Laucysteinamide A, a Hybrid PKS/NRPS Metabolite from a Saipan Cyanobacterium, cf. Caldora penicillata

A bioactivity guided study of a cf. Caldora penicillata species, collected during a 2013 expedition to the Pacific island of Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands (a commonwealth of the USA), led to the isolation of a new thiazoline-containing alkaloid, laucysteinamide A (1). Laucysteinamide A is a new monomeric analogue of the marine cyanobacterial metabolite, somocystinamide A (2), a disulfide-bonded dimeric compound that was isolated previously from a Fijian marine cyanobacterium. The structure and absolute configuration of laucysteinamide A (1) was determined by a detailed analysis of its NMR, MS, and CD spectra. In addition, the highly bioactive lipid, curacin D (3), was also found to be present in this cyanobacterial extract. The latter compound was responsible for the potent cytotoxicity of this extract to H-460 human non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro.


Introduction
Field collections of Pacific tropical marine cyanobacteria have been a prolific source for a wide range of novel bioactive marine natural products [1]. Whereas the Northern Mariana Islands have not previously been identified as "hotspots" of marine biodiversity, their coral reef habitats have been a source of chemically-prolific strains of marine cyanobacteria. For example, obyanamide, a high nM LC 50 human KB cancer cell cytotoxic agent, was isolated from a collection of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya confervoides from Saipan, a US territory [2]. The relatively unexplored marine biodiversity of this region is thus an exciting resource for screening for new biologically active natural products.
Such screening efforts are especially relevant to the discovery of anticancer lead compounds, as many of our current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved agents in this therapeutic class are derived from, or have been patterned after, natural products. Examples include the vinca alkaloids, taxanes, dolastatins (a lead for auristatin E), and halichondrin B (lead for eribulin) [3], as well as a number of preclinical leads such as curacin A, discodermolide and the ixabepilone [4]. Common to all of these agents is their targeting and disruption of the pivotal function of microtubules within cancer cells, leading to apoptotic cell death.
In 2013, we surveyed the natural populations of marine cyanobacteria from Saipan and made collections of those present in sufficient biomass to support ensuing chemical and pharmacological investigations. One such shallow water (1-2 m) collection, obtained from Lau Lau Bay, comprised several centimeter long tufts of a pinkish-purple colored filamentous cyanobacterium. These were found growing distinctively from the tops of stipes of the brown alga Turbinaria sp. Subsequently, the collected biomass was extracted in the laboratory and subjected to a combination of bioassay and Nuclear Magnetic Resonances (NMR) guided isolation efforts. We describe here the isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activity of laucysteinamide A (1) (Figure 1), a novel hybrid PKS/NRPS (2methyl-4-thiazolinyl) cytotoxic compound from this Saipan cyanobacterial collection. A second and highly bioactive metabolite of this collection was the previously described compound curacin D (3), a potent inhibitor of microtubule assembly [5]. Laucysteinamide A is structurally related to somocystinamide A (2), a neurotoxic and cytotoxic compound (IC50 = 3 nM) previously isolated from a mixed assemblage of Fijian marine cyanobacteria [6]. In the course of these studies, the source organism was examined in detail by light microscopy and was found to correspond to the recently described species Caldora penicillata ( Figure 2) [7].   investigations. One such shallow water (1-2 m) collection, obtained from Lau Lau Bay, comprised several centimeter long tufts of a pinkish-purple colored filamentous cyanobacterium. These were found growing distinctively from the tops of stipes of the brown alga Turbinaria sp. Subsequently, the collected biomass was extracted in the laboratory and subjected to a combination of bioassay and Nuclear Magnetic Resonances (NMR) guided isolation efforts. We describe here the isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activity of laucysteinamide A (1) (Figure 1), a novel hybrid PKS/NRPS (2methyl-4-thiazolinyl) cytotoxic compound from this Saipan cyanobacterial collection. A second and highly bioactive metabolite of this collection was the previously described compound curacin D (3), a potent inhibitor of microtubule assembly [5]. Laucysteinamide A is structurally related to somocystinamide A (2), a neurotoxic and cytotoxic compound (IC50 = 3 nM) previously isolated from a mixed assemblage of Fijian marine cyanobacteria [6]. In the course of these studies, the source organism was examined in detail by light microscopy and was found to correspond to the recently described species Caldora penicillata ( Figure 2) [7].

