents and unsaturated alkenyl substituents at the 1-position of the imidazole group are important for improving the activity of such compounds. In addition, this study found that propylamine groups could maintain the activity of these compounds, as exemplified by compound 16d (IC50 = 5.38 nM, NCI-H460). Compound 15p (IC50 = 1.03 nM, NCI-H460) with an allyl group exhibited potent cytotoxic activity at the nanomolar level against human lung cancer cell lines. Immunofluorescence assay indicated that compound 15p could efficiently inhibited microtubule polymerization and induced a high expression of caspase-3. 15p also displayed good pharmacokinetic characteristics in vitro. Additionally, the growth of H22 transplanted tumors was significantly inhibited in BALB/c mice when 15p alone was administered at 4 mg/kg, and the tumor inhibition rate was as much as 65%. Importantly, the continuous administration of 15p resulted in a lower toxicity than that of docetaxel (10 mg/kg) and cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg). Overall, the novel allyl-imidazole-diketopiperazine-type derivatives could be considered safe and effective potential agents for cancer treatment.


Introduction
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates for 2019, cancer was either the first or second leading cause of death of those aged under 70 in 112 out of 183 countries [1]. Chemotherapeutic drugs are an important component of commonly used drug-treatment regimens and play an indispensable role in cancer treatment. Tubulin inhibitors are significant types of chemotherapeutic drugs, since microtubules play an essential role in multiple cellular functions [2,3]. There are six tubulin target sites for prospective anticancer agents: maytansine, vinca, laulimalide, taxane, colchicine, and pironetin. Several microtubule-targeting agents, including vinca alkaloids and taxanes, are frequently used for the treatment of various cancer types. However, colchicine-type tubulin inhibitors have yet to be developed as anti-tumor drugs [4,5].
Phenylahistin is a diketopiperazine structure produced by the marine fungus Aspergillus sp., and phenylahistin is a tubulin depolymerization agent that targets the colchicine site [6,7]. Plinabulin (NPI-2358), obtained by the structural modification of phenylahistin, can directly act on tumor cells by inhibiting tubulin polymerization and blocking microtubule formation, thus inducing cell death [8][9][10] (Figure 1). Furthermore, plinabulin can also destroy the blood vessels surrounding the tumor to block the nutrient supply to the cancer cells. In addition, plinabulin can induce the release of GEF-H1, which triggers signaling programs to increase neutrophils [11,12]. The candidate drug is being developed by Beyond Spring Pharmaceuticals and a New Drug Application (NDA) has been submitted in the United States and China for plinabulin's use in the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN). However, plinabulin has low efficacy in vivo when used alone as an anticancer agent. It was used in combination with docetaxel during clinical trials for NSCLC. Therefore, the development of novel phenylahistin derivatives that display greater efficacy can be of great significance in improving cancer treatment.
frequently used for the treatment of various cancer types. However, colchicine-type tubulin inhibitors have yet to be developed as anti-tumor drugs [4,5].
Phenylahistin is a diketopiperazine structure produced by the marine fungus Aspergillus sp., and phenylahistin is a tubulin depolymerization agent that targets the colchicine site [6,7]. Plinabulin (NPI-2358), obtained by the structural modification of phenylahistin, can directly act on tumor cells by inhibiting tubulin polymerization and blocking microtubule formation, thus inducing cell death [8][9][10] (Figure 1). Furthermore, plinabulin can also destroy the blood vessels surrounding the tumor to block the nutrient supply to the cancer cells. In addition, plinabulin can induce the release of GEF-H1, which triggers signaling programs to increase neutrophils [11,12]. The candidate drug is being developed by Beyond Spring Pharmaceuticals and a New Drug Application (NDA) has been submitted in the United States and China for plinabulin's use in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN). However, plinabulin has low efficacy in vivo when used alone as an anticancer agent. It was used in combination with docetaxel during clinical trials for NSCLC. Therefore, the development of novel phenylahistin derivatives that display greater efficacy can be of great significance in improving cancer treatment. Recently, the crystal structures of various phenylahistin derivatives have been resolved and analyzed, namely Plinabulin, (PDB: 5C8Y, 6S8K, 6S8L) [12,13], KPU-105 (PDB: 5YL4) [14], MBRI-001 (PDB: 5XI5) [15], and compound 1 (PDB: 5XHC)). The co-crystal complex of compound 1 (Figure 2) with a resolution of 2.75 Å has been deposited in the protein structure database (PDB), which provided a new understanding for the interaction of tubulin with phenylahistin derivatives [16]. In this study, Maestro software was used to further analyze the crystal structures of phenylahistin derivatives. The results showed that phenylahistin and its derivatives were located in the deeper positions of β-tubulin and mainly bound to regions 2 and 3 of the colchicine site. The binding pocket of phenylahistin and its derivatives crosses the α/β interface and extends to the boundary of the GTP pocket formed by hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acid residues. To obtain more potent phenylahistin derivatives, this study entailed a further analysis of the co-crystal structure of compound 1 with tubulin and, furthermore, the design and modification of the C-ring [16,17]. Recently, the crystal structures of various phenylahistin derivatives have been resolved and analyzed, namely Plinabulin, (PDB: 5C8Y, 6S8K, 6S8L) [12,13], KPU-105 (PDB: 5YL4) [14], MBRI-001 (PDB: 5XI5) [15], and compound 1 (PDB: 5XHC)). The co-crystal complex of compound 1 (Figure 2) with a resolution of 2.75 Å has been deposited in the protein structure database (PDB), which provided a new understanding for the interaction of tubulin with phenylahistin derivatives [16]. In this study, Maestro software was used to further analyze the crystal structures of phenylahistin derivatives. The results showed that phenylahistin and its derivatives were located in the deeper positions of β-tubulin and mainly bound to regions 2 and 3 of the colchicine site. The binding pocket of phenylahistin and its derivatives crosses the α/β interface and extends to the boundary of the GTP pocket formed by hydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acid residues. To obtain more potent phenylahistin derivatives, this study entailed a further analysis of the co-crystal structure of compound 1 with tubulin and, furthermore, the design and modification of the C-ring [16,17]. Mar

