Polyamines in Microalgae: Something Borrowed, Something New
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Polyamine Composition of Microalgae
3. Polyamine Synthetic Pathways and Transport in Microalgae
3.1. Putrescine Biosynthesis
3.2. Decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine Biosynthesis
3.3. Spermidine and Spermine Biosynthesis
3.4. Thermospermine Biosynthesis
3.5. Norspermidine and Diaminopropane Biosynthesis
3.6. Transport of Microalgal Polyamines
4. The Physiological Roles of Polyamines in Microalgae
4.1. Promotion of Cell Division and Growth
4.2. Aid to Photosynthesis
4.3. Relationship with Environmental Stress
5. Conclusions and Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Polyamines | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class | Species | Strain | Dap | Put | Spd | NSpd | NSpm | Cad | Spm | Reference |
Chlorophyceae | Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | IAM C-9 | N.D. | 91.2% | 1.1% | 7.6% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] |
Chlamydomonas moewusii | IAM C-15 | N.D. | 85.3% | 1.0% | 1.2% | N.D. | 12.4% | N.D. | [48] | |
Chlamydomonas applanata | IAM C-214 | N.D. | 87.8% | 2.4% | 9.8% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] | |
Bracteacoccus giganteus | IAM C-388 | N.D. | 27.3% | 14.5% | 54.5% | N.D. | 3.6% | N.D. | [48] | |
Chlorococcum echinozygotum | IAM C-386 | N.D. | 84.0% | 3.4% | 12.6% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] | |
Chlorogonium elongatum | IAM C-295 | N.D. | 50.0% | 27.5% | 17.5% | N.D. | N.D. | 5.0% | [48] | |
Coccomyxa dispar | IAM C-137 | N.D. | 3.4% | 88.1% | 8.5% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] | |
Errerella bornhemiensis | IAM C-581 | N.D. | 1.5% | 32.8% | 62.0% | N.D. | 3.6% | N.D. | [48] | |
Eudorina illinoisensis | IAM C-596 | N.D. | 56.8% | 25.0% | 15.2% | N.D. | N.D. | 3.0% | [48] | |
Gonium pectorale | IAM C-598 | N.D. | 13.5% | 2.7% | 10.8% | N.D. | 73.0% | N.D. | [48] | |
Haematococcus lacustris | IAM C-392 | 42.8% | 10.7% | 21.4% | 24.1% | N.D. | 1.1% | N.D. | [48] | |
Lobomonas piriformis | IAM C-584 | N.D. | 37.5% | 41.7% | 20.8% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] | |
Oedogonium obesum | IAM C-348 | N.D. | 11.8% | 5.9% | 14.7% | N.D. | 67.6% | N.D. | [48] | |
Dunaliella salina | IAM C-522 | N.D. | 15.3% | 84.7% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] | |
Dunaliella bardawil | ATCC 30861 | N.D. | 13.3% | 82.2% | N.D. | N.D. | 4.4% | N.D. | [48] | |
Dunaliella primolecta | IAM C-525 | N.D. | 39.3% | 60.7% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] | |
Chlorophyceae | Volvox aureus | IAM C-419 | N.D. | 80.2% | 6.9% | 8.8% | N.D. | 4.1% | N.D. | [48] |
Scenedesmus acutus | IAM C-64 | N.D. | 67.0% | 3.6% | 29.4% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] | |
Scenedesmus vacuolatus | IAM C-104 | 2.4% | 34.9% | 7.2% | 26.5% | N.D. | 28.9% | N.D. | [48] | |
Prasinophyceae | Mesostigma viride | NIES-296 | N.D. | 66.7% | 33.3% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] |
Monomastix minuta | NIES-255 | N.D. | 3.2% | 96.8% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] | |
Nephroselmis olivacea | NIES-483 | N.D. | 72.7% | 27.3% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] | |
Nephroselmis viridis | NIES-486 | N.D. | 42.3% | 57.7% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] | |
Pyramimonas amylifera | NIES-251 | N.D. | 50.0% | 50.0% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] | |
Pyramimonas parkeae | NIES-254 | N.D. | 50.0% | 50.0% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] | |
Tetraselmis cordiformis | NIES-18 | N.D. | 88.2% | 11.8% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] | |
Trebouxiophyceae | Auxenochlorella protothecoides | ATCC 30407 | N.D. | N.D. | 71.8% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | 28.2% | [48] |