Results and Discussion
SPL-3Feb13-2, a cf. Caldora penicillata collected at Lau Lau Bay in Saipan, was repeatedly extracted with a 2:1 mixture of dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH) to afford a total of 6.73 g of extract. Two lipophilic fractions obtained from vacuum liquid chromatography of this extract (fraction C: 20% ethyl acetate (ETAC)/hexanes v/v; fraction D: 40% ETAC/hexanes v/v) possessed interesting 1 H-NMR features, such as J-coupled peaks in the alkenyl and typical peptidyl alpha proton regions.
Moreover, they demonstrated strong toxicity in the brine shrimp model (100% toxicity at 3 µg/mL), and thus were selected for further investigation. These two combined fractions (36.5 mg) were repeatedly chromatographed by normal phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to afford two compounds; 3.6 mg (0.05% extraction yield w/w dry) of compound 1 as an optically active oil [α] 26 D = +17.1 • (c = 0.86, CHCl 3 ), and 2.7 mg (0.04% extraction yield w/w dry) of compound 3. Dereplication using MS/MS based molecular networking [8] (Figure 3) and 1 H-NMR [5] indicated that compound 3 was the known cyanobacterial metabolite, curacin D. However, compound 1, assigned here the trivial name laucysteinamide A, had MS and NMR features unlike any known compound, and hence its structural and biological properties were investigated as reported below.