Design Strategy
The co-crystal complex of compound 1 with tubulin provided new insights into the interaction between the microtubule and the molecule [17]. In the crystal structure of 5XHC, the benzoyl derivatives induced a new binding pocket in region 3 (induced-fit theory), and enabled the benzene ring of the benzoyl group and the benzene ring of the amino acid residue PHE20 to generate stacking interaction. The binding pocket of the phenylahistin derivative crosses the α/β interface and extends to the boundary of the GTP pocket, providing a new space for bonding. Region 1 of this pocket was not occupied by the phenylahistin derivative, and the molecule did not form an interaction force with the protein amino acid residues. the p-fluorobenzoylphenyl or p-fluorophenoxyphenyl groups were preferred as pharmacophores of A-ring, and the diketopiperazine core structure of the Bring was unchanged to retain their favorable interactions [17]. In this study, we further designed three series of compounds with different substitutions of the C-ring to explore the possibility for more active phenylahistin derivatives. Postion 1 or 5 of the imidazole was substituted by different groups, and different types of groups at the C-ring of the series A/B/C were searched in order to design compounds 15a-15p and compounds 16a-16d ( Figure 3).

Design Strategy
The co-crystal complex of compound 1 with tubulin provided new insights into the interaction between the microtubule and the molecule [17]. In the crystal structure of 5XHC, the benzoyl derivatives induced a new binding pocket in region 3 (induced-fit theory), and enabled the benzene ring of the benzoyl group and the benzene ring of the amino acid residue PHE20 to generate stacking interaction. The binding pocket of the phenylahistin derivative crosses the α/β interface and extends to the boundary of the GTP pocket, providing a new space for bonding. Region 1 of this pocket was not occupied by the phenylahistin derivative, and the molecule did not form an interaction force with the protein amino acid residues. the p-fluorobenzoylphenyl or p-fluorophenoxyphenyl groups were preferred as pharmacophores of A-ring, and the diketopiperazine core structure of the B-ring was unchanged to retain their favorable interactions [17]. In this study, we further designed three series of compounds with different substitutions of the C-ring to explore the possibility for more active phenylahistin derivatives. Postion 1 or 5 of the imidazole was substituted by different groups, and different types of groups at the C-ring of the series A/B/C were searched in order to design compounds 15a-15p and compounds 16a-16d ( Figure 3).

Design Strategy
The co-crystal complex of compound 1 with tubulin provided new insights into the interaction between the microtubule and the molecule [17]. In the crystal structure of 5XHC, the benzoyl derivatives induced a new binding pocket in region 3 (induced-fit theory), and enabled the benzene ring of the benzoyl group and the benzene ring of the amino acid residue PHE20 to generate stacking interaction. The binding pocket of the phenylahistin derivative crosses the α/β interface and extends to the boundary of the GTP pocket, providing a new space for bonding. Region 1 of this pocket was not occupied by the phenylahistin derivative, and the molecule did not form an interaction force with the protein amino acid residues. the p-fluorobenzoylphenyl or p-fluorophenoxyphenyl groups were preferred as pharmacophores of A-ring, and the diketopiperazine core structure of the Bring was unchanged to retain their favorable interactions [17]. In this study, we further designed three series of compounds with different substitutions of the C-ring to explore the possibility for more active phenylahistin derivatives. Postion 1 or 5 of the imidazole was substituted by different groups, and different types of groups at the C-ring of the series A/B/C were searched in order to design compounds 15a-15p and compounds 16a-16d ( Figure 3).

Chemistry
To synthesize the phenylahistin derivatives 15a-15q and 16a-16d, we explored and adopted three synthetic strategies to couple the imidazole moiety and R 2 groups. The preferred routes could then be used for different bases (For example, NaH, Cs 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 ) to obtain key intermediates, taking into account the optimization for higher yield and fewer by-products. The chemical structures of these compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis (Figures S1-S86, Supplementary Materials).

Synthesis of Intermediates 11a-11c
The phenylahistin derivatives 15a-15q were synthesized via a sequence of seven linear synthesis. Firstly, compound 6 was synthesized through a [3 + 2] cyclization reaction using ethyl isocyanoacetate and isobutyric anhydride as starting materials in the presence of 1, 8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) for 48 h at room temperature, and then purified by silica gel column chromatography. The oxazole ester was converted into the imidazole ester by the solvolysis reaction in formamide for 24 h at 175 • C, followed by slurry purification using water. The isopropyl imidazole ester was then reduced to alcohol with LiAlH 4 . Subsequently, the isopropyl aldehyde 9b was produced by an oxidation reaction using MnO 2 . 5-Methylimidazole-4-carbaldehyde (9a) and 5-tert-butylimidazole-4carbaldehyde (9c) were purchased from commercial suppliers (Scheme 1). Then, a tandem aldol condensation of two different aldehydes onto the diacetyl-2,5-piperazinedione ring was carried out in the presence of Cs 2 CO 3 in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to obtain the target product.

Chemistry
To synthesize the phenylahistin derivatives 15a-15q and 16a-16d, we explored and adopted three synthetic strategies to couple the imidazole moiety and R2 groups. The preferred routes could then be used for different bases (For example, NaH, Cs2CO3, K2CO3) to obtain key intermediates, taking into account the optimization for higher yield and fewer by-products. The chemical structures of these compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis ( Figures s1-86, supplementary Material).

