First International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry (ECMC-1)

The first International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry, organized and sponsored by MDPI AG, publisher, and the Journal Pharmaceuticals, took place in November 2015 on the SciForum website. More than 200 authors from 18 countries participated in the event and was attended by 25,000 visitors who had the opportunity to browse among 55 presentations, keynotes, and videos. A short description of some works presented during that scientific meeting is disclosed in this report.


Aim and Scope
The first International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry (www.sciforum.net/ conference/ecmc-1) was organized by the journal Pharmaceuticals, published by MDPI AG. It took place on the Internet on 2-27 November 2015. The goal of the organizers was to invite researchers involved in the field of drug discovery and drug development to present their recent work to the scientific community and to share their results with academic and industrial groups from all over the world. The procedure selected for this first edition was constituted by four essential steps: (i) online submission of an abstract consisting of a brief description of the topic covered by the authors; (ii) evaluation of the scientific adequacy of the subject with the scope of the conference; (iii) online submission of a full presentation under the form of a slide show; (iv) evaluation of the scientific and general qualities of that presentation. After selection, 55 communications, including 7 keynotes and videos, were posted on the website. A brief summary of some of them is presented hereafter. In chemoinformatics, stereochemical attributes are commonly taken into account only by direct description of spatial structures via 3D-QSAR approaches which are applied for one fixed conformer of each molecule. That can be undesirable if we do not know the spatial structure of the molecule interacting with a biological target. In this study, we show how to solve this problem in terms of simplex representation of the molecular structure (SiRMS).

Presentations
AGuIX ® nanoparticles are small platforms of polysiloxane developed for applications in medical imaging. These nanoparticles present on their surface several amine functions used for the fixation of Gd-DOTA ligands (Lux, F.;et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 1-6). These paramagnetic platforms have a diameter of less than 5 nm and a low transmetalation (Mignot, A.;et al. Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 6122-6136). Different studies have been achieved showing that they allow for the combining of multimodal and theranostic properties with a passive tumoral targeting observed by the EPR effect (enhanced permeation effect). Otherwise, their small size allows for a quick elimination by the kidney (Le Duc, G.;et al. ACS Nano 2011, 5, 9566-9574).

Set of chiral compounds
Fragments describing stereochemical features 3D-descriptors with chirality labels (X percent) Fragments not describing stereochemical features 2D-descriptors (100-X percent)