Results and Discussion
SPL-3Feb13-2, a cf. Caldora penicillata collected at Lau Lau Bay in Saipan, was repeatedly extracted with a 2:1 mixture of dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH) to afford a total of 6.73 g of extract. Two lipophilic fractions obtained from vacuum liquid chromatography of this extract (fraction C: 20% ethyl acetate (ETAC)/hexanes v/v; fraction D: 40% ETAC/hexanes v/v) possessed interesting 1 H-NMR features, such as J-coupled peaks in the alkenyl and typical peptidyl alpha proton regions. Moreover, they demonstrated strong toxicity in the brine shrimp model (100% toxicity at 3 μg/mL), and thus were selected for further investigation. These two combined fractions (36.5 mg) were repeatedly chromatographed by normal phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to afford two compounds; 3.6 mg (0.05% extraction yield w/w dry) of compound 1 as an optically active oil [α] 26 D = +17.1° (c = 0.86, CHCl3), and 2.7 mg (0.04% extraction yield w/w dry) of compound 3. Dereplication using MS/MS based molecular networking [8] (Figure 3) and 1 H-NMR [5] indicated that compound 3 was the known cyanobacterial metabolite, curacin D. However, compound 1, assigned here the trivial name laucysteinamide A, had MS and NMR features unlike any known compound, and hence its structural and biological properties were investigated as reported below. The MS of 1 provided a nominal mass of m/z 391 [M + H] + , initially suggesting a molecular formula typical for a diisooctyl phthalate contaminant (C24H38O4). However, an isotope ratio fitting calculation eliminated this possibility, and the molecular formula C23H38N2OS was derived (m/z 391.2778, calcd.; six degrees of unsaturation). A preliminary analysis of 1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectra of 1 in C6D6 showed resonances for two deshielded methyl groups, an amide N-methyl group in two equilibrating tautomeric configurations [δH 2.90 (s) and 2.35 ppm (s) (3H together, CH3-21)] and a methyl group attached to an sp 2 carbon [δH 1.98 (3H, s, CH3-23)]. Additionally, eight sp 2 carbons were observed for 1, forming one mono-substituted vinylidene moiety, two di-substituted trans alkenes, and two carbonyl or imine functional groups. At this point, the remaining degree of unsaturation could be explained by either the presence of a ring structure or a carbon-nitrogen triple bond.
The substructures of an amide (1a) and a 2-methyl-4-thiazolinyl ethenyl moiety (1b) were constructed according to interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR data obtained from 1 H-1 H Correlation The MS of 1 provided a nominal mass of m/z 391 [M + H] + , initially suggesting a molecular formula typical for a diisooctyl phthalate contaminant (C 24 H 38 O 4 ). However, an isotope ratio fitting calculation eliminated this possibility, and the molecular formula C 23 H 38 N 2 OS was derived (m/z 391.2778, calcd.; six degrees of unsaturation). A preliminary analysis of 1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectra of 1 in C 6 D 6 showed resonances for two deshielded methyl groups, an amide N-methyl group in two equilibrating tautomeric configurations [δ H 2.90 (s) and 2.35 ppm (s) (3H together, CH 3 -21)] and a methyl group attached to an sp 2 carbon [δ H 1.98 (3H, s, CH 3 -23)]. Additionally, eight sp 2 carbons were observed for 1, forming one mono-substituted vinylidene moiety, two di-substituted trans alkenes, and two carbonyl or imine functional groups. At this point, the remaining degree of unsaturation could be explained by either the presence of a ring structure or a carbon-nitrogen triple bond.
The substructures of an amide (1a) and a 2-methyl-4-thiazolinyl ethenyl moiety (1b) were constructed according to interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR data obtained from 1 H-1 H Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY) and 1 H- 13  . Completing partial structure 1a was a moderately deshielded methylene group at δ H 2.09 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), δ C 33.6), located next to the carbonyl by HMBC and H2BC correlations. The two sets of 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR chemical shift data for each carbon and proton from C-14 to C-21 is explained by conformational anisotropy caused by cis/trans isomerism of the corresponding N-methyl quaternary imine ( Figure 5), as described previously [6,9]. The cis/trans ratio between these isomers (0.44:1) was calculated in C 6 D 6 at 20 • C using peak integrals from the 1 H-NMR spectrum. Completing partial structure 1a was a moderately deshielded methylene group at δH 2.09 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), δC 33.6), located next to the carbonyl by HMBC and H2BC correlations. The two sets of 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR chemical shift data for each carbon and proton from C-14 to C-21 is explained by conformational anisotropy caused by cis/trans isomerism of the corresponding N-methyl quaternary imine ( Figure 5), as described previously [6,9]. The cis/trans ratio between these isomers (0.44:1) was calculated in C6D6 at 20 °C using peak integrals from the 1 H-NMR spectrum.    Completing partial structure 1a was a moderately deshielded methylene group at δH 2.09 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), δC 33.6), located next to the carbonyl by HMBC and H2BC correlations. The two sets of 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR chemical shift data for each carbon and proton from C-14 to C-21 is explained by conformational anisotropy caused by cis/trans isomerism of the corresponding N-methyl quaternary imine ( Figure 5), as described previously [6,9]. The cis/trans ratio between these isomers (0.44:1) was calculated in C6D6 at 20 °C using peak integrals from the 1 H-NMR spectrum.     , H-4); δ C 132.4 (C-4)]; the large J-value between H-3 and H-4 indicated a trans-relationship. This latter CH group was adjacent to an allylic methylene group (C-5) as revealed by multiple COSY and HMBC correlations ( Figure 4, Table 1). The positioning of a sulfur between C-23 and C-1 and nitrogen atom between C-23 and C-2 was supported by comparison with the 1 H-and 13 C-NMR data in benzene-d 6 for the 2-alkyl-4-ethenyl-thiazoline moiety present in both curacin D [5] and curacin A [10]. Altogether, these data suggested the presence of a methylene-substituted 2-methyl-4-ethenyl-thiazoline subunit in laucysteinamide A (1) (Figure 1).
The two partial structures, 1a and 1b, were connected by a saturated linear alkyl chain (1c, C-6 to C-13) to form the final planar structure of compound 1. The insertion of eight methylene groups between C-5 and C-14 satisfied the molecular formula, and was supported by COSY and HMBC correlations between the terminal atoms of partial structures 1a and 1b and the shielded methylene envelope of resonances of partial structure 1c ( Figure 4). Consequently, the planar structure of laucysteinamide (1) was shown to be an alternately condensed form of a monomer of the symmetrical dimeric metabolite somocysteinamide A (3) [6].