Synthesis of Intermediates 11a-11c
The phenylahistin derivatives 15a-15q were synthesized via a sequence of seven linear synthesis. Firstly, compound 6 was synthesized through a [3 + 2] cyclization reaction using ethyl isocyanoacetate and isobutyric anhydride as starting materials in the presence of 1, 8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) for 48 h at room temperature, and then purified by silica gel column chromatography. The oxazole ester was converted into the imidazole ester by the solvolysis reaction in formamide for 24 h at 175 ℃, followed by slurry purification using water. The isopropyl imidazole ester was then reduced to alcohol with LiAlH4. Subsequently, the isopropyl aldehyde 9b was produced by an oxidation reaction using MnO2. 5-Methylimidazole-4-carbaldehyde (9a) and 5-tert-butylimidazole-4-carbaldehyde (9c) were purchased from commercial suppliers (Scheme 1). Then, a tandem aldol condensation of two different aldehydes onto the diacetyl-2,5-piperazinedione ring was carried out in the presence of Cs2CO3 in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to obtain the target product. The imidazole aldehydes were condensed with diacetyl-2,5-piperazinedione for 20 h at room temperature. When the alkyl group was isopropyl, the diacetyl-2,5-piperazinedione 10, only monocondensation product was achieved. However, the reaction can produce double imidazol-3,6-yl piperazine-2,5-dione (11a-1) as a by-product because of the small steric hindrance of the methyl group at the 5-position of the imidazole (see Figure 4). The byproduct of the unsubstituted imidazole was greater than that of methyl imidazole, and was difficult to purify by silica gel column chromatography. Therefore, the results indicated that the bulky groups at the 5-position were important in preventing the formation of by-products.
Mar. Drugs 2022, 20, x 5 of 28 The imidazole aldehydes were condensed with diacetyl-2,5-piperazinedione for 20 h at room temperature. When the alkyl group was isopropyl, the diacetyl-2,5-piperazinedione 10, only monocondensation product was achieved. However, the reaction can produce double imidazol-3,6-yl piperazine-2,5-dione (11a-1) as a by-product because of the small steric hindrance of the methyl group at the 5-position of the imidazole (see Figure  4). The by-product of the unsubstituted imidazole was greater than that of methyl imidazole, and was difficult to purify by silica gel column chromatography. Therefore, the results indicated that the bulky groups at the 5-position were important in preventing the formation of by-products.

Synthesis of Intermediates 13a-13m
Compounds 1 has three active hydrogen reaction centers on the nitrogen atoms. Three synthetic strategies were, therefore, explored in order to obtain single substituted compounds. 1) Strategy 1 [18]: Compound 1 is directly reacted to the starting materials containing halogenated; 2) Strategy 2: If the reaction selectivity of strategy 1 is poor, 11a or 11b would be used as a starting material to react with the halogenated group; 3) Strategy 3: if the alkylation reaction involves the NH group of the 2,5-DKP, then 9a or 9b would be used to react with halogenated hydrocarbons. After several experimental explorations, it was discovered that the substituents in Strategy 1 could react with multiple nitrogen atom centers, and different proportions of hydrocarbyl substitution products were produced.
According to Strategy 2 ( Figure 5), 11b was reacted with iodoethane using NaH at −30 °C as per the method reported in the literature [18]. However, 11b raw material remained; therefore, different reaction conditions were re-explored, as shown in Table 1. When NaH was used as the base, the conversion rate was only approximately 40%, and changes in the temperature had little effect on the reaction. Furthermore, altering the order in which materials were added did not positively influence the conversion rate. When DIPEA, TEA, and Cs2CO3 were used as bases, the unconverted amount of 11b were 82%, 91%, and 0%, respectively. Therefore, the reaction system consisting of Cs2CO3 as the base and DMF at room temperature was preferable. Experiments verified that this condition was also suitable for the reaction of other iodohydrocarbyl groups with 11a or 11b to obtain key intermediates 13a-13k with better yield and higher purity.

Synthesis of Intermediates 13a-13m
Compounds 1 has three active hydrogen reaction centers on the nitrogen atoms. Three synthetic strategies were, therefore, explored in order to obtain single substituted compounds.
(1) Strategy 1 [18]: Compound 1 is directly reacted to the starting materials containing halogenated; (2) Strategy 2: If the reaction selectivity of strategy 1 is poor, 11a or 11b would be used as a starting material to react with the halogenated group; (3) Strategy 3: if the alkylation reaction involves the NH group of the 2,5-DKP, then 9a or 9b would be used to react with halogenated hydrocarbons. After several experimental explorations, it was discovered that the substituents in Strategy 1 could react with multiple nitrogen atom centers, and different proportions of hydrocarbyl substitution products were produced.
According to Strategy 2 ( Figure 5), 11b was reacted with iodoethane using NaH at −30 • C as per the method reported in the literature [18]. However, 11b raw material remained; therefore, different reaction conditions were re-explored, as shown in Table 1. When NaH was used as the base, the conversion rate was only approximately 40%, and changes in the temperature had little effect on the reaction. Furthermore, altering the order in which materials were added did not positively influence the conversion rate. When DIPEA, TEA, and Cs 2 CO 3 were used as bases, the unconverted amount of 11b were 82%, 91%, and 0%, respectively. Therefore, the reaction system consisting of Cs 2 CO 3 as the base and DMF at room temperature was preferable. Experiments verified that this condition was also suitable for the reaction of other iodohydrocarbyl groups with 11a or 11b to obtain key intermediates 13a-13k with better yield and higher purity. The imidazole aldehydes were condensed with diacetyl-2,5-piperazinedione for 20 h at room temperature. When the alkyl group was isopropyl, the diacetyl-2,5-piperazinedione 10, only monocondensation product was achieved. However, the reaction can produce double imidazol-3,6-yl piperazine-2,5-dione (11a-1) as a by-product because of the small steric hindrance of the methyl group at the 5-position of the imidazole (see Figure  4). The by-product of the unsubstituted imidazole was greater than that of methyl imidazole, and was difficult to purify by silica gel column chromatography. Therefore, the results indicated that the bulky groups at the 5-position were important in preventing the formation of by-products.