QSAR model based on 2.0+0.X SiRMS approach
It should be noted that chiral simplexes allow us to describe the molecular system of any stereochemical complexity. In the proposal (2.0+0.X), D-QSAR approach parameter (0.X) is determined by the ratio of 2D achiral and 3D chiral simplexes.
The precise biological function of elevated chromogranin A (CgA) in neuroendocrine and nonneuroendocrine neoplasms remains unclear (Connolly, R.;et al. Endocrinology 2007, 148, 4310-4317). In a neuroendocrine tumor (NET)-derived cell line study, it was demonstrated that cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) upregulates both CgA expression and bioactivity with implications of this polypeptide in neuroendocrine cancer (Salmenkiwi, K.;et al. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metable 2001, 86, 5615-5619;Lenders, J.W.M.;et al. Lancet 2005, 366, 665-675). Pharmaceuticals 2016, 9, 14 4 of 27 In our study, we indirectly tested the link between Cox-2 and CgA in 15 patients that were clinically suspected of pheochromocytoma by comparison with 15 matched controls without endocrine dysfunction. Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was realized by a differential assay of plasma free normetanephrines (NMNp)/free metanephrines (MNp) and by a plasma assay of CgA and Cox-2. All four parameters were assayed both in tumoral and normal subjects. We established statistically significant differences between all parameters assayed. Multiple regression showed important correlation coefficients between NMNp/CgA, NMNp/MNp, and CgA/Cox-2. Practically, we proved the traffic control of the noradrenergic metabolite NMNp by CgA and Cox-2. Using relative operating curve analysis (ROC), we were able to compare sensitivity and specificity of all four assayed parameters. Cox-2, CgA, and NMNp were proven to have the best sensitivity and a great specificity.
In our study, we indirectly tested the link between Cox-2 and CgA in 15 patients that were clinically suspected of pheochromocytoma by comparison with 15 matched controls without endocrine dysfunction. Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was realized by a differential assay of plasma free normetanephrines (NMNp)/free metanephrines (MNp) and by a plasma assay of CgA and Cox-2. All four parameters were assayed both in tumoral and normal subjects. We established statistically significant differences between all parameters assayed. Multiple regression showed important correlation coefficients between NMNp/CgA, NMNp/MNp, and CgA/Cox-2. Practically, we proved the traffic control of the noradrenergic metabolite NMNp by CgA and Cox-2. Using relative operating curve analysis (ROC), we were able to compare sensitivity and specificity of all four assayed parameters. Cox-2, CgA, and NMNp were proven to have the best sensitivity and a great specificity.
We conclude that Cox-2 can be used as a prediction marker in pheochromocytoma pathology together with CgA/NMNp/MNp.
Proteins and phytohemagglutinins from Vigna species have been known to possess α-amylase inhibitory activity. Therefore, it was thought worthwhile to evaluate the lectins from Vigna radiata for antidiabetic activity. The literature reveals that such studies have not yet been carried out. The principal object of this study was to evaluate antidiabetic activity of the lectins from V. radiata. Another goal of this study was the binding of the zinc with the lectins obtained from V. radiata and an evaluation of its antidiabetic activity.
The V. radiata seed found contain galactose specific lectin. The MBL-I (Mung Bean Lectin I) may be a tetrameric protein with a molecular weight of 160-180 kDa and may be composed of an identical or nearly identical relative subunit with a molecular weight of 45-50 kDa. Amino acid analysis of purified mung bean lectin by reverse phase HPLC revealed that it contains glutamate in the highest proportion, followed by aspartate and histidine, which indicates that it has good zinc-binding potential. Binding of the lectins with zinc improved the overall stability and efficacy of the lectins. The antidiabetic activity was evaluated in Wistar rats using an alloxan-induced diabetic model, and the studies indicated significant (p < 0.001) reduction in elevated sugar levels. It is probable that the mechanism of antidiabetic action may be insulinomimetic, as it was found to bind with insulin antibodies in an Western blotting analysis.
The lectin obtained from V. radiata seeds and zinc lectin complexes has good potential to be explored as a safe, natural antidiabetic agent acting with a controlled reduction in blood glucose levels. These findings indicate that the mung bean lectin and zinc lectin complexes have tremendous medicinal potential as a herbal antidiabetic drug which needs to be explored. In different countries in Europe, Asia and America, plants containing diterpenoid alkaloids have been used in folk medicine since ancient times. Aconitum and Delphinium plants (from the Ranunculaceae family) and their extracts are currently used in Eastern medicine as an antirheumatic, an analgesic, an anti-inflammatory, and other remedies. More than 50 species of Aconitum (300 worlwide) and 100 species of Delphinium (450 worldwide) grow in the territory of Former Soviet countries, including Russia, Central Asia, and Kazakhstan.
We investigated antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of individual diterpenoid alkaloids with lycoctonine, heteratisine and perhydrophenantrene carbon skeletons isolated from Aconitum and Delphinium species that are widespread in Central Asia, and revealed 25 promising substances. Antinociceptive activity was investigated with conventional tests for displaying analgesics with central mechanisms of analgesia (hot plate) and peripheral mechanisms (acetic writhing, local anesthesia). Anti-inflammatory activity was studied with the rat formalin test. Pharmaceuticals 2016, 9, 14 6 of 27 Compared to the antinociceptive activity of investigated alkaloids and underlying mechanisms of their pharmacological action, we divided them by the following types: activators of potentially gated Na + channels of neurons that cause a shifting of the threshold of Na+ currents towards membrane hyperpolarization and that destroy neuronal conductivity; blockers of potentially gated Na + channels that cause inhibition of fast-intake Na+ currents without changing its activation threshold; and blockers of N-cholinoreceptors. How is Ebola virus disease (EVD) contagious? What happens at the host-pathogen interface? Why are certain viruses capable of jumping into new species? Genetic plasticity is key if the virus is to overcome a host immune attack. Double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) triggers the release of cytokines. What is the possibility of an outbreak in Spain? How alert should a country such as Spain be? Does the Law of Labour Risks observe protocol? Does Spain have the equipment and experience needed to treat EVD patients? Why is it difficult to control determined infections or find vaccines against virus-caused diseases? Furthermore, must one be critical of the protocols followed by the Spanish Government? Here, the model of Ebola virus transmission dynamics is reviewed, with the aim of providing a broad sketch of the fundamental human-Ebola-virus biophysical forces that enable and constrain EVD. Akhtar et al. reported a model of Ebola evading the immune system. What were the factors affecting the emergence, rapid spread, and uncontrolled nature of the 2014 virus outbreak? How is EVD treated? How does the Ebola virus replicate? How have bats evolved to resist fatality in the face of the Ebola virus? Did Ebola in Zaire exist in the African landscape before 1976, or did it evade detection and documentation? How does Ebola evade the immune system? Provisional conclusions follow: (1) Little is known about how viruses interact with the human immune system; (2) transmission among humans occurs via the exchange of blood and bodily secretions.
In multicellular organisms, homeostasis is maintained by a balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis (programmed cell death). It is a physiological form of cell death responsible for the deletion of non-repairable damaged, mutated, or cells which have lost their function.
We describe the synthesis of a series of potential inhibitors of caspases from a modified aspartic acid residue (fluoromethylketone (fmk)). The addition to the entire series of either a 3-cyano-4-fluorobenzoyl-pattern or of a 4-fluoro-2-thiazolamino pattern will subsequently allow the introduction of a PET isotope ( 18 F).
In order to determine potential candidates, the inhibitory activity of these compounds was evaluated in vitro on a series of human T cells and compared to the z-VAD-fmk as a reference. Mycotic infection is becoming a serious health problem since effective antifungal agents for control of pathogenic fungi, especially drug-resistant pathogens, are often very limited. Fungal resistance to antimycotic agents frequently involves mutations caused by environmental stressors. In fungal pathogens, stress signals resulting from oxidative, cell wall stress, etc., are integrated into the upstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways that regulate genes countering the stress. It is noteworthy that mutations in the MAPK signaling system result in fungal tolerance to cell wall disrupting agents or phenylpyrrole. Pharmaceuticals 2016, 9, 14 In multicellular organisms, homeostasis is maintained by a balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis (programmed cell death). It is a physiological form of cell death responsible for the deletion of non-repairable damaged, mutated, or cells which have lost their function.
We describe the synthesis of a series of potential inhibitors of caspases from a modified aspartic acid residue (fluoromethylketone (fmk)). The addition to the entire series of either a 3-cyano-4-fluorobenzoyl-pattern or of a 4-fluoro-2-thiazolamino pattern will subsequently allow the introduction of a PET isotope ( 18 F).
In order to determine potential candidates, the inhibitory activity of these compounds was evaluated in vitro on a series of human T cells and compared to the z-VAD-fmk as a reference. Mycotic infection is becoming a serious health problem since effective antifungal agents for control of pathogenic fungi, especially drug-resistant pathogens, are often very limited. Fungal resistance to antimycotic agents frequently involves mutations caused by environmental stressors. In fungal pathogens, stress signals resulting from oxidative, cell wall stress, etc., are integrated into the upstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways that regulate genes countering the stress. It is noteworthy that mutations in the MAPK signaling system result in fungal tolerance to cell wall disrupting agents or phenylpyrrole.
In a chemo-biological platform to achieve targeted antifungal intervention, the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae served as a tool for identifying mechanisms of action of redox-active or cell wall disrupting agents. This also enabled the identification of new utility of known compounds or the utilization of natural products/derivatives as chemosensitizing agents to intensify the efficacy of conventional antimycotic agents (Campbell, B.C.;et al. Front. Microbiol. 2012, 3, 79). Compounds targeting cellular antioxidant, mitochondrial, or cell wall integrity systems effectively inhibited the growth of pathogens and/or overcame fungal tolerance to antimycotic agents. Therefore, chemobiological approaches lead to the development of novel intervention strategies, such as antifungal chemosensitization, which enhance the drug susceptibility of targeted fungi, and ensure the maintenance of healthy microbiome dynamics.