Stereochemistry
The absolute configuration of laucysteinamide A was determined by comparison of energy-minimized molecular models of 1 with observed exciton coupling circular dichroism (ECCD) data. Computational molecular models of enantiomeric forms of 1 were subjected to energy minimization with MOPAC software (ChemBioDraw Ultra 13.0, PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) [11], the results of which are shown in Figure 6. The through-space coupling of nearby interacting chromophores gives rise to diagnostic angle-dependent exciton coupling in the circular dichroism spectrum [12]. In the case of laucysteinamide A, a thiazoline chromophore is present in the vicinity of the C-3/C-4 alkenyl moiety. The coupling of these chromophores gives rise to a corresponding split Cotton effect, as shown in Figure 6. The ECCD spectrum of compound 1 ( Figure S11) showed a negative local maximum at 223 nm, corresponding to the thiazoline chromophore. The maximum expected from the C-3/C-4 alkene would be around 190 nm, but was not observed in the spectrum due to solvent absorptions. However, the CD spectrum clearly showed a negative first Cotton effect, and thus, the absolute configuration of compound 1 is confidently assigned as 2R. Compound 2, which is an analogue of compound 1, was assigned previously with a 2R,2 R absolute configuration, and it showed a similar optical rotation [α] 22 D = +13.5 • (c = 0.75, CHCl 3 ) to compound 1, thus providing additional support for the absolute configuration of compound 1 as 2R [6].

Bioactivity
Although laucysteinamide A (1) is structurally analogous to somocystinamide A (2), which was previously shown to be a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and cancer cell proliferation (IC 50 = 3 nM against Jurkat leukemia cells [1]), 1 was only mildly cytotoxic to H-460 human non-small cell lung cancer cells (IC 50 = 11 µM), compared with doxorubicin (EC 50 = 0.032 µM). Thus, the cytotoxic activity of this fraction (fraction D) was almost entirely due to the antitubulin properties of curacin D (3) [5]. The brine shrimp toxicity data of all VLC fractions and crude extract are shown in Table S1 in the supplementary information; unfortunately, compound 1 decomposed before it could be evaluated for this biological activity.

Biosynthetic Considerations
Based on its essentially linear structure, we propose that laucysteinamide A is assembled by a hybrid PKS/NRPS pathway as it possesses sections logically deriving from amino acid residues (cysteine and N-methylglycine) and nine acetate units ( Figure S12). The assembly of 1 could be initiated by loading an acetate unit followed by an NRPS-mediated condensation with cysteine, heterocyclization and dehydration to form the thiazoline ring, followed by six cycles of polyketide extension. While the first ketide extension is only partially reduced, the ensuing five are fully reduced. Next, another NRPS module is envisaged to incorporate a glycine residue, followed by an S-adenosyl methionine assisted methylation of the glycine N-atom ( Figure S12). After two more cycles of acetate extension, the chain termination ( Figure S12) likely concludes with a sulfotransferase-aided sulfonate esterification of the β-hydroxy group, thioesterase hydrolysis and then coincident decarboxylation and sulfate elimination. This termination sequence is identical to that found in the previously described curacin A pathway [13].

General Experimental Procedures
Optical rotations were recorded with a JASCO P-2000 polarimeter; ECCD spectra were measured in CH2Cl2 using a JASCO J-810 spectropolarimeter (Jasco, Easton, MD, USA). UV spectra were recorded with a Beckman Coulter DU800 spectrophotometer (Indianapolis, IN, USA); IR spectra were collected on a Bruker ALPHA-P FTIR spectrometer with a diamond ATR (Bruker Optics, Billerica, MA, USA). 1 H NMR and 2D NMR spectra of laucysteinamide A (1) were measured on the Bruker 600 MHz NMR spectrometer with a 5 mm inverse detection triple resonance ( 1 H-13 C/ 15 N/ 2 D) cryoprobe (Bruker Biospin,

Biosynthetic Considerations
Based on its essentially linear structure, we propose that laucysteinamide A is assembled by a hybrid PKS/NRPS pathway as it possesses sections logically deriving from amino acid residues (cysteine and N-methylglycine) and nine acetate units ( Figure S12). The assembly of 1 could be initiated by loading an acetate unit followed by an NRPS-mediated condensation with cysteine, heterocyclization and dehydration to form the thiazoline ring, followed by six cycles of polyketide extension. While the first ketide extension is only partially reduced, the ensuing five are fully reduced. Next, another NRPS module is envisaged to incorporate a glycine residue, followed by an S-adenosyl methionine assisted methylation of the glycine N-atom ( Figure S12). After two more cycles of acetate extension, the chain termination ( Figure S12) likely concludes with a sulfotransferase-aided sulfonate esterification of the β-hydroxy group, thioesterase hydrolysis and then coincident decarboxylation and sulfate elimination. This termination sequence is identical to that found in the previously described curacin A pathway [13].

