A Fatty Acid Glycoside from a Marine-Derived Fungus Isolated from Mangrove Plant Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea

To study the antimicrobial components from the endophytic fungus A1 of mangrove plant Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. F., a new fatty acid glucoside was isolated by column chromatography from the broth of A1, and its structure was identified as R-3-hydroxyundecanoic acid methylester-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (1) by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR (HMQC, 1H-1H COSY and HMBC) and chemical methods. Antimicrobial assay showed compound 1 possessed modest inhibitory effect on Saphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) using the filter paper disc agar diffusion method.


Introduction
Marine-derived fungi have proved to be a rich source of structurally unique and biologically active secondary metabolites [1]. Marine natural products have been the focus of discovery for new products of chemical and pharmacological interest. Over the last decade, many new metabolites have been isolated and identified from marine-derived fungi and their biological activities have been evaluated [2,3]. Previously, phytochemical studies showed that mangrove plant Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. F. is a rich source of new iridoids, which have been found to possess cytotoxic activity [4][5][6][7]. Therefore, endophytic fungi isolated from S. hydrophyllacea were studied [8]. During our ongoing investigation on new natural antibacterial agents from endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove plant, the fungus A1 isolated from S. hydrophyllacea attracted our attention because the EtOAc extract of the fungus culture showed inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistant Saphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Further investigation on the secondary metabolites from the culture broth of the fungus A1 led to the isolation of a new fatty acid glycoside by using column chromatography, and its structure was unambiguously elucidated as R-3-hydroxyundecanoic acid methylester-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (1) (Figure 1). Herein we report the isolation, structural elucidation, and biological activity of this compound.

Structural Elucidation
Compound 1 was obtained as colorless oil. The IR spectrum of 1 showed absorption bands for OH (3404 cm −1 ), C=O (1711 cm −1 ), and C-O (1050 cm −1 ) functional groups in the molecule. The [M + Na] + at m/z 385.2201 in the HR-ESI-MS spectrum corresponds to the molecular formula C 18 H 34 O 7 (calc. 385.2202), indicating two degrees of unsaturation. The 13 C-NMR (Table 1)  to H-2′, H-2′ to H-3′, H-3′ to H-4′, H-4′ to H-5′ and H-5′ to H-6′ allowed to structure the rhamnose. In the HMBC spectrum, the correlation between H-1′ and C-3 (δ C 74.0) suggested the rhamnose unit link at the C-3 position. With a shift of 172.2 ppm, the carbonyl carbon C-1 was determined to be a conjugated ester function. The chemical shift of C-12 (δ C 51.7) and the HMBC correlation from H-12 (δ H 3.77) to C-1 (δ C 172.2) revealed that C-12 was connected with C-1 through an oxygen atom ( Figure 2). The HMBC correlations of H-2 to C-1, H-2 to C-3, H-3 to C-1 and 1 H-1 H COSY correlation of H-2 to H-3 suggested that C-1 was connected with C-3 via C-2, as shown in Figure 2. The 1 H-1 H COSY correlations of H-3 to H-4 and the HMBC correlations of H-4 to C-3, H-4 to C-2 revealed that C-4 was connected with C-3. The remaining fatty acid chain was assigned by comparing with the spectral data of R-3-hydroxydodecanoic acid methylester [9]. Compared to known compound rhamnolipid 3, compound 1 had one more methylene in fatty acid chain and the C-1 hydroxyl was methylated [10]. Thus, the primary structure of 1 was obtained ( Figure 1). The relative configuration of C1′-C5′ centers of the sugar moiety could be deduced by analysis vicinal coupling constants for the sugar proton signals. Thus, a H1′/H2′ diequatorial relationship was indicated by the 1.2 Hz coupling constant observed at H1. Likewise, the big coupling constant observed in the triplet signal for H4′ (δ 3.44, t, J = 9.6 Hz) demonstrated that H3′, H4′, and H5′ were axial. The stereochemistry of the asymmetric center of 1 at C-3 was proposed to be R by acid hydrolysis, similar to R-3-hydroxydecanoic acid methylester [9], based on the negative sign of its specific rotation ([α] 21 D −20.5, (c 1.0, CHCl 3 )). Meanwhile, the sugar moiety of 1 was determined as L-rhamnose based on the positive sign of its specific rotation [11]. Thus, the structure of 1 was established as R-3-hydroxyundecanoic acid methylester-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside.