Application of RNA Aptamers to the Control of the Function of the Hepatitis C Virus-CRE Region (A012)
Alba Fernández-Sanlés 1, † , Beatriz Berzal-Herranz 2, † , Pablo Ríos-Marco 2 , Cristina Romero-López 2, * and Alfredo Berzal-Herranz 2, * In a chemo-biological platform to achieve targeted antifungal intervention, the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae served as a tool for identifying mechanisms of action of redox-active or cell wall disrupting agents. This also enabled the identification of new utility of known compounds or the utilization of natural products/derivatives as chemosensitizing agents to intensify the efficacy of conventional antimycotic agents (Campbell, B.C.;et al. Front. Microbiol. 2012, 3, 79). Compounds targeting cellular antioxidant, mitochondrial, or cell wall integrity systems effectively inhibited the growth of pathogens and/or overcame fungal tolerance to antimycotic agents. Therefore, chemo-biological approaches lead to the development of novel intervention strategies, such as antifungal chemosensitization, which enhance the drug susceptibility of targeted fungi, and ensure the maintenance of healthy microbiome dynamics.
Hepatitis C virus is an enveloped, ssRNA virus that infects 3% of the world's population. No fully efficient therapy for treating hepatitis C exists. This is mainly due to the quasi-species structure of the RNA genome population, which favors the emergence of resistant viral variants. Despite the high variability rate, significant sequence and, more importantly, structure conservation can be found in the so-called functional genomic RNA domains, many of which have unknown roles for the consecution of the viral cycle. Such genomic domains are potential therapeutic targets. This study validates the use of RNA-based inhibitors (aptamers) as molecular tools to control the activity of the cis-acting replication element (CRE) within the HCV genome. The CRE is an essential partner for viral replication. Additionally, this structural domain is involved in the regulation of the protein synthesis. A set of 44 RNA aptamers was assayed for the ability to interfere with the viral RNA synthesis in a subgenomic replicon system. Four aptamers emerged as potent inhibitors of HCV replication by direct interaction with specific and well-defined functional RNA domains of the CRE, yielding a decrease in the HCV genomic RNA levels higher than 90%. Concomitantly, one of them also promoted a significant increase in viral translation (>50%), likely by its interaction with the nucleotides surrounding the viral stop translation codon. The three remaining aptamers efficiently competed with the binding of the NS5B protein to the CRE, thus explaining their antiviral activity. Present findings confirm the potential of the CRE as an anti-HCV drug target and support the use of aptamers as molecular tools for challenging the functionality of RNA domains in viral genomes. Pharmaceuticals 2016, 9, 14 Hepatitis C virus is an enveloped, ssRNA virus that infects 3% of the world's population. No fully efficient therapy for treating hepatitis C exists. This is mainly due to the quasi-species structure of the RNA genome population, which favors the emergence of resistant viral variants. Despite the high variability rate, significant sequence and, more importantly, structure conservation can be found in the so-called functional genomic RNA domains, many of which have unknown roles for the consecution of the viral cycle. Such genomic domains are potential therapeutic targets. This study validates the use of RNA-based inhibitors (aptamers) as molecular tools to control the activity of the cis-acting replication element (CRE) within the HCV genome. The CRE is an essential partner for viral replication. Additionally, this structural domain is involved in the regulation of the protein synthesis. A set of 44 RNA aptamers was assayed for the ability to interfere with the viral RNA synthesis in a subgenomic replicon system. Four aptamers emerged as potent inhibitors of HCV replication by direct interaction with specific and well-defined functional RNA domains of the CRE, yielding a decrease in the HCV genomic RNA levels higher than 90%. Concomitantly, one of them also promoted a significant increase in viral translation (>50%), likely by its interaction with the nucleotides surrounding the viral stop translation codon. The three remaining aptamers efficiently competed with the binding of the NS5B protein to the CRE, thus explaining their antiviral activity. Present findings confirm the potential of the CRE as an anti-HCV drug target and support the use of aptamers as molecular tools for challenging the functionality of RNA domains in viral genomes.

Inhibition of the Cancer Target Human Hyaluronidase Hyal-1 by Natural Substances (A014)
Isabelle Lengers 1 , Zoya Orlando 1 , Matthias F. Melzig 2 , Armin Buschauer 3 , Andreas Hensel 4 and Joachim Jose 1, * The negatively charged polysaccharide hyaluronic acid (HA) has diverse physiological and pathophysiological functions depending on its chain size. Space-filling, anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic effects are triggered by high-molecular-weight HA (HMW HA) (>20 kDa). Hydrolyzation of HMW HA by Hyal-1 results in low-molecular-weight HA (LMW HA) (<20 kDa), which leads to inflammatory and angiogenic effects (Stern, R. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2008, 18, 275-280). For this reason, Hyal-1 is an interesting target for drug discovery. The surface display of active Hyal-1 on Escherichia coli via Autodisplay enables the screening for potential inhibitors in a whole cell system. Based on this technique, we determined the inhibitory effect of different natural substances on human Hyal-1. The IC 50 values of the plant extracts Malvae sylvestris flos, Equiseti herba and Ononidis radix were determined to be between 1.4 and 1.7 mg/mL. Furthermore, the IC 50 values of four triterpenoid saponines were determined. The obtained IC 50 value for glycyrrhizinic acid, a known Hyal-1 inhibitor, was 177 µM. The IC 50 values for the newly identified inhibitors gypsophila saponin 2, SA1641, and SA1657 were 108 µM, 296 µM, and 371 µM, respectively (Orlando, Z.; et al. Molecules 2015, 20, 15449-15498). For the synthesis of new small molecule inhibitors targeting human Hyal-1, these extracts and natural compounds can be used as a starting point.  ;et al. Neuron 2004, 41, 849-857). In this work, we present the synthesis and pharmacological investigation of some new menthol, thymol, and salicylic acid derivatives designed as GABA-and TRP allosteric modulators. Our findings identified menthyl ester of GABA 1 (2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 4aminobutyrate) as a compound with anticonvulsant activity over a wide range of doses (87-1350 mg/kg), whereas menthyl ester of glycine 2 (2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-aminoacetate) shows a significant sedative effect during the six hours after oral administration at 175 mg/kg. Furthermore, orally co-administered gidazepam (1 mg/kg) and compound 1 (175 mg/kg) produce synergistic effect in seizures prevention. Additionally, thymol ester of GABA 3 (20-100 mg/kg) as well as thymol derivative 4 (25-100 mg/kg) exhibits anti-seizure effects during the six hours after oral administration. Complex compounds obtained by SnCl4 interaction with salicyloylhydrazones (5, 6) have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antidepressant and analgesic activities in different models in vivo. All aforementioned compounds can be considered as those that exhibit a combined pharmacological activity due to their simultaneous binding to different receptor types.