General Experimental Procedures
Optical rotations were recorded with a JASCO P-2000 polarimeter; ECCD spectra were measured in CH 2 Cl 2 using a JASCO J-810 spectropolarimeter (Jasco, Easton, MD, USA). UV spectra were recorded with a Beckman Coulter DU800 spectrophotometer (Indianapolis, IN, USA); IR spectra were collected on a Bruker ALPHA-P FTIR spectrometer with a diamond ATR (Bruker Optics, Billerica, MA, USA). 1 H NMR and 2D NMR spectra of laucysteinamide A (1) were measured on the Bruker 600 MHz NMR spectrometer with a 5 mm inverse detection triple resonance ( 1 H-13 C/ 15 N/ 2 D) cryoprobe (Bruker Biospin, Billerica, MA, USA). The remaining 1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectra were measured on a JEOL ECA 500 MHz spectrometer (JEOL, Akishima, Tokyo, Japan) or Varian XSens 2 channel ( 1 H/ 13 C) NMR cryoprobe optimized for direct observation of 13 C-NMR, with samples dissolved in CDCl 3 or C 6 D 6 (Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA). Low-resolution MS spectra were recorded on a Thermo Finnigan LCQ, operating in positive ion ESI mode, coupled to a Thermo Finnigan Surveyor Plus liquid chromatography system (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). HRMS data were obtained with an Agilent 6230 TOF-MS (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) under positive ion ESI-TOF-MS conditions and provided by the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Small Molecule MS Facility. Semipreparative HPLC was carried out using a Waters 515 pump system with a Waters 996 PDA detector (Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA).

Sample Material
A marine cyanobacterial sample, assigned the code SPL-3FEB13-2, was collected in February 2013 from shallow water in Lau Lau Bay, Saipan (GPS coordinates: 15 • 09 35.5 N and 145 • 45 25.5 E). The taxonomy of the collected sample was determined to be cf. Caldora penicillata by microscopic characterization. The 2.5-15 cm long cyanobacterial filaments possessed a mucilagenous base and grew mainly from the tops of Turbinaria sp. The tan/purple colored sample was preserved in approximately 750 mL of isopropanol in sea water at −20 • C prior to laboratory extraction. A voucher specimen is preserved and available from the Gerwick Voucher Collection, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego.

Extraction and Isolation
The sample biomass was defrosted and then extracted with DCM/MeOH (2:1), eight times, to yield 6.73 g of dark green crude extract. The extracted cyanobacterial biomass was 71.3 g in dry weight. This crude extract was subjected to a stepped-gradient fractionation (hexanes/EtOAc and EtOAc/MeOH) by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) over normal phase silica gel to give ten fractions (A-J). Fraction C (eluted with 20% EtOAc/hexanes) was again separated by normal phase chromatography on silica gel with a stepwise gradient of hexanes/EtOAc to give six sub-fractions (Ca-Cf). Fraction Cb was further purified by chromatography on a normal-phase Luna HPLC column (100 Å, 5 µm, 250 × 1000 mm, isocratic solvent system comprised of 10% EtOAc/hexanes over 45 min; flow rate 3 mL/min; PDA detection) to give 2.7 mg of compound 3 (t R = 13.2 min), which had a pale yellowish color. The 1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectra of 3 in C 6 D 6 matched literature reported values for curacin D [5]. Network analysis, this compound did not correlate with any known compound. Fraction D was further separated with HPLC as above on a normal-phase Luna column (100 Å, 5 µm, 250 × 1000 mm, solvent system of a linear gradient starting with 100% 1:3 EtOAc/hexanes for 25 min before being ramped to 100% 1:1 EtOAc/hexanes in 10 min followed by maintenance in 100% 1:1 EtOAc/hexanes for another 5 min; flow rate 3 mL/min; PDA detection at 254 nm), giving rise to 3.6 mg of compound 1 (t R = 34.5 min).