Ankistrodesmus angustus | IAM C-548 | N.D. | 48.7% | 7.1% | 13.3% | N.D. | 31.0% | N.D. | [48] | |
Ankistrodesmus falcatus | IAM C-304 | N.D. | 23.6% | 15.2% | 33.8% | 0.3% | 27.0% | N.D. | [48] | |
Ankistrodesmus nannoselene | IAM C-305 | N.D. | 29.0% | 29.0% | 21.0% | 1.6% | 11.3% | 8.1% | [48] | |
Chlorella kessleri | IAM C-531 | N.D. | 68.6% | 31.4% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] | |
Chlorella sorokiniana | IAM C-212 | N.D. | 41.0% | 53.3% | 2.5% | N.D. | 3.3% | N.D. | [48] | |
Chlorella vulgaris | IAM C-27 | N.D. | 48.9% | 51.8% | 1.2% | N.D. | 2.1% | N.D. | [48] | |
Trebouxiophyceae | Watanabea reniformis | IAM C-211 | N.D. | 50.0% | 50.0% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] |
Hydrodictyon reticulatum | IAM C-335 | N.D. | 33.3% | 55.6% | 11.1% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [48] | |
Chlorarachniophyceae | Chlorarachnion reptans | NIES-624 | N.D. | 32.0% | 28.0% | 24.0% | 4.0% | N.D. | 12.0% | [49] |
Chrysophyceae | Poterioochromonas malhamensis | IAM CS-1 | N.D. | 64.3% | 11.9% | N.D. | N.D. | 23.8% | N.D. | [49] |
Ochromonas danica | IAM CS-4 | N.D. | 40.1% | 17.7% | N.D. | N.D. | 40.5% | 0.8% | [49] | |
Ochromonas minuta | IAM CS-5 | N.D. | 11.8% | 26.5% | N.D. | N.D. | 60.1% | 1.7% | [49] | |
Desmophyceae | Prorocentrum micans | NIES-12 | 2.0% | N.D. | N.D. | 31.1% | 38.9% | 27.8% | N.D. | [49] |
Euglenoidea | Euglena gracilis | IAM E-6 | N.D. | 20.9% | 38.4% | 38.4% | 2.3% | N.D. | N.D. | [49] |
Euglena viridis | IAM E-11 | N.D. | 49.2% | 33.4% | 6.8% | 2.4% | 12.4% | N.D. | [49] | |
Euglena mutabilis | NIES-286 | 5.0% | 53.2% | 25.3% | 15.2% | 1.2% | N.D. | N.D. | [49] | |
Phacus agilis | NIES-387 | 22.9% | 48.2% | 17.9% | 9.2% | 1.8% | N.D. | N.D. | [49] | |
Trachelomonas sp. | Gunma | 17.2% | 20.1% | 20.1% | 12.7% | 29.9% | N.D. | N.D. | [49] | |
Eustigmatophyceae | Nannochloropsis oculata | IAM ST-4 | N.D. | 33.0% | 67.0% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [49] |
Vischeria punctata | IAM X-4 | 1.0% | 12.9% | 47.3% | 6.5% | N.D. | 30.8% | 1.5% | [49] | |
Vischeria stellata | IAM X-5 | N.D. | 23.2% | 46.3% | 6.8% | N.D. | 23.7% | N.D. | [49] | |
Raphidophyceae | Chattonella antiqua | (Hada) Ono | N.A. | 2.9% | 82.0% | <0.1% | N.A. | N.A. | 14.2% | [50] |
Heterosigma akashiwo | - | N.A. | 2.0% | N.D. | N.D. | N.A. | N.A. | 98.0% | [51] | |
Dinophyceae | Amphidinium carterae | NIES-331 | <0.1% | N.D. | N.D. | 37.7% | 51.9% | 9.4% | N.D. | [49] |
Peridinium willei | NIES-304 | 1.9% | N.D. | N.D. | 74.1% | 18.5 | 5.5% | N.D. | [49] | |
Glenodiniopsis uliginosa | NIES-463 | 0.8% | N.D. | N.D. | 57.9% | 37.2% | 4.1% | N.D. | [49] | |
Amphidinium carterae | CCMP 1314 | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | 100.0% | N.A. | N.D. | [52] | |
Gymnodinium mikimotoii | - | N.A. | 0.5% | N.D. | 0.5% | 98.8% | N.D. | N.D. | [53] | |
Alexandrium minutum | T1 | 31.3% | N.D. | 6.3% | 35.4% | N.A. | 13.2% | 13.9% | [54] | |
Rhodophyta | Cyanidium caldarium | RK-1 | N.D. | 57.3% | 33.2% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | 9.4% | [55] |
Bacillariophyceae | Nitzschia palea | IAM B-18 | 3.1% | 82.4% | 6.1% | 0.8% | N.D. | 7.6% | N.D. | [49] |
Nitzschia closterium | IAM B-16 | N.D. | 15.3% | 81.6% | 3.1% | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | [49] | |
Phaeodactylum tricornutum | IAM B-14 | N.D. | 25.0% | 21.9% | 37.5% | 12.5% | 3.1% | N.D. | [49] | |
Thalassiosira pseudonana | CCMP 1335 | 8.2% | 32.2% | 9.2% | 43.0% | 7.3% | N.A. | N.D. | [52] | |
Chaetoceros sp. | CCMP 199 | N.D. | 76.4% | 23.6% | N.D. | N.D. | N.A. | N.D. | [52] | |
Skeletonema costatum | (Grev.) Cleve | N.A. | 41.2% | 49.6% | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | 8.6% | [56] |