Potential Orally Active Heparin-Like Compounds: Synthesis and Anticoagulant Activity (A018)
Ana Rita Neves 1 , Emília Sousa 1,2 , Madalena Pinto 1,2 and Marta Correia-da-Silva 1,2, * According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death worldwide. Although health has improved in the last several decades, lifestyle changes have led to an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Currently, the available antithrombotic drugs are associated with significant drawbacks that limit their use, and the development of more advantageous drugs with less secondary effects is necessary. Our group discovered a new class of polysulfated small-molecules with anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities (Correia-da-Silva, M.;et al. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 46, 347-2358Correia-da-Silva, M.;et al. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 5373-5384). However, these polysulfated derivatives showed poor antithrombotic efficacy by in vivo oral administration in mice, predicted to be due to poor absorption in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (Correia-da-Silva, M.;et al. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 5373-5384;Correia-da-Silva, M.;et al. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 95-106). The main aim of this work was to improve the oral bioavailability of these compounds. In order to get new optimized analogues, two strategies were considered: (i) obtaining conjugates with bile acids and (ii) introduction of a triazole ring.
Our findings identified menthyl ester of GABA 1 (2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 4-aminobutyrate) as a compound with anticonvulsant activity over a wide range of doses (87-1350 mg/kg), whereas menthyl ester of glycine 2 (2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl 2-aminoacetate) shows a significant sedative effect during the six hours after oral administration at 175 mg/kg. Furthermore, orally co-administered gidazepam (1 mg/kg) and compound 1 (175 mg/kg) produce synergistic effect in seizures prevention. Additionally, thymol ester of GABA 3 (20-100 mg/kg) as well as thymol derivative 4 (25-100 mg/kg) exhibits anti-seizure effects during the six hours after oral administration. Complex compounds obtained by SnCl 4 interaction with salicyloylhydrazones (5, 6) have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, antidepressant and analgesic activities in different models in vivo. All aforementioned compounds can be considered as those that exhibit a combined pharmacological activity due to their simultaneous binding to different receptor types.
2.13. Potential Orally Active Heparin-Like Compounds: Synthesis and Anticoagulant Activity (A018) According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death worldwide. Although health has improved in the last several decades, lifestyle changes have led to an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Currently, the available antithrombotic drugs are associated with significant drawbacks that limit their use, and the development of more advantageous drugs with less secondary effects is necessary. Our group discovered a new class of  2011,54,[95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106]. The main aim of this work was to improve the oral bioavailability of these compounds. In order to get new optimized analogues, two strategies were considered: (i) obtaining conjugates with bile acids and (ii) introduction of a triazole ring. Naringin-deoxycholic acid conjugate was obtained through a cross-linking reaction using 2-(1H-Benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoro borate (TBTU) as a coupling reagent. Triazole-linked xanthone glycoside was obtained through a copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition followed by Oand N-deacetylation. Sulfation was successfully achieved with a triethylamine-sulfur trioxide adduct under microwave irradiation.
The three sulfated derivatives were screened for anticoagulant activity using the three classic clotting times: activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT). All the sulfated compounds prolonged the clotting times and the most active compound was the persulfated naringin-deoxycholic acid conjugate, exhibiting a double concentration value on the APTT (APTT 2 ) in the micromolar range (around 44 µM). These new optimized analogues with anticoagulant activity are expected to cross the GI tract membranes after oral administration. Human CK2 is a heterotetrameric constitutively active serine/threonine protein kinase and plays an important role in current cancer research (Trembley, J.H.;et al. Biofactors 2010, 36, 187-195). The kinase is composed of two catalytic CK2α subunits and two regulatory CK2β subunits. Most protein-protein interaction (PPI) studies or screening assays are based on fluorescence detection and require the labeling of the target enzyme by a fluorophore. Unfortunately, through labeling by commercial applications, the catalytic subunit CK2α loses activity. Furthermore, the labeling ratio of the protein sample differs and is not exactly reproducible. Pharmaceuticals 2016, 9, 14 Naringin-deoxycholic acid conjugate was obtained through a cross-linking reaction using 2-(1H-Benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoro borate (TBTU) as a coupling reagent. Triazole-linked xanthone glycoside was obtained through a copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition followed by O-and N-deacetylation. Sulfation was successfully achieved with a triethylamine-sulfur trioxide adduct under microwave irradiation.
The three sulfated derivatives were screened for anticoagulant activity using the three classic clotting times: activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT). All the sulfated compounds prolonged the clotting times and the most active compound was the persulfated naringin-deoxycholic acid conjugate, exhibiting a double concentration value on the APTT (APTT2) in the micromolar range (around 44 µM). These new optimized analogues with anticoagulant activity are expected to cross the GI tract membranes after oral administration.
Human CK2 is a heterotetrameric constitutively active serine/threonine protein kinase and plays an important role in current cancer research (Trembley, J.H.;et al. Biofactors 2010, 36, 187-195). The kinase is composed of two catalytic CK2α subunits and two regulatory CK2β subunits. Most proteinprotein interaction (PPI) studies or screening assays are based on fluorescence detection and require the labeling of the target enzyme by a fluorophore. Unfortunately, through labeling by commercial applications, the catalytic subunit CK2α loses activity. Furthermore, the labeling ratio of the protein sample differs and is not exactly reproducible.