Molecular Networking
The fractions and crude extract were each diluted to 1 mg/mL in MeOH for LC-MS with automated dependent MS/MS scanning. The following gradient was used: initiated in 50% CH 3 CN in MilliQ H 2 O with 0.1% formic acid (v/v) for 4 min, then CH 3 CN increased to 99% in a linear gradient over 12 min and then maintained at this percentage for 5 min. Finally, the CH 3 CN was reduced to 50% and stabilized for 3 min. MS data from two scan events were acquired: (1) scan positive MS, window from m/z 190-2000; (2) scan MS/MS in data-dependent mode for the most intense ions from the first scan. The raw Thermo XCalibur data files were processed with MSConvert to produce.mxz files, and these were submitted for molecular networking using the GNPS platform [14]. The resulting molecular networks were graphically represented using Cytoscape [15].

Biological Testing
In vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed using H-460 human non-small cell lung cancer cells as previously described [16]. Briefly, H-460 cells were added to 96-well plates at 3.33 × 10 4 cells/mL of Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium with fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. The cells were incubated overnight (37 • C, 5% CO 2 ) in a volume of 180 µL per well to allow recovery before treatment with test compounds. Compounds were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to a stock concentration of 1 mg/mL. Working solutions were made through serial dilution in RPMI 1640 medium without FBS, with 20 µL added to each well producing final compound concentrations of 10, 3, 1, 0.3, 0.1, 0.03, 0.01, 0.003, and 0.001 µg/mL. An equal volume of RPMI 1640 without FBS was added to wells designated as negative controls for each plate. Plates were incubated for approximately 48 h before MTT staining. Plates were read at 570 and 630 nm using a Thermo Electron Multiskan Ascent plate reader (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
Brine shrimp toxicity studies were performed as previously described [17]. Briefly, brine shrimp eggs were hatched for 24 h in brine solution. Each well of the bioassay plate was prefilled with 2 mL brine solution, 200 µL brine shrimp culture mixture (around 15 brine shrimp in brine solution), and 300 µL brine solution, sequentially. Test fractions and compounds were dissolved and added to wells in 10 µL DMSO to afford a final concentration of 3 µg/mL and 30 µg/mL in each well, in duplicate per concentration. A sample of 10 µL DMSO was added to separate wells as a negative control. After 24 h, the number of dead non-moving brine shrimp was counted with the aid of a dissecting microscope. Acetone (1.2 mL) was added to each well to sacrifice the shrimp and the total number of dead shrimp was counted. The difference in the two counts represents the number of live shrimp at the end of the test period.

Conclusions
Marine cyanobacteria, such as Caldora penicillata, are a continuing source of new and bioactive molecules of interest for natural product drug discovery research. A novel thiazoline containing alkaloid, laucysteinamide (1), along with known compounds, curacin D (3), were isolated from the marine cyanobacterium, cf. Caldora penicillata, collected from island of Saipan. Laucysteinamide A (1) was determined to be mildly cytotoxic to H-460 human non-small lung cancer cells, and was isolated together with the known potent bioactive molecule, curacin D (3), which was initially identified by LC-MS/MS molecular networking dereplication efforts. Laucysteinamide A (1) belongs to a unique cyanobacterial metabolite class of mixed PKS/NRPS biosynthetic origin, analogous to the previously reported somocystinamide A (2). We propose that the acetated L-cysteine is extended with six more malonyl CoA-derived acetate units. This intermediate is then further extended with an N-methyl glycine unit, followed by two additional acetates. The proposed biosynthesis of 1 is terminated by a decarboxylation very similar to that described for curacin A [14].  Figure S3: HPLC chromatogram of laucysteinamide A (1), Figure S4: HRESITOFMS results of laucysteinamide A (1), Figure S5: 1 H NMR spectra of laucysteinamide A (1) in C 6 D 6 , Figure S6: 13 C NMR spectra of laucysteinamide A (1) in C 6 D 6 , Figure S7: COSY spectra of laucysteinamide A (1) in C 6 D 6 , Figure S8: 1 H-13 C HSQC spectra of laucysteinamide A (1) in C 6 D 6 , Figure S9: H2BC spectra of laucysteinamide A (1) in C 6 D 6 , Figure S10: HMBC spectra of laucysteinamide A (1) in C 6 D 6 , Figure S11: ECCD Spectrum of laucysteinamide A (1), Figure S12: Biosynthetic scheme proposed for laucysteinamide A, Figure S13