Biological Activities
Antibacterial tests demonstrated that compound 1 showed modest inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), diameters of inhibition zones of which were 9.8 and 10.7 mm, respectively. The diameters of inhibition zones of the positive control, kanamycin sulfate, were 22.8 and 18.2 mm, respectively.

General
The IR spectrum was obtained on a Nicolet 380 FT-IR instrument from KBr pellets. The UV spectrum was measured on a Shimadzu UV-2550 spectrometer. Optical rotation was recorded using a Rudolph Autopol III polarimeter (USA). The NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AV-400 spectrometer, using TMS as an internal standard. The HR-ESI-MS spectrum was measured with an API QSTAR Pulsar mass spectrometer. Column chromatography (CC) was performed with silica gel (Marine Chemical Industry Factory, Qingdao, China) and Sephadex LH-20 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). TLC was preformed with silica gel GF254 (Marine Chemical Industry Factory, Qingdao, China).

Fungal Material and Fermentation
The marine-derived fungus A1 (unidentified) was isolated from the leaves of mangrove plant Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea Gaertn. F. (No. SH20081205), which were collected in Wenchang county in Hainan Province (China) in December, 2008. The strain was deposited in the Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China, and maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) slant at 4 °C. The marine-derived fungus A1 was grown on PDA at room temperature for 5 days. Three pieces of mycelial agar plugs (0.5 × 0.5 cm 2 ) were inoculated into 1 L Erlenmeyer flasks containing 300 mL potato dextrose broth. The cultivation was shaken at 120 rpm at room temperature for 7 days, and then kept in still at room temperature for 45 days.

Extraction and Isolation
The culture broth (130 L) was filtered to give the filtrate and mycelia. The filtrate was evaporated in vacuo to small volume and then partitioned in succession between H 2 O and petroleum ether, EtOAc, n-Butanol. The EtOAc solution was evaporated under reduced pressure to give a crude extract (10.5 g), which was separated into 11 fractions (Fr.1-Fr.11) on a silica-gel column using a step gradient elution of CHCl 3 /MeOH (1:0 → 0:1). Fraction 10 (427.1 mg) was purified by column chromatography over Sephadex LH-20 with CHCl 3 /MeOH (1:1) as eluent, yielding 3 subfractions. Subfraction 1 (90.8 mg) was submitted to chromatography on a silica-gel column with petroleum ether/acetone (3:1) as eluent, yielding compound 1 (14.5 mg).

Acid Hydrolysis
Compound 1 (5 mg) was dissolved in MeOH (2 mL) and 5% H 2 SO 4 solution (2 mL) and hydrolyzed under refluxed at 80 °C for 3 h. The mixture was diluted twofold with distilled water, and partitioned between CHCl 3 and H 2 O. The aqueous layer was neutralized with aqueous NaHCO 3 solution (1 M) and evaporated to afford the residue. The TLC analysis (CHCl 3 -MeOH 8:2, v/v, R f = 0.43) with authentic sample suggested the presence of L-rhamnose, and its identity was confirmed after preparative TLC in the same solvent and by measurement of its optical rotation dispersion as L-rhamnose ([α] 21 D +7.7, (c 0.15, H 2 O)). The CHCl 3 extract was subjected to CC (silica gel, petroleum/acetone 3:1), yielding R-3-hydroxydecanoic acid (2.

Antibacterial Activity
Compound 1 was tested for antibacterial activity against S. aureus and MRSA strains (obtained from Food and Drug Administration of Hainan Province, Haikou, China) using the filter paper disc agar diffusion method [12]. The strains were cultured using nutrient agar. Fifty microliters (28 mM) of the compound were impregnated on sterile filter paper discs (6-mm diameter), and then, aseptically applied to the surface of the agar plates. Ten microliters (0.08 mg/mL) of kanamycin sulfate were used as positive control. Then the diameters of inhibition zones were measured after 24 h incubation at room temperature. Experiments were done in triplicate, and the results presented as mean values of the three measurements.

Conclusions
In summary, one new secondary metabolite was characterized from a marine-derived fungus A1 isolated from mangrove plant S. hydrophyllacea and its chemical structure was solved by spectroscopic and chemical analysis. Antibacterial tests demonstrated that compound 1 showed modest inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), diameters of inhibition zones of which were 9.8 and 10.7 mm, respectively.