Modified from 4MD7 (PDB identification number)
The solution for this problem was a bioorthogonal click reaction of the protein kinase. By expanding the genetic code, the unnatural amino acid para-acidophenylalanine (pAzF) has been able to be incorporated into CK2 (Chin, J.W.;et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9026-9027). Performing the SPAAC click reaction (Strain-Promoted Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition) by the use of DBCO 545 (dibenzylcyclooctyne-fluor 545) has led to a specifically labeled human protein kinase CK2 (Mbua, N.E.;et al. Chembiochem. 2011et al. Chembiochem. , 12, 1912et al. Chembiochem. -1921. This site specific labeling does not impair the phosphorylation activity of the kinase, which was evaluated by capillary electrophoresis. The innovatively labeled kinase in combination with the Autodisplay technology could be a significant advancement for inhibitor screening assays by flow cytometry and for CK2α/CK2β interaction studies (Jose, J.;et al. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2007, 71, 600-619).
This site specific labeling does not impair the phosphorylation activity of the kinase, which was evaluated by capillary electrophoresis. The innovatively labeled kinase in combination with the Autodisplay technology could be a significant advancement for inhibitor screening assays by flow cytometry and for CK2α/CK2β interaction studies (  Based on this work, we herein describe the synthesis of a new library of promising bioactive analogues in enantiomerically pure form, with good yields, short reaction times and no racemization. The optimization of the synthetic pathways to obtain the xanthonic derivative used as a chemical building block is also described. The enantiomeric excesses for all synthesized CDX were measured by HPLC on (S,S)-Whelk-O1 ® chiral stationary phase under polar-organic elution conditions, achieving values higher than 99%.
The evaluation of growth inhibitory activity on human tumor cell lines of new synthesized CDX is in progress.
Typically, about 90% of drug candidates are N-containing, and an even higher amount are O-containing. As a consequence, it is not surprising that alkylation and arylation of groups with nitrogen and oxygen emerge as major reactions to obtain bioactive compounds (Carey, J.S.; et al. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2006, 2337-2347. Xanthones are a class of O-heterocycles characterized by a dibenzo-γ-pyrone nucleus. This scaffold may be considered a "privileged structure" able to provide useful ligands for several types of receptors and/or enzymes targets by judicious structural modifications (Pinto, M.M.M.;et al. Curr. Med. Chem. 2005, 12, 2517-2538. In our search for potential anticancer drugs, we pursued a hybridization approach of N-containing xanthones. N-Substitution is typically achieved by one of the following strategies: (i) direct reaction with alkyl-X or aryl-X or (ii) reductive alkylation using an appropriate aldehyde.
Herein, exploiting chemical routes by which bioactive N-containing xanthones can be reached are shared. The synthesis of new xanthone derivatives proceeds via both strategies, and the respective strengths and weaknesses are presented in a "medchem" perspective. Although chemical route (i) (SN2 reactions and nucleophilic aromatic substitutions) have provided interesting antitumor derivatives (Palmeira, A.;et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 2012, 83, 57-68), the reductive amination (ii) furnished a library of potential p53:MDM2 inhibitors with noticeable advantages, such as high-yield reactions, one-pot conversions, and aliphatic amines with low potential to form reactive metabolites.
The use of a variety of (thio)xanthone building blocks with various substituents and different reaction conditions allowed us to develop a repertoire of N-transformations, often referred to as the "chemist's toolbox" (Roughley, S.D.;et al. J. Med. Chem. 2011, 54, 3451-3479).
It is well known that plants are important sources for the preparation of natural remedies, as they contain many biologically active compounds (Donno, D.;et al. Vegetos 2012, 25, 21-29). In particular, polyphenols, terpenic compounds, organic acids, and vitamins are the most widely occurring groups of phytochemicals (Donno, D.;et al. J. Food Sci. Technol. Mysore 2015, 18, 1070-1085. Some endemic species may be used for the production of herbal preparations containing phytochemicals with significant bioactivity such as antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory capacities, and other health benefits. Blackberry sprouts and blackcurrant buds are known to contain appreciable levels of bioactive compounds, including flavonols, phenolic acids, monoterpenes, vitamin C, and catechins, with several clinical effects (Donno, D.;et al. J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual. 2013, 86, 79-89).
The aim of this research was to perform an analytical study of blackcurrant and blackberry budpreparations in order to identify and quantify the main biomarkers, obtaining a specific phytochemical fingerprint to evaluate the single botanical class contribution to total phytocomplex and relative bioactivity, using a high-performance liquid chromatograph-diode array detector; the same analyses have been performed both in the university laboratory and commercially.
Herein, exploiting chemical routes by which bioactive N-containing xanthones can be reached are shared. The synthesis of new xanthone derivatives proceeds via both strategies, and the respective strengths and weaknesses are presented in a "medchem" perspective. Although chemical route (i) (S N 2 reactions and nucleophilic aromatic substitutions) have provided interesting antitumor derivatives (Palmeira, A.;et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 2012, 83, 57-68), the reductive amination (ii) furnished a library of potential p53:MDM2 inhibitors with noticeable advantages, such as high-yield reactions, one-pot conversions, and aliphatic amines with low potential to form reactive metabolites.
The use of a variety of (thio)xanthone building blocks with various substituents and different reaction conditions allowed us to develop a repertoire of N-transformations, often referred to as the "chemist's toolbox" ( The aim of this research was to perform an analytical study of blackcurrant and blackberry bud-preparations in order to identify and quantify the main biomarkers, obtaining a specific phytochemical fingerprint to evaluate the single botanical class contribution to total phytocomplex and relative bioactivity, using a high-performance liquid chromatograph-diode array detector; the same analyses have been performed both in the university laboratory and commercially.
Different chromatographic methods were used to determine the concentrations of biomolecules in the preparations, allowing for the quantification of statistically significant differences in their bioactive compound content, both in the case of Ribes nigrum and Rubus ulmifolius.
Chemical, pharmaceutical, and environmental knowledge could be a useful tool for obtaining label certifications for the valorization of specific genotypes, with high clinical and pharmaceutical value (Donno, D.;et al. Pharm. Biol. 2013, 51, 1282-1292. This study allowed for the development of an effective tool for the natural preparation quality control and bioactivity evaluation through the chemical fingerprinting of bud preparations. Increasing demands from the pharmaceutical industry for the rapid molecular structure determination of pharmaceutical solids has prompted the development of X-ray diffraction and 13 C CP/MAS NMR data analyses. The solid-state form of the drug can have a dramatic impact on the bioavailability, and the regulatory approval for many drugs is given only for the defined polymorph (Raw, A.;et. al. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2004, 56, 397-414).

Two Methodologies in Molecular Structure and Intermolecular Interactions Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in Solid-state: X-Ray Diffraction and 13 C CP/MAS NMR Data Mining (A024)
The intermolecular interactions are crucial in the interpretation of interactions between the biomolecules and macromolecular targets, and their analysis can provide essential information about how they occur.
The objective of the studies was to discuss the structures and the intermolecular interactions of the bis-nitriles 1-7 and the bis-amidines 6a-7a in the solid-state.
Different chromatographic methods were used to determine the concentrations of biomolecules in the preparations, allowing for the quantification of statistically significant differences in their bioactive compound content, both in the case of Ribes nigrum and Rubus ulmifolius.
Chemical, pharmaceutical, and environmental knowledge could be a useful tool for obtaining label certifications for the valorization of specific genotypes, with high clinical and pharmaceutical value (Donno, D.;et al. Pharm. Biol. 2013, 51, 1282-1292. This study allowed for the development of an effective tool for the natural preparation quality control and bioactivity evaluation through the chemical fingerprinting of bud preparations. Increasing demands from the pharmaceutical industry for the rapid molecular structure determination of pharmaceutical solids has prompted the development of X-ray diffraction and 13 C CP/MAS NMR data analyses. The solid-state form of the drug can have a dramatic impact on the bioavailability, and the regulatory approval for many drugs is given only for the defined polymorph (Raw, A.;et. al. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2004, 56, 397-414).

Two Methodologies in Molecular
The intermolecular interactions are crucial in the interpretation of interactions between the biomolecules and macromolecular targets, and their analysis can provide essential information about how they occur.
We can conclude that the computations of shielding constants for isolated molecules together with the solid-state spectra are of considerable value in understanding the solid-state structures of pentamidine analogs. The structural information and intermolecular interactions in bis-nitriles are not transferable to the structural analysis for bis-amidines.