Synthesis of Intermediates 13a-13m
Compounds 1 has three active hydrogen reaction centers on the nitrogen atoms. Three synthetic strategies were, therefore, explored in order to obtain single substituted compounds. 1) Strategy 1 [18]: Compound 1 is directly reacted to the starting materials containing halogenated; 2) Strategy 2: If the reaction selectivity of strategy 1 is poor, 11a or 11b would be used as a starting material to react with the halogenated group; 3) Strategy 3: if the alkylation reaction involves the NH group of the 2,5-DKP, then 9a or 9b would be used to react with halogenated hydrocarbons. After several experimental explorations, it was discovered that the substituents in Strategy 1 could react with multiple nitrogen atom centers, and different proportions of hydrocarbyl substitution products were produced.
According to Strategy 2 ( Figure 5), 11b was reacted with iodoethane using NaH at −30 °C as per the method reported in the literature [18]. However, 11b raw material remained; therefore, different reaction conditions were re-explored, as shown in Table 1. When NaH was used as the base, the conversion rate was only approximately 40%, and changes in the temperature had little effect on the reaction. Furthermore, altering the order in which materials were added did not positively influence the conversion rate. When DIPEA, TEA, and Cs2CO3 were used as bases, the unconverted amount of 11b were 82%, 91%, and 0%, respectively. Therefore, the reaction system consisting of Cs2CO3 as the base and DMF at room temperature was preferable. Experiments verified that this condition was also suitable for the reaction of other iodohydrocarbyl groups with 11a or 11b to obtain key intermediates 13a-13k with better yield and higher purity.   The structure of the key intermediate 13d was confirmed by HNMR, CNMR, twodimensional NMR, and mass spectrometry ( Figure 6). The molecular formula of compound 13d was determined as C 15 H 20 N 4 O 3 and the exact mass [M + H] + was 305.1608. The purity achieved was over 99% by LC-MS analysis. The MS data obtained were 304.82 by Qd assay, which was preliminarily identified as a monoethyl-substituted intermediate.

Remaining of 11b Yield
The structure of the key intermediate 13d was confirmed by HNMR, CNMR, twodimensional NMR, and mass spectrometry (Figure 6). The molecular formula of compound 13d was determined as C15H20N4O3 and the exact mass [M + H] + was 305.1608. The purity achieved was over 99% by LC-MS analysis. The MS data obtained were 304.82 by Qd assay, which was preliminarily identified as a monoethyl-substituted intermediate. . The hydrogen associated with H-17 and H-18 only was related to C-9 on the imidazole ring; therefore, 139.34 was related to C-9. 7.47 (H-11) related to 139.34 and 133.28. The aryl carbon that related to H-11 was C-8 or C-9, so 133.28 was a chemical shift of C-8. It was further confirmed that 139.34 was a chemical shift of C-9, and 139.34 (C-9) related to 3.99 (H-19), and 3.99 related to 135.72, 139.34 (C-9). H-19 could relate to C-9 and C-11 on the imidazole ring, so the ethyl group was substituted at the 1-position of the 1,3-imidazole group ( Table  2, Table 3) (supplementary material).    Table 3. Partial carbon spectrum data of 13d NMR.

C Number Chemical Shifts (ppm)
C-8 133.28 C-9 139.34 C-11 135.72 It was verified that Strategy 2 was feasible, i.e., intermediates 11a or 11b could undergo mono-substitution reactions with substituent groups. The 1-position nitrogen atom of imidazole was substituted by SN 2 reaction. The brown solid pure 13a-13k was obtained by washing with methanol.
dergo mono-substitution reactions with substituent groups. The 1-position nitrogen atom of imidazole was substituted by SN2 reaction. The brown solid pure 13a-13k was obtained by washing with methanol.

Synthesis of Phenylahistin Derivatives 15a-15q and 16a-16d
To obtain the targeted compounds 15a-15q and 16a-16d derivatives, 14a and 14b were prepared, as indicated in Scheme 2. Thus, 4-fluorophenol and phenylboronic acid were coupled via Chan-Lam reaction [19] to obtain p-fluorophenoxybenzaldehyde 14a and N-methyl-N-methoxy-p-fluorobenzamide was reacted with 2-(3-(bromophenyl)-1,3dioxolane to afford p-fluorobenzoylbenzaldehyde 14b [17]. Then compounds 13a-13m were reacted with 14a or 14b in DMF under alkaline conditions (Cs2CO3 or K2CO3) at 45-55 °C (see Scheme 3). The purification of compounds 15a-15q was performed using methanol-washing or column chromatography to obtain yellow solids. The Boc-protecting groups of 15l, 15m, 15n, and 15o were removed by hydrochloric acid hydrolysis to obtain 16a-16d as yellow solids (see Scheme 3).  To obtain compounds with greater cytotoxic activity, the 1-(R 1 ) and 5-(R 2 ) positions of 1,3 imidazole were substituted by alkyl groups, namely compounds 15a-15k. Their bioactivity against human lung cancer NCI-H460 cell line was tested by MTT assay. When X was a carbonyl group and R 1 was a methyl group, the compound 15a (IC 50 = 21.11 nM, R 2 = methyl), 15d (IC 50 = 16.9 nM, R 2 = ethyl) and 15g (IC 50 = 4.93 nM, R 2 = n-propyl) (Figure 7, olive line) exhibited potent cytotoxic activities against human lung cancer NCI-H460 cell line. With the extension of the carbon chain of the R 2 substituent, the compounds' acitvities continued to increase. When X was an oxygen atom or carbonyl group and R 1 was an isopropyl group, the R 2 group was substituted with methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl groups to obtain compounds 15b, 15e, 15h, 15j (X = oxygen) (Figure 7 red lines) and 15c, 15f, 15i, 15k (X = carbonyl group) (Figure 7 blue lines). Compounds 15j (IC 50 = 2.49 nM) and 15k (IC 50 = 0.94 nM) with butyl groups showed optimal activities. Importantly, the activity of compound 15k was achieved at the picomolar level. These results suggested that the hydrocarbyl substituents could perform the same function as the tert-butyl-imidazole group, and that the R 2 hydrocarbon substituent group could enhance the anti-tumor activity of such compounds. oactivity against human lung cancer NCI-H460 cell line was tested by MTT assay. When X was a carbonyl group and R1 was a methyl group, the compound 15a (IC50 = 21.11 nM, R2 = methyl), 15d (IC50 = 16.9 nM, R2 = ethyl) and 15g (IC50 = 4.93 nM, R2 = n-propyl) ( Figure  7, olive line) exhibited potent cytotoxic activities against human lung cancer NCI-H460 cell line. With the extension of the carbon chain of the R2 substituent, the compounds' acitvities continued to increase. When X was an oxygen atom or carbonyl group and R1 was an isopropyl group, the R2 group was substituted with methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl groups to obtain compounds 15b, 15e, 15h, 15j (X = oxygen) (Figure 7 red lines) and 15c, 15f, 15i, 15k (X = carbonyl group) (Figure 7 blue lines). Compounds 15j (IC50 = 2.49 nM) and 15k (IC50 = 0.94 nM) with butyl groups showed optimal activities. Importantly, the activity of compound 15k was achieved at the picomolar level. These results suggested that the hydrocarbyl substituents could perform the same function as the tert-butyl-imidazole group, and that the R2 hydrocarbon substituent group could enhance the anti-tumor activity of such compounds. Encouraged by the above research, we designed and synthesized alkylamino-or alkylcarbamate-substituted derivatives, namely compounds 15l-15o and 16a-16d. When the R2 was an N-tert-butoxycarbonylaminoethyl group and the R1 group was methyl or isopropyl group, compounds 15l (IC50 = 104.78 nM) and 15m (IC50 = 27.26 nM) were obtained. The activities of both compounds significantly decreased the potency compared to compounds 15g and 15h, which suggested that substituent groups with a large volume or large stereo space are detrimental to maintaining biological activity. Compounds 16a and 16b were prepared by removal of the tert-butoxycarbonyl-protecting group of compounds 15l and 15m. Compared with compounds 15l and 15m, compounds 16a and 16b showed approximately three times greater activity at 33.4 nM and 11.33 nM, respectively. Encouraged by the above research, we designed and synthesized alkylamino-or alkylcarbamate-substituted derivatives, namely compounds 15l-15o and 16a-16d. When the R 2 was an N-tert-butoxycarbonylaminoethyl group and the R 1 group was methyl or isopropyl group, compounds 15l (IC 50 = 104.78 nM) and 15m (IC 50 = 27.26 nM) were obtained. The activities of both compounds significantly decreased the potency compared to compounds 15g and 15h, which suggested that substituent groups with a large volume or large stereo space are detrimental to maintaining biological activity. Compounds 16a and 16b were prepared by removal of the tert-butoxycarbonyl-protecting group of compounds 15l and 15m. Compared with compounds 15l and 15m, compounds 16a and 16b showed approximately three times greater activity at 33.4 nM and 11.33 nM, respectively. The IC 50 values of compounds 15n and 15o with the N-tert-butoxycarbonylaminopropyl group (R 2 ) and methyl or isopropyl group (R 1 ) were 145.72 and 12.70 nM, respectively. Cytotoxic activity was greatly improved when the tert-butoxycarbonyl-protecting group weas removed to prepare compounds 16c and 16d. The IC 50 value of compound 16d was equivalent to that of compound 15h.
To further explore the structure-activity relationship, unsaturated substituent groups were synthesized to occupy the 1-position of imidazole to obtain compounds 15p and 15q. Compounds 15p (1.03 nM) and 15q (1.49 nM) with allyl and alkynyl groups, respectively, exhibited potent cytotoxic activities against human lung cancer NCI-H460 cell line.
In summary, compounds 15j and 15p exhibited the best antiproliferative activities among the various novel scaffold derivatives. In addition, as reported in Table 4, the cytotoxic activities of compounds 15j, 16d, 16b, 15p, and 15q were potent at the nanomolar level.

