Polyhydric Stigmastane-Type Steroids Derivative from Vernonia amygdalina and Their Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity

Vernonia amygdalina Del. is a traditional medicinal plant and vegetable originating from tropical Africa. The phytochemical investigation of V. amygdalina led to eight undescribed polyhydric stigmastane-type steroids, vernonin M–T (1–8). Their gross structures and stereochemistry were elucidated by HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra, X-ray diffraction, quantum chemical computation of the ECD spectrum, and the in situ dimolybdenum CD method. The anti-neuroinflammatory activity of the isolated compounds was performed in BV-2 microglia cells. As a result, compound 1 displayed a notable anti-neuroinflammatory effect via suppressing the LPS-induced IκB degradation and restricting the activation of the PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK pathways.


Introduction
Natural products are great treasures for the discovery of lead compounds in drug innovation [1]. Vernonia amygdalina Delile, belonging to the Compositae family, is a shrub originating from tropical Africa and is widely distributed throughout the southeast coastal area of China [2]. V. amygdalina contains abundant bioactive constituents, such as sesquiterpene lactone, steroids, flavone, and so on [3]. The extract of V. amygdalina is reported to possess anticancer [4][5][6], antioxidant [7,8], antimalarial [9], antidiabetic [10], anthelmintic [11] and antibacterial [12] bioactivities. In addition, the leaves of V. amygdalina are used as a conventional vegetable in Nigeria [13]. V. amygdalina can also be used as insect antifeedants and applied in the agricultural industry [14,15]. Recent research has uncovered some undescribed steroid saponins from V. amygdalina, and their cytotoxicity [16,17], antiinflammatory [18], and a-amylase and a-glucosidase inhibitory activities [19] were reported. The diverse bioactivities and chemical components of V. amygdalina intrigue our interest to further mine and probe more bioactivity constituents.
Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases [20]. Microglia cells play an important role in regulating neuronal function [21]. Excessive activation of microglia cells leads to the release of a succession of inflammatory cytokines [22,23]. There have been reports that activating the NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB), PI3K/AKT (the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/AKT), or MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathways in microglia cells could accelerate the pathogenetic process of neuroinflammation [24][25][26][27]. Thus, it is a practicable strategy to find small molecules that inhibit the NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK signaling pathways to restrict the pathogenetic process of neuroinflammation for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
In this study, continuous phytochemical and bioactivity screenings of V. amygdalina led to eight undescribed polyhydric stigmastane-type steroids ( Figure 1). All the isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-neuroinflammatory activity in BV-2 microglia

Results and Discussion
Compound 1 was obtained as needle crystals. Its molecular formula was assigned as C 36 H 56 O 10 by the HR-ESI-MS data with nine indices of hydrogen deficiency. The 1 H NMR spectrum of 1 (Table 1) indicated the presence of two olefinic protons (δ H 5.42 (1H, br s) and 5.45 (1H, br d, J = 5.8 Hz)), four methyl doublets (δ H 1.24 (3H, d, J = 6.7 Hz), 1.21 (3H, d, J = 6.7 Hz), 1.15 (3H, d, J = 6.3 Hz), and 1.07 (3H, d, J = 6.5 Hz), two methyl singlets (δ H 0.60 (3H, s) and 0.81 (3H, s)), and one methoxy (δ H 3.35 (3H, s)). The 13 C NMR data (Table 1) combined with DEPT-135 and HSQC spectra revealed 36 carbon resonances, including seven methyl groups, seven methylene carbon signals, sixteen methine carbon signals, and six quaternary carbon signals. Furthermore, four olefinic carbons (δ C 144.5, 135.2, 121.6, and 119.0) could be observed at low field region. Seven methyl groups (δ C 50.5, 19.9, 