Study of a Series of 8-Substitued 7-Hydroxy-4-methylcoumarins as AChE and BuChE Inhibitors (A027)
In the absence of X-ray data, the exploration of compound binding modes continues to be a challenging task. For structure-based design, specific features of active sites in different targets play a major role in rationalizing ligand binding characteristics. For example, dibasic compounds have been reported as potent inhibitors of various trypsin-like serine proteases, the active sites of which contain several binding pockets that can be targeted by cationic moieties. This results in several possible orientations within the active site, complicating the binding mode prediction of such compounds by docking tools. Therefore, we introduced symmetry in bi-and tribasic compounds to reduce conformational space in docking calculations and to simplify binding mode selection by limiting the number of possible pocket occupations. In the absence of X-ray data, the exploration of compound binding modes continues to be a challenging task. For structure-based design, specific features of active sites in different targets play a major role in rationalizing ligand binding characteristics. For example, dibasic compounds have been reported as potent inhibitors of various trypsin-like serine proteases, the active sites of which contain several binding pockets that can be targeted by cationic moieties. This results in several possible orientations within the active site, complicating the binding mode prediction of such compounds by docking tools. Therefore, we introduced symmetry in bi-and tribasic compounds to reduce conformational space in docking calculations and to simplify binding mode selection by limiting the number of possible pocket occupations.
Herein, asymmetric bisbenzamidines were used as starting points for a multistage and structureguided optimization. A series of compounds with either two or three benzamidine substructures was ultimately synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of five serine proteases, leading to potent symmetric inhibitors for the pharmaceutical drug targets matriptase, matriptase-2, thrombin, and factor Xa (Furtmann, N.;et al. Chem. Eur. J. 2016, 22, 610-625).
Our work on optimization of these molecules to Aurora A kinase allowed us to achieve several hits in the 3-5 nM range of activity, with rather good selectivity and ADME properties.
Thus, we showed the possibility of performing the fine-tuning of the general Ser/Thr pharmacophore designed for desired types of kinase to get active and selective compounds.
Cysteine cathepsins are lysosomal cysteine proteases which play roles in many physiological processes. Cathepsin F is predominantly expressed in macrophages. Major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (MHC-II) are expressed by antigen-presenting cell types including macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells. The cleavage of the invariant chain is the key event in the pathway of MHC-II complexes. Cathepsin S was described as the major processing enzyme of the invariant chain, but it was shown that cathepsin F can adopt its role in cathepsin S deficient mice (Shi, G. P.;et al. J. Exp. Med. 2000, 191, 1177-1186. Low molecular weight inhibitors for cathepsin F have not been investigated so far. We have chosen the dipeptide nitrile chemotype to develop covalent-reversible inhibitors for this target (Frizler, M.;et al. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2010, 10, 294-322). Based on the data of compounds known from the literature to be active against various types of Ser/Thr kinases, a general pharmachophore model for these types of kinases was developed. Search for the molecules fitting to this pharmacophore among ASINEX proprietary library revealed a number of compounds, which were tested and appeared to possess some activity against such Ser/Thr kinases as Aurora A, Aurora B, and Haspin.
Our work on optimization of these molecules to Aurora A kinase allowed us to achieve several hits in the 3-5 nM range of activity, with rather good selectivity and ADME properties.
Thus, we showed the possibility of performing the fine-tuning of the general Ser/Thr pharmacophore designed for desired types of kinase to get active and selective compounds. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous kinase protein emerging as a target for several human diseases including cancer. Several active CK2 inhibitors have been developed in the last few years; most of them have an ATP-competitive type of inhibition, and only one inhibitor is in a clinical trial as an anticancer drug. Here, we report on the synthesis of two derivatives of 2,6-diaryl-anthracene-9,10-dione. One of them, 2,6-di(furan-3-yl)anthracene-9,10-dione compound 3, turned out to be active towards CK2 and ATP-competitive with an IC 50 value of 2.35 µM and a K i value of 1.26 µM. Molecular modeling studies were performed using MOE to explain the binding affinity of compound 1 in comparison to emodin. These indicated that, unlike emodin, compound 3 was not able to perform a hydrogen bond with Lys68, although the compound fits well in the active site of human CK2α, which explains the difference in the measured affinity between those two compounds (Haidar, S.;et al. Pharmazie 2015, 70, 772-776). Pharmaceuticals 2016, 9, 14 compounds with optimized residues in the P1, P2, and P3 positions were synthesized and evaluated. With all dipeptide nitriles including the newly synthesized derivatives, a 3D activity landscape was generated to visualize similarity-activity relationships of this series of cathepsin F inhibitors (Schmitz, J.;et al. ChemMedChem 2015et al. ChemMedChem , 10, 1365et al. ChemMedChem -1377. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a ubiquitous kinase protein emerging as a target for several human diseases including cancer. Several active CK2 inhibitors have been developed in the last few years; most of them have an ATP-competitive type of inhibition, and only one inhibitor is in a clinical trial as an anticancer drug. Here, we report on the synthesis of two derivatives of 2,6-diaryl-anthracene-9,10-dione. One of them, 2,6-di(furan-3-yl)anthracene-9,10-dione compound 3, turned out to be active towards CK2 and ATP-competitive with an IC50 value of 2.35 µM and a Ki value of 1.26 µM. Molecular modeling studies were performed using MOE to explain the binding affinity of compound 1 in comparison to emodin. These indicated that, unlike emodin, compound 3 was not able to perform a hydrogen bond with Lys68, although the compound fits well in the active site of human CK2α, which explains the difference in the measured affinity between those two compounds (Haidar, S.;et al. Pharmazie 2015, 70, 772-776).

Spectroscopic Biosensors (A045)
Emmanuel Gosselin 1,2, *, Arnaud Petit 1 , Joséphine Conti 1 and Joël De Coninck 1,2 Sensors based on the molecular recognition of biomolecules have already attracted intensive interest in many different fields. Different surface sensitive techniques can be applied to detect these biomolecular interactions. We proposed an assessment of the utility of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in studying biomolecules attachment to inorganic surfaces in a variety of biosensing applications. We have designed a new generic device suitable for the investigation of ligand-receptor interactions based on the successive grafting of a novel silanization reagent and a bifunctional molecular clip directly at the surface of an internal reflection element.