Biological Activities of Phenylahistin and Its Derivatives in Various Cancer Cell Lines
The cytotoxic activities of compounds 15j, 15p, 15q, 16b, and 16d were further evaluated against various other cancer cells, such as pancreatic cancer BxPC-3 cell line and colon cancer HT-29 cell line by MTT assay. The results showed that compounds 15j, 15p, 15q, 16b, and 16d exhibited highly potent cytotoxic activities at the nanomolar level against different cancer cell lines as Table 4.

Immunofluorescece Assay
To further explore the effect of phenylahistin derivatives 1 and 15p on microtubules in cancer cells, an immunofluorescence assay was performed. Figure 8 showed that NCI-H460 cells were treated with plinabulin (10 nM), compounds 1 (2 nM), or 15p (2 nM

Biological Activities of Phenylahistin and Its Derivatives in Various Cancer Cell Lines
The cytotoxic activities of compounds 15j, 15p, 15q, 16b, and 16d were further evaluated against various other cancer cells, such as pancreatic cancer BxPC-3 cell line and colon cancer HT-29 cell line by MTT assay. The results showed that compounds 15j, 15p, 15q, 16b, and 16d exhibited highly potent cytotoxic activities at the nanomolar level against different cancer cell lines as Table 4.

Immunofluorescece Assay
To further explore the effect of phenylahistin derivatives 1 and 15p on microtubules in cancer cells, an immunofluorescence assay was performed. Figure 8 showed that NCI-H460 cells were treated with plinabulin (10 nM), compounds 1 (2 nM), or 15p (2 nM) for 24 h and then stained with β-tubulin and DAPI. In comparison with the control group, the microtubule networks were damaged in the other groups (Figure 8a). Semi-quantitative calculations were performed using the software Image Pro Plus 6.0 and shown in Figure 8b. The inhibitory activities were consistent with the previously shown anti-proliferative activities.
Mar. Drugs 2022, 20, x 11 of 28 24 h and then stained with β-tubulin and DAPI. In comparison with the control group, the microtubule networks were damaged in the other groups (Figure 8a). Semi-quantitative calculations were performed using the software Image Pro Plus 6.0 and shown in Figure  8b. The inhibitory activities were consistent with the previously shown anti-proliferative activities. The inhibition of tubulin polymerization plinabulin, compounds 1 and 15p through semi-quantitative analysis.

Western Blotting Test
Western blotting (WB) results showed that the expression of caspase-3 in the compounds 15j-and 15p-treated groups was significantly higher than that in the control group and plinabulin group. Compound 15p showed the strongest upregulation of caspase-3 at a concentration of 10 nM (Figure 9).

Theoretical Calculations and Molecular Docking
Theoretical calculations of the physical properties of the synthesized compounds were performed using the Qikprop Module of Maestro software. The interaction modes

Western Blotting Test
Western blotting (WB) results showed that the expression of caspase-3 in the compounds 15j-and 15p-treated groups was significantly higher than that in the control group and plinabulin group. Compound 15p showed the strongest upregulation of caspase-3 at a concentration of 10 nM (Figure 9).
Mar. Drugs 2022, 20, x 11 of 28 24 h and then stained with β-tubulin and DAPI. In comparison with the control group, the microtubule networks were damaged in the other groups (Figure 8a). Semi-quantitative calculations were performed using the software Image Pro Plus 6.0 and shown in Figure  8b. The inhibitory activities were consistent with the previously shown anti-proliferative activities. The inhibition of tubulin polymerization plinabulin, compounds 1 and 15p through semi-quantitative analysis.