18.2, 18.2, 17.9, 17.3, and 13.7) could be assigned at the high-field region. The chemical shifts ranged from δ C 63.3 to 111.0 were deduced as oxygenated carbon atoms. In addition, a series of characteristic carbon signals at δ C 102.8, 79.1, 78.9, 75.8, 72.1, and 63.3 were assigned as sugar. To compare the NMR data of 1 to the reported structures [28], compound 1 could be inferred as a stigmastane-type steroid saponin. Further structural elucidation of 1 was performed by inspection of its 2D NMR spectra ( Figure 2 -15 showed the presence of four spin systems, which could be connected by the HMBC correlations from H 3 -19 to C-1, C-5, C-9 and C-10; from H-3 to C-5; from H 2 -6 to C-8; from H-11 to C-8; from H 3 -18 to C-12, C-13, C-14 and C-17; from H 2 -15 to C-16; and from H-17 to C-16 to establish a stigmastane-type steroid core (ring A to D). The 1 H-1 H COSY cross peaks of H-1 /H-2 /H-3 and H-4 /H-5 and the HMBC correlations from H-4 to C-3 , C-6 and from H-5 to C-1 combined with the coupling constant of an anomeric proton (J = 7.7 Hz) suggested the presence of a β-glucose. The sugar moiety was linked to C-3 by the HMBC correlation between H-1 and C-3. Besides, a methoxy group was linked to C-16 by the HMBC correlation between OCH 3 -16 and C-16. The above structural fragments occupied seven degrees of unsaturation. Therefore, two  1 H COSY cross peaks of H-1′/H-2′/H-3′ and H-4′/H-5′ and the HMBC correlations from 4′ to C-3′, C-6′ and from H-5′ to C-1′ combined with the coupling constant of an anome proton (J = 7.7 Hz) suggested the presence of a β-glucose. The sugar moiety was linked C-3 by the HMBC correlation between H-1′ and C-3. Besides, a methoxy group was link to C-16 by the HMBC correlation between OCH3-16 and C-16. The above structural fra ments occupied seven degrees of unsaturation. Therefore, two additional ring system should exist in the side chain. The 1 H-1 H COSY correlations of H-17/H-2/H-20/H3-21, 20/H-22/H-23, H3-26/H-25/H3-27, and H-28/H3-29 together with the HMBC correlatio from H-23 to C-16, C-24; from H-25 to C-23, C-24; from H3-26 to C-24; from H-28 to C-C-23; and from H3-29 to C-24 suggested the presence of ring E and ring F.   (27)-] were at the same site of ring F. A suitable crystal was obtained from the methanol solution for the X-ray diffraction experiment and the result confirmed the relative configuration of 1 ( Figure 4). However, the Flack parameter = 0.40(6) was unable to establish the absolute configuration of 1. Hence, the quantum chemical computation of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectrum was used for determining the absolute configuration of 1. Based on the similar curve tendency between the experimental ECD spectrum of 1 and the calculated ECD spectrum of (3S, 5S, 10S, 13S, 14R, 16S, 17R, 20S, 22R, 23S, 24R, 28R)-1a ( Figure 5A), the sugar could be assigned as β-D-glucose, and the absolute configuration of 1 was assigned as 3S, 5S, 10S, 13S, 14R, 16S, 17R, 20S, 22R, 23S, 24R, 28R. result confirmed the relative configuration of 1 ( Figure 4). However, the Flack parameter = 0.40(6) was unable to establish the absolute configuration of 1. Hence, the quantum chemical computation of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectrum was used for determining the absolute configuration of 1. Based on the similar curve tendency between the experimental ECD spectrum of 1 and the calculated ECD spectrum of (3S, 5S, 10S, 13S, 14R, 16S, 17R, 20S, 22R, 23S, 24R, 28R)-1a ( Figure 5A), the sugar could be assigned as β-Dglucose, and the absolute configuration of 1 was assigned as 3S, 5S, 10S, 13S, 14R, 16S, 17R, 20S, 22R, 23S, 24R, 28R.   = 0.40(6) was unable to establish the absolute configuration of 1. Hence, the quantum chemical computation of electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectrum was used for determining the absolute configuration of 1. Based on the similar curve tendency between the experimental ECD spectrum of 1 and the calculated ECD spectrum of (3S, 5S, 10S, 13S, 14R, 16S, 17R, 20S, 22R, 23S, 24R, 28R)-1a ( Figure 5A), the sugar could be assigned as β-Dglucose, and the absolute configuration of 1 was assigned as 3S, 5S, 10S, 13S, 14R, 16S, 17R, 20S, 22R, 23S, 24R, 28R.   