Spectroscopic Biosensors (A045)
Emmanuel Gosselin 1,2, *, Arnaud Petit 1 , Joséphine Conti 1 and Joël De Coninck 1,2 Sensors based on the molecular recognition of biomolecules have already attracted intensive interest in many different fields. Different surface sensitive techniques can be applied to detect these biomolecular interactions. We proposed an assessment of the utility of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in studying biomolecules attachment to inorganic surfaces in a variety of biosensing applications. We have designed a new generic device suitable for the investigation of ligand-receptor interactions based on the successive grafting of a novel silanization reagent and a bifunctional molecular clip directly at the surface of an internal reflection element. Pharmaceuticals 2016, 9, 14 These molecular constructions lead to an activated transducer substrate ready for the covalent binding of any bioreceptor molecules. Contrary to SPR or quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors, FTIR sensors provide useful spectroscopic information concerning the chemical nature of the interacting molecules and the amount of bound receptors and ligands. It is even possible that conformational transitions of the receptor during the interaction with the ligand can also be monitored. Currently, this information is not usually accessible using standard sensors that are limited to measuring physical modifications on the surface. We will illustrate the attachment of biomolecules to such organic surfaces through various systems commonly used in the biosensing field.
Acknowledgments: This work was financially supported by the F.R.S.-FNRS, CDR J.0116.14. We thank J.J. Vanden Eynde for helpful scientific discussions.

A Study of the Peculiarities of Virus Interactions and the Effectiveness of Antiviral Drugs in the Model of Mixed Infection (A046)
Liubov Biliavska *, Olga Povnitsa, Svitlana Zagorodnya, Sergei Voychuk, Liubov Zelena, Yulia Shamara and Nadiya Nesterova Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,Zabolotnogo str., 154, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine * Correspondence:bilyavskal@ukr.net1 Human adenovirus and herpes simplex virus cause infectious diseases of the eyes, respiratory, enteric, and urogenital tracts, and of the central and peripheral nervous system, are capable of persisting in a latent form, and are activated under the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors.
A high spread of infections caused by herpes virus and adenovirus, as well as their mixed infections, are a problems in modern medicine. During mixed infections, an absence of virus interaction as well as a mutual influence of viruses may originate.
The search for drugs that have relatively high activity against co-associated viruses through the inhibition of their reproduction and transmission is an important task. The activity of antiviral drugs under the condition of co-infection is not studied enough. Change in the nature of pathological processes were found as a result of the interference of the viruses and of the differences between drug activities against the co-associated viruses in conditions of the mono and mixed infections of MDBK These molecular constructions lead to an activated transducer substrate ready for the covalent binding of any bioreceptor molecules. Contrary to SPR or quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors, FTIR sensors provide useful spectroscopic information concerning the chemical nature of the interacting molecules and the amount of bound receptors and ligands. It is even possible that conformational transitions of the receptor during the interaction with the ligand can also be monitored. Currently, this information is not usually accessible using standard sensors that are limited to measuring physical modifications on the surface. We will illustrate the attachment of biomolecules to such organic surfaces through various systems commonly used in the biosensing field. Human adenovirus and herpes simplex virus cause infectious diseases of the eyes, respiratory, enteric, and urogenital tracts, and of the central and peripheral nervous system, are capable of persisting in a latent form, and are activated under the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors.
A high spread of infections caused by herpes virus and adenovirus, as well as their mixed infections, are a problems in modern medicine. During mixed infections, an absence of virus interaction as well as a mutual influence of viruses may originate.
The search for drugs that have relatively high activity against co-associated viruses through the inhibition of their reproduction and transmission is an important task. The activity of antiviral drugs under the condition of co-infection is not studied enough. Change in the nature of pathological processes were found as a result of the interference of the viruses and of the differences between drug activities against the co-associated viruses in conditions of the mono and mixed infections of MDBK cells. Both an increase in, and an inhibition of, drug activities were detected, which may lead to the formation of resistant strains of viruses. In our continuous efforts to prepare novel heterocyclic scaffolds that are able to modulate the activity of kinases in signal transduction, synthetic routes to functionalized thiazolo[5,4-f ]quinazolines were particularly studied (Logé, C.;et al. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2008, 43, 1469-1477Testard, A.;et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 16, 3419-3423). The chemical highlight of this work was the use of Appel salt (4,5-dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride) for the conception of a 6-amino-2-cyanobenzo [d]thiazole-7-carbonitrile derivative as a versatile molecular platform from 5-nitroanthranilonitrile. Thus, introduction of various aliphatic, aromatic, or amino substituents at position 8 was best achieved via one-pot DMFDMA-mediated cyclization (Deau E.;et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 2013, 54, 3518-3521). Transformation of the carbonitrile group into various chemical functions (e.g., imidate, ester, and amidine) allowed for the efficient preparation of a library of novel thiazoloquinazoline derivatives (Foucourt A.;et al. Molecules 2014, 19, 15546-15571;Foucourt A.;et al. Molecules 2014, 19, 15411-15439). Pharmaceuticals 2016, 9, 14 cells. Both an increase in, and an inhibition of, drug activities were detected, which may lead to the formation of resistant strains of viruses. In our continuous efforts to prepare novel heterocyclic scaffolds that are able to modulate the activity of kinases in signal transduction, synthetic routes to functionalized thiazolo[5,4-f]quinazolines were particularly studied (Logé, C.;et al. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2008, 43, 1469-1477Testard, A.;et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2006, 16, 3419-3423). The chemical highlight of this work was the use of Appel salt (4,5dichloro-1,2,3-dithiazolium chloride) for the conception of a 6-amino-2-cyanobenzo[d]thiazole-7carbonitrile derivative as a versatile molecular platform from 5-nitroanthranilonitrile. Thus, introduction of various aliphatic, aromatic, or amino substituents at position 8 was best achieved via one-pot DMFDMA-mediated cyclization (Deau E.;et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 2013, 54, 3518-3521). Transformation of the carbonitrile group into various chemical functions (e.g., imidate, ester, and amidine) allowed for the efficient preparation of a library of novel thiazoloquinazoline derivatives (Foucourt A.;et al. Molecules 2014, 19, 15546-15571;Foucourt A.;et al. Molecules 2014, 19, 15411-15439).