Western Blotting Test
Western blotting (WB) results showed that the expression of caspase-3 in the compounds 15j-and 15p-treated groups was significantly higher than that in the control group and plinabulin group. Compound 15p showed the strongest upregulation of caspase-3 at a concentration of 10 nM (Figure 9).

Theoretical Calculations and Molecular Docking
Theoretical calculations of the physical properties of the synthesized compounds were performed using the Qikprop Module of Maestro software. The interaction modes

Theoretical Calculations and Molecular Docking
Theoretical calculations of the physical properties of the synthesized compounds were performed using the Qikprop Module of Maestro software. The interaction modes of compounds 15c, 15f, 15i, 15k, 15p and 16c were investigated by molecular docking using Maestro software. In addition, the oil-water partition coefficient (LogPo/w), cell permeability (PCaco) and docking score were calculated and are listed in Table 5. The LogPo/w values of the phenylahistin derivatives ranged from 2.1 to 5.5, which were within a reasonable range of −2.0-6.5. The cell permeability of some compounds was greater than 500, which was beneficial for the improvement in activity. The co-crystal structure of compound 1 shown in Figure 1. Superimposed images of compounds 15c (light gray), 15f (orange), 15i (yellow), and 15k (purple) are shown in Figure 10A. They were similar to compound 1 in terms of their three-dimensional conformation, and had the same interaction force with tubulin. However, the conformation of the substituent group at position 1 of the 2,3-imidazol-4-yl group was different. The methyl group of 15c was coplanar with the planar structure formed by 2,5-piperazinedioneimidazole. The ethyl group of 15f pointed out of the plane, the propyl group of 15i pointed to the plane, and the butyl group of 15k pointed out of the plane. The conformations of different lengths of hydrocarbon groups that occupied area 1 might affect the αT5 loop and βT7 loop, which might resulte in disruptions to the dynamic balance of microtubules (the dynamic balance of microtubules is important for them to perform their cell division function) and causing cancer cell death. Figure 10B shows the binding diagram of 15k and tubulin, which more clearly revealed the effect of butyl on the βT7 loop, in addition to the 15k form of hydrogen bond interactions with GLH198 and VAL236 of tubulin. Compound 16c also could form π-π interactions with PHE20 as well as other compounds. More importantly, the amino hydrogen atom formed hydrogen bond interactions with the carbonyl oxygen atom of ASN256. This might be an important factor regarding the compound's activity, as shown in Figure 10C. Figure 11A-D represent diagrams of the interaction between compound 15p and tubulin. Figure 11A shows the interaction between the molecular stick model and key amino acid residues, including hydrogen bonds, π-π interactions, and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Figure 11B shows the sphere diagram and surrounding pocket (red mesh) space. Figure 11C shows a schematic diagram of the binding of compound 15p to the colchicine pocket, and Figure 11D shows the amino acid residues surrounding the molecule. 15p and 1 could overlap well, and the allyl group pointed in the plane. In fact, the conformations of 15p are displayed by docking in Figure 11, showing only one of the superimposed molecules and tubulin in the actual state. The surrounding loop conformation was more affected by the allyl substituent group with Z/E conformation, thereby causing stronger damage to the microtubules.  Figure 11A-D represent diagrams of the interaction between compound 15p and bulin. Figure 11A shows the interaction between the molecular stick model and key am acid residues, including hydrogen bonds, π-π interactions, and intramolecular hydro bonds. Figure 11B shows the sphere diagram and surrounding pocket (red mesh) sp Figure 11C shows a schematic diagram of the binding of compound 15p to the colchic pocket, and Figure 11D shows the amino acid residues surrounding the molecule. 15p 1 could overlap well, and the allyl group pointed in the plane. In fact, the conformati of 15p are displayed by docking in Figure 11, showing only one of the superimposed m ecules and tubulin in the actual state. The surrounding loop conformation was more fected by the allyl substituent group with Z/E conformation, thereby causing stron damage to the microtubules.    Figure 11A shows the interaction between the molecular stick model and key am acid residues, including hydrogen bonds, π-π interactions, and intramolecular hydro bonds. Figure 11B shows the sphere diagram and surrounding pocket (red mesh) sp Figure 11C shows a schematic diagram of the binding of compound 15p to the colchi pocket, and Figure 11D shows the amino acid residues surrounding the molecule. 15p 1 could overlap well, and the allyl group pointed in the plane. In fact, the conformat of 15p are displayed by docking in Figure 11, showing only one of the superimposed m ecules and tubulin in the actual state. The surrounding loop conformation was m af-fected by the allyl

In Vitro Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Compound 15p
In order to explore the metabolic stability of compound 15p in plasma and liver microsomes, its pharmacokinetic stability was tested in vitro. The plasma stability test results ( Figure 12) showed that 15p was very stable in mouse plasma. This indicated that the amide bond of the core structure 2,5-piperazinedione was be hydrolyzed by esterase. During the liver microsomal stabilization experiment, compound 15p was gradually metabolized by liver microsomal enzymes over time ( Figure 12). Compound 15p was quickly cleared by liver microsomes (Table 6).

In Vitro Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Compound 15p
In order to explore the metabolic stability of compound 15p in plasma and liver microsomes, its pharmacokinetic stability was tested in vitro. The plasma stability test results ( Figure 12) showed that 15p was very stable in mouse plasma. This indicated that the amide bond of the core structure 2,5-piperazinedione was be hydrolyzed by esterase. During the liver microsomal stabilization experiment, compound 15p was gradually metabolized by liver microsomal enzymes over time ( Figure 12). Compound 15p was quickly cleared by liver microsomes ( Table 6.).  Among them: the incubation volume is 1 mL, and the mass of liver microsomes is 0.5 mg. t1/2 = halflife, CLint = intrinsic Clearance, CL = total clearance.