EC 4.1.1.17 | EC 4.1.1.19 | EC 3.5.3.12 | EC 3.5.1.53 | EC 3.5.3.11 | EC3.5.3.1 | EC 4.1.1.50 | EC 2.5.1.6 | EC 2.5.1.79 | EC 2.3.1.57 | EC 1.5.3.11 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ODC | ADC | AIH | NCPAH | OAD | AUH | Arginase | SAMDC | SDS | TSMS | SSAT | PAO | PUT | |
Diatom | |||||||||||||
Phaeodactylum tricornutum | XP_002176410.1 XP_002180545.1 | absence | XP_002180809.1 | XP_002182987.1 | XP_002178296.1 | XP_002184908.1 | XP_002182650.1 | XP_002177188.1 | XP_002185179.1 XP_002185737.1 | PID 51460 | PID13208 | XP_002180966.1 XP_002178648.1 XP_002183075.1 XP_002186444.1 | XP_002178793.1 XP_002177227.1 |
Thalassiosira pseudonana | XP_002287587.1 | absence | absence | absence | absence | absence | XP_002296117.1 | XP_002290893.1 | XP_002294888.1 XP_002287929.1 | XP_002294468.1 | absence | XP_002290344.1 | XP_002296569.1 XP_002290859.1 XP_002292843.1 |
Fragilariopsis cylindrus | OEU12205.1 OEU18440.1 | absence | OEU14792.1 | OEU22892.1 | OEU23567.1 | absence | OEU18626.1 | OEU18640.1 | OEU12592.1 OEU17362.1 OEU21325.1 OEU20819.1 | OEU18441.1 | OEU14661.1 | OEU21990.1 OEU17981.1 OEU15358.1 | OEU17653.1 |
Green algae | |||||||||||||
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | XP_001697502.1 XP_001698872.1 | absence | XP_001700262.1 XP_001689799.1 | XP_001692986.1 XP_001690094.1 | XP_001695844 | absence | absence | XP_001693327.1 | XP_001702843.1 ADF43120.1 ADF43160.1 | XP_001696651.1 | absence | XP_001698304.1 XP_001694551.1 XP_001701014.1 | PNW82747.1 XP_001701580.1 |
Micromonas pusilla | XP_003057072.1 | XP_003056064.1 | absence | absence | absence | absence | absence | XP_003057072.1 | XP_003061691.1 | XP_003059083.1 | absence | XP_003062543.1 XP_003063969.1 | absence |
Bathycoccus prasinos | XP_007511572.1 | absence | absence | absence | absence | XP_007512226.1 | absence | XP_007514813.1 | XP_007509632.1 | XP_007513075.1 | absence | XP_007508374.1 | XP_007511943.1 XP_007514018.1 |
Chlorella variabilis | XP_005847800.1 | XP_005845766.1 | XP_005851725.1 | XP_005852065.1 | XP_005845245.1 | absence | absence | absence | XP_005845386.1 | absence | absence | XP_005845791.1 XP_005844686.1 XP_005851294.1 XP_005843020.1 XP_005850098.1 XP_005847280.1 | XP_005842903.1 |
Volvox carteri | XP_002958645.1 XP_002952872.1 | absence | XP_002953838.1 | XP_002950768.1 | XP_002952846.1 | absence | absence | XP_002957689.1 | XP_002946514.1 ADI46921.1 | XP_002954461.1 | absence | XP_002957050.1 XP_002953252.1 XP_002954284.1 XP_002954733.1 | XP_002953866.1 |
Red algae | |||||||||||||
Cyanidioschyzon merolae | XP_005535051.1 | absence | XP_005536903.1 | XP_005537292.1 | XP_005536378.1 | absence | absence | XP_005537448.1 | XP_005537953.1 XP_005538515.1 | absence | absence | XP_005537515.1 | XP_005538369.1 |
Galdieria sulphuraria | XP_005706808.1 XP_005703430.1 | absence | XP_005703407.1 XP_005702449.1 XP_005709153.1 XP_005706917.1 | XP_005705431.1 XP_005702451.1 XP_005702268.1 XP_005702450.1 | XP_005708583.1 | absence | absence | XP_005709363.1 | XP_005702905.1 XP_005709061.1 XP_005708678.1 | absence | XP_005706745.1 | XP_005706126.1 XP_005708277.1 | XP_005705642.1 XP_005706720.1 |
Dinoflagellate | |||||||||||||
Symbiodinium sp. | OLQ02213.1 | absence | OLQ00208.1 OLP82902.1 OLP82905.1 | absence | absence | absence | OLP95716.1 | OLP91558.1 | OLQ06968.1 OLQ06304.1 OLQ09646.1 OLP89525.1 OLQ12296.1 | OLQ10948.1 | absence | OLQ02365.1 OLP81913.1 OLQ06107.1 OLP88294.1 | OLP95266.1 OLP96520.1 OLP96519.1 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Lin, H.-Y.; Lin, H.-J. Polyamines in Microalgae: Something Borrowed, Something New. Mar. Drugs 2019, 17, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17010001
Lin H-Y, Lin H-J. Polyamines in Microalgae: Something Borrowed, Something New. Marine Drugs. 2019; 17(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Hung-Yun, and Han-Jia Lin. 2019. "Polyamines in Microalgae: Something Borrowed, Something New" Marine Drugs 17, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17010001