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a New Thiazolo[5,4-f]quinazolines as Serine/Threonine Kinases Inhibitors (A047)
The biological results have identified great and selective inhibition against DYRK1A (subnanomolar range) and DYRK1B. (Courtadeur, S.;et al. J. Neurochem. 2015, 133, 440-451). The more active compounds are five methyl carbimidate derivatives exhibiting a great potential in the development of novel, highly potent dual inhibitors of DYRK1A and DYRK1B kinases that are involved in many neurodegenerative diseases (AD and other tauopathies), in genetic disease (DS), in oncology (Thompson, B.;et al. J. Exp. Med. 2015, 212, 723-740), and in diseases involving abnormal pre-mRNA splicing. We have established the efficacy of proteolysis inhibitor (PI) aminocaproic acid (ACA) in viral infections as a result of its impact on the etiological factor and pathogenesis of the infection. The Ministry of Health of Ukraine, on the basis of our studies and clinical trials, allowed for the use of ACA for prophylaxix and treatment of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections (ARVIs). Including ACA to therapeutic complex for the treatment of influenza and other ARVI in children and neonates led to a decrease in the duration of symptoms of intoxication, catarrhal phenomena, and fever as well as to a decrease in the number of complications. The prevention effectiveness of ACA has also been established. In light of the results, we recommend the use of ACA for the efficient prophylaxix of ARVIs and pneumonia in organized collectivities in any period of increased incidence of these infections. Our research has shown that the combined use of drugs with different mechanisms of action-PI ACA and neuraminidase inhinbitor Tamiflu-causes a synergetic effect. We also studied the antibacterial action of ACA on S. aureus strains with different sensitivity to antibiotics. ACA inhibits all these strains, and the combined use of ACA with antibiotics magnifies the antibacterial effect.
In the European chemical industry, there is a strong drive to shift from fossil to renewable resources in the pursuit of sustainability. Sophorolipids, a class of biosurfactants, are interesting renewable resources, since they combine a complex structure with divergent biological and physico-chemical properties. The microbially produced lactonic sophorolipids were used for the production of a broad range of innovative sophorolipid amines (1) and sophorolipid quaternary ammonium salts (2). These sophorolipid quaternary ammonium salts were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial test strains. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined for the active compounds. Values of 5-8 µM results were obtained for the derivatives containing an octadecyl chain attached to the nitrogen atom, compared to values of 10-52 µM for the antibiotic gentamicin sulfate. These results show great promise for modified sophorolipids in the medical sector, for example, for the inhibition of biofilm formation. Pharmaceuticals 2016, 9, 14 the derivatives containing an octadecyl chain attached to the nitrogen atom, compared to values of 10-52 µM for the antibiotic gentamicin sulfate. These results show great promise for modified sophorolipids in the medical sector, for example, for the inhibition of biofilm formation. This method of administration has to be viewed for preventive actions and therapy of viral respiratory infections. The aim of this work was to study the possibility of transdermal rimantadine delivery for influenza A prophylaxis and treatment in experimental animals. Rimantadine was administrated in the hydrogel matrix (formed from 1.2-propylene glycol and polyvinyl alcohol) in doses of 1-2 mg/mouse applied on the shaved back of mice one day before infection. Mice of experimental and control groups were infected intranasally with a highly pathogenic influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). Challenge was carried out using for animals for each virus dilution within the range of 10-1 to 10-7. Deaths of animals were recorded for 14 days. The results of our investigations had shown high anti-influenza efficacy of rimantadine under transdermal delivery. Differences of LD50 between control and experimental groups consist 1.7-1.75 log10 when the dose of rimantadine was 1 mg/mouse, and 2.25 log10 when preparation was administrated in dose 2mg/mouse. In this study, the anti-influenza efficacy of rimantadine after its transdermal administration was established for the first time. This method of administration has to be viewed for preventive actions and therapy of viral respiratory infections. The aim of this work was to study the possibility of transdermal rimantadine delivery for influenza A prophylaxis and treatment in experimental animals. Rimantadine was administrated in the hydrogel matrix (formed from 1.2-propylene glycol and polyvinyl alcohol) in doses of 1-2 mg/mouse applied on the shaved back of mice one day before infection. Mice of experimental and control groups were infected intranasally with a highly pathogenic influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). Challenge was carried out using for animals for each virus dilution within the range of 10-1 to 10-7. Deaths of animals were recorded for 14 days. The results of our investigations had shown high anti-influenza efficacy of rimantadine under transdermal delivery. Differences of LD50 between control and experimental groups consist 1.7-1.75 log10 when the dose of rimantadine was 1 mg/mouse, and 2.25 log10 when preparation was administrated in dose 2mg/mouse. In this study, the anti-influenza efficacy of rimantadine after its transdermal administration was established for the first time. Pharmaceuticals 2016, 9, 14 the derivatives containing an octadecyl chain attached to the nitrogen atom, compared to values of 10-52 µM for the antibiotic gentamicin sulfate. These results show great promise for modified sophorolipids in the medical sector, for example, for the inhibition of biofilm formation. This method of administration has to be viewed for preventive actions and therapy of viral respiratory infections. The aim of this work was to study the possibility of transdermal rimantadine delivery for influenza A prophylaxis and treatment in experimental animals. Rimantadine was administrated in the hydrogel matrix (formed from 1.2-propylene glycol and polyvinyl alcohol) in doses of 1-2 mg/mouse applied on the shaved back of mice one day before infection. Mice of experimental and control groups were infected intranasally with a highly pathogenic influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). Challenge was carried out using for animals for each virus dilution within the range of 10-1 to 10-7. Deaths of animals were recorded for 14 days. The results of our investigations had shown high anti-influenza efficacy of rimantadine under transdermal delivery. Differences of LD50 between control and experimental groups consist 1.7-1.75 log10 when the dose of rimantadine was 1 mg/mouse, and 2.25 log10 when preparation was administrated in dose 2mg/mouse. In this study, the anti-influenza efficacy of rimantadine after its transdermal administration was established for the first time.
The effect of derivatization on the isoellipticine is uncharted and structural diversification of isoellipticine could lead to drug candidates with a better clinical profile due to enhanced target specificity. Our initial approach was to use substitutent modification at positions 10, 7 and 2 (salt formation at the N2 position represents a favorable attribute for cytotoxic activity, as illustrated by the two most successful ellipticines). A number of novel derivatives of isoellipticine have been synthesized and further derivatized. Preliminary biological testing of novel compounds was performed using a topoisomerase II decatenation assay and via assessment of the anticancer profile using the National Cancer Institute 60 cell line screen for cellular activity (Miller, C.M.;et al. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2012, 10, 7912-7921;Deane, F.M., et al. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2013, 11, 1334-1344Russell, E.G.;et al. Invest. New Drugs, 2014, 32, 1113-1122.
We present here the design, synthesis and anticancer properties, and significant cell line selectivity of a series of novel ellipticine derivatives devised in our laboratory.