In Vivo Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Compound 15p.
The anticancer effect of the compound 15p was further evaluated against H22 tumorbearing mice models by intravenous injection at doses of 2 mg/kg, or 4 mg/kg, two or three times a week, and for 14 consecutive days. Docetaxel (10 mg/kg), plinabulin (4 mg/kg), and cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg) were used as the positive controls. At the end of administration period, the average value of the final tumor volumes of vehicle, docetaxel (10 mg/kg), plinabulin (4 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg) and compound 15p (2 mg/k; 4 mg/kg) were 1861.4, 903.6, 1425.3, 687.2, 1453.6, and 674.5 mm 3 (Table 7), respectively. The average excised tumor weights of the corresponding groups were 1.13 g, 0.55 g, 0.77 g, 0.42 g, 0.82 g, and 0.39 g, respectively (Figure 13c), and the inhibitory rates (IR) were 51.6%, 31.9%, 62.6%, 27.6%, and 65.2%, respectively (Figure 13d and Table 7). Compound 15p with 4 mg/kg had a strong inhibitory action regarding the growth of the H22-transplanted tumor. Overall, these results suggest that compound 15p displayed dose-dependent effects in the concentration range of 2-4 mg/kg. Compared with docetaxel at 10 mg/kg, both the tumor weight and tumor volume were reduced in the 4 mg/kg group of 15p,  Among them: the incubation volume is 1 mL, and the mass of liver microsomes is 0.5 mg. t 1/2 = halflife, CLint = intrinsic Clearance, CL = total clearance.

In Vivo Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Compound 15p
The anticancer effect of the compound 15p was further evaluated against H22 tumorbearing mice models by intravenous injection at doses of 2 mg/kg, or 4 mg/kg, two or three times a week, and for 14 consecutive days. Docetaxel (10 mg/kg), plinabulin (4 mg/kg), and cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg) were used as the positive controls. At the end of administration period, the average value of the final tumor volumes of vehicle, docetaxel (10 mg/kg), plinabulin (4 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg) and compound 15p (2 mg/k; 4 mg/kg) were 1861.4, 903.6, 1425.3, 687.2, 1453.6, and 674.5 mm 3 (Table 7), respectively. The average excised tumor weights of the corresponding groups were 1.13 g, 0.55 g, 0.77 g, 0.42 g, 0.82 g, and 0.39 g, respectively (Figure 13c), and the inhibitory rates (IR) were 51.6%, 31.9%, 62.6%, 27.6%, and 65.2%, respectively (Figure 13d and Table 7). Compound 15p with 4 mg/kg had a strong inhibitory action regarding the growth of the H22-transplanted tumor. Overall, these results suggest that compound 15p displayed dose-dependent effects in the concentration range of 2-4 mg/kg. Compared with docetaxel at 10 mg/kg, both the tumor weight and tumor volume were reduced in the 4 mg/kg group of 15p, while the body weight was not significantly different (Figure 13a). However, both docetaxel and cyclophosphamide decreased the body weights compared to the control group. while the body weight was not significantly different ( Figure 13a). However, both docetaxel and cyclophosphamide decreased the body weights compared to the control group.

General
All starting materials were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without further purification. Column chromatography was performed on silica gel (200−300 mesh, Yantai Chemical Industry Research Institute). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was per- Figure 13. Effect of compound 15p on body weight (a), tumor volume (b), tumor weight (c) and inhibition rate (d) in mice bearing H22 hepatoma carcinoma cells. Data were presented as mean ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.01, compared with the control group. Tumor weight inhibition rate: IR (%) = (1 − TWt/TWc) × 100%, TWt: tumor weight of the treatment group; TWc: tumor weight of the model control group.

General
All starting materials were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without further purification. Column chromatography was performed on silica gel (200−300 mesh, Yantai Chemical Industry Research Institute). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed using silica gel GF-254 plates (Xinzheng Experimental Equipment Co., Ltd., Linyi, China) with detection by UV (254 nm or 365 nm). Melting points were measured on a Yidianwuguang WRS-3 melting point instrument (China). 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra were obtained on a JEOL 400 spectrometer (400 MHz) or Agilent Pro pulse 500 MHz spectrometer with TMS as an internal standard. The following abbreviations were used to explain the multiplicities: s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, b = broad, td = triple doublet, dt = double triplet, dq = double quartet, m = multiplet. High-resolution mass spectra (ESI or EI) were recorded on Agilent 1290 Infinity II UHPLC/6530 Q-TOF mass spectrometer. (6) 1, 8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) (80.7 g, 0.53 mol) and pivalic anhydride (83.8 g, 0.53 mol) were added dropwise to a solution of ethyl isocyanoacetate (50 g, 441.66 mmol) in THF (200 mL). The mixture was stirred for 48 h at room temperature. The reaction solution was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. The residue was extracted with EtOAc, then washed with 10% Na 2 CO 3 and 10% citric acid. The combined organic layer was washed with saturated brine, and dried over anhydrous Mg 2 SO 4 . The solvent was concentrated in vacuo, and the crude product was purified by column chromatography (EtOAc-petroleum ether, 2:1) to produce 6 (73 g) as a yellow oil [20].

Preparation of Ethyl 5-(isopropyl)-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylate (7)
A mixture of compound 6 (5 g, 27.29 mmol) and formamide (49.2 g (43 mL), 1091.70 mmol) was heated at 180 • C for 48 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was added with 10% Na 2 CO 3 (60 mL), and extracted with petroleum ether, then extracted with EtOAc. The petroleum ether layer was given up, and the EtOAc layers were combined and washed with saturated brine and dried over anhydrous Mg 2 SO 4 . The solvent was evaporated in vacuo, and the crude product was purified by slurry using H 2 O to obtain 3.0 g compound 7 [19].

Immunofluorescence Assay
NCI-H460 cells were seeded in 24-well plate (with coverslips plated) at the density of 5 × 10 4 cells. After overnight adherence, the cells were exposed to compounds at 5 nM or 10 nM for 24 h, respectively. Then, cells were fixed with 4% cold paraformaldehyde at 4 • C for 15 min and then permeabilized in 0.05% Triton X-100 for 10 min. The cells were blocked in 1% BSA for 30 min. Microtubules were detected by incubation with a monoclonal anti-β-tubulin (β-tubulin antibody was obtained from Servicebio, Wuhan, China.) at 4 • C for 12 h. Subsequently, the cells were washed with PBS and incubated with a FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgG antibody. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (G1012, Servicebio, Wuhan, China). The coverslips were visualized under fluorescence microscope (Nikon Eclipse C1, Nikon, Japan) and an image-forming system (Nikon DS-U3, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan) [17,21].

Molecular Modeling
Ligands were prepared by using the QuickPrep module in Maestro and energy minimized through general method. The X-ray crystallographic structure was retrieved from the protein data bank (PDB: 5XHC) at a resolution of 2.75 Å. The protein domain subunits C, D and water molecules were removed using Maestro 11.5 using the protein preparation refinement module. A subsequent energy minimization was carried out using the OPLS_2005 force field. Then, molecules were docked into the co-crystal structure of tubulin-compound 1 [17].
The docking position was constrained by hydrogen bond using receptor grid generation module. Molecular modeling was completed by ligand docking module according to the import of the pretreatment ligand and protein. At least five poses were retained for each compounds 15a-15q and 16a-16d, and the best rigid docking and induced fit docking poses were refined.

In Vitro Pharmacokinetics Study
Compounds 15p. 15p were weighed and dissolved in DMSO to prepare a master batch with a concentration of 1 mg/mL. The plasma was obtained from wistar male rats, and stored at −20 • C for pending use. The 10 µmol/L of the sample solution to be tested was vortexed and mixed, and rapidly incubated in a 37 • C water bath shaker. The 100 µL of the incubation system was removed at 0 min, 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, 40 min, 60 min, 90 min, and 120 min of the reaction, respectively. The remaining amount of compound was detected (note: each sample was operated three times in parallel). The concentrations of the samples to be measured (15p) in rat plasma were detected by HPLC-MS/MS, and the experimental data were processed and plotted using the computer programs Microsoft Excel (Microsoft 97-2003, Redmond, Washington, DC, USA) and Origin 8.5 (OriginLab, Northampton, MA, USA).

Stability of Liver Microsomal Metabolism
The total volume of the incubation system is 1 mL, which contains 1 mmol/L NADPH, 0.5 mg/mL rat liver microsomes, 1 µmol/L 15p standard solution, which was supplemented with K 2 HPO 4 buffer to 1 mL. The solution should be added to the incubation system. The incubation system was rapidly incubated in a water bath shaker at 37 • C for 5 min before adding 200 µL of 5 mmol/L NADPH. The 50 µL of the incubation system was quickly removed at 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120, 150, 210, and 270 min. The concentrations of the samples to be measured (15p) in rat liver microsomes were measured by HPLC-MS/MS. Each sample was operated on three times in parallel. The experimental data were processed and plotted using the computer programs Microsoft Excel (97-2003) and Origin 7.5 software.

In Vivo Pharmacodynmic Study
The literature was referenced for this part of the experiment [20]. Balb/c mice (4-6 weeks old, 16-18 g) were purchased from Shanghai Sippr-BK laboratory animal Co. Ltd. The animal study protocol was approved by Institutional Review Board of Science and Technology Division of Linyi University (review opinion on behalf of the Ethics Committee) (The protocol code is LYU20220107, provided on 10 March 2022). H22 cells were grown in RPMI-1640 midium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, and maintained at 37 • C in humidified 5% CO 2 . Cells were passaged when they reached 70-80% confluence. Viable H22 cells (1 × 10 7 cells/0.2 ml 0.9% sodium chloride) were injected into the peritoneal cavity of BALB/C mice to trigger ascitic cell growth. Later, cells were harvested and suspended. H22 cancer cells (2 × 10 7 cells/0.1 mL 0.9% sodium chloride cells) were subcutaneously injected into the right flank of each mouse. After implantation, the tumor size was measured with an electronic caliper twice a week, and the tumor volume was calculated according to the following formula: tumor volume (mm 3 ) = 0.5 × length × width 2 . When the tumor volume reached about 130 mm 3 , the xenograft tumor-bearing BALB/C mice were randomly placed into six groups at 10 mice per group: vehicle, plinabulin (4 mg/kg), 15p (12 mg/kg), 15p (6 mg/kg), cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg) and docetaxel (10 mg/kg) groups. Docetaxel, plinabulin, and cyclophosphamide were chosen as positive control drug. The reference compound docetaxel and cyclophosphamide were completely dissolved in isotonic saline. Plinabulin and 15p concentrated solution were made by dissolving 16 mg compound in propylene glycol (2.4 g) and solutol-HS15 (1.6 g) due to its relatively lower solubility. The solution of compound 15p was diluted with the concentrated solution and in isotonic saline at a calculated ratio. The solutions of plinabulin were made up according to similar methods. The mice received intravenous administration (iv) every two or three days for consecutive 14 days. The tumor volumes and the body weights were recorded every two or three days after treatment. At the end of the administration period, the animals were euthanized by dislocation, and the tumor bulks were peeled off conforming to the Guide for the Animal use and Management of Shanghai Medicilon Biological Medicine Co. Ltd. The tumor volume was calculated according to the Principles of Non-clinical Research Techniques for Anti-tumor Drugs of Cytotoxic Drugs by China Food and Drug Administration.

Conclusions
In summary, we designed and synthesized a total of 21 novel phenylahistin derivatives based on the co-crystal structure of tubulin with compound 1. Based on the SAR study, we found that the appropriate substitute groups, i.e., 3-4 carbon atoms carbon chains and unsaturated groups, at 1-position of 1,3-imidazol-2-yl were optimal for improving the activity of the novel allyl-imidazole-type derivatives. We found that the increased chain length of the 1,3-imidazol-2-yl will decrease its activity. Among the derivatives, 15p with an imidazole-allyl group displayed potent cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines, which could effectively inhibit tubulin polymerization observed in immunofluorescent assays. Compound 15p and 1 could overlap, and the allyl of 15p group pointed in the plane in the docking model. In vivo activity tests showed that compound 15p was effective in inhibiting tumor growth at 4 mg/kg dose, with an inhibition rate of 65%. The effect on mice body weight was low and superior to that of docetaxel and cyclophosphamide. Therefore, derivative 15p with an allyl-imidazole group can be considered a potential agent for the treatment of cancer. Subsequent pharmaceutical studies in vivo are currently ongoing.