The molecular formula of compound 2 was assigned as C36H56O11 from its HR-ESI-MS data. To closely compare the NMR data (Table 1)   The molecular formula of compound 2 was assigned as C 36 H 56 O 11 from its HR-ESI-MS data. To closely compare the NMR data (Table 1)  To observe the overall structures of 2 and 3, it was easily conjectured that 3 was derived from 2 via breaking the oxygen bridge between C-16 and C-23. Meanwhile, the same ECD curve tendency ( Figure 5B) between 2 and 3 indicated that they had the same stereochemistry. Therefore, the absolute configuration of 2 was assigned as 3S, 5S, 10S, 13S, 14R, 16R, 17R, 20R, 22R, 23S, 24S, 28R based on their biogenetic relationship. The similar 1 H and 13 C NMR data ( Table 2) of 3 and 4 hinted that they possessed almost the same architecture except for an additional hydroxy group at C-21 in 3. The absolute configuration of 4 was assigned as 3S, 5S, 10S, 13S, 14R, 16R, 17R, 20S, 22R, 23S, 24S, 28R because the NOESY cross peaks and the ECD curve were both identical to 3. Their glycosyl at C-3 were determined as β-D-glucose due to having the same NMR data as well as the biogenetic relationship to 1.  Compound 7, obtained as white powder, gave a molecular formula of C 31 H 48 O 6 based on its HR-ESI-MS data. The 1 H and 13 C NMR data (Table 1) exhibited the same framework as that of 4, except for the absence of a sugar at C-3 in 7. The deduction was further confirmed by the difference of their MS data. Therefore, 7 was an aglycone of 4. The similar NOESY cross peaks between 4 and 7 indicated that they had identical relative configurations. The stereogenic center of vic-diols at the hydrogenated furan ring moiety was determined by the induced CD spectrum (ICD) [29]. The characteristic positive cotton effect of Mo 2 4+ complex of 7 at band IV (303 nm) inferred the absolute configuration of C-23 and C-34 as 23S, 24S according to the empirical rule. Furthermore, the overall pattern of the ECD spectrum of 7 was identical to that of 4, indicating that they have the same absolute configuration. Therefore, the absolute configuration of 7 was determined as 3S, 5S, 10S, 13S, 14R, 16R, 17R, 20S, 22R, 23S, 24S, 28R.
Compound 8, isolated as a white amorphous solid, showed a molecular formula of C 29 H 46 O 5 deduced by its positive HR-ESI-MS ion peak [M + Na]+ at m/z 497.3241 (calculated for C 29 H 46 O 5 Na, 497.3237), implying seven degrees of unsaturation. The 1 H and 13 C NMR data ( Table 1) of 8 were similar to those of 7 with the same stigmastane-type steroid core architecture. The differences lie in an acetoxyl group at C-3 in 8 instead of a hydroxyl group substituted in 7, which was confirmed by the 1 H-1 H COSY and HMBC spectra. The same NOESY correlations between 7 and 8 suggested that they had the same relative configuration. The absolute configuration of 8 was deduced as 3S, 5S, 10S, 13S, 14R, 16R, 17R, 20S, 22R, 23S, 24S, 28R, since the same cotton effects of ECD curves between 7 and 8 ( Figure 5B).
The NF-κB signaling pathway plays a critical role in inflammatory diseases, including neuroinflammatory. The activation of NF-κB depends on the degradation of NF-κB inhibitory proteins (IκBs) [30]. Once activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IκBs are rapidly phosphorylated and degraded. Then, the IκB degradation promotes NF-κB moving into the nucleus, which contributes to the transcriptional induction of inflammationassociated genes. Thus, blocking the LPS-stimulated degradation of IκBα inhibits NF-κB activation. In this study, western blotting was used to investigate whether the isolates could block the LPS-stimulated degradation of IκBα in BV-2 microglia cells. In order to exclude the cytotoxic effect of compounds on the cell growth of BV2 cells, the cells were exposed to 1-8 (30 µM) in the presence or absence of LPS, and cell viability was not affected by the treatment of these compounds ( Figure 6A,B). As shown in Figure 6C,D, the IκBα was markedly degraded after treatment with LPS, while the LPS-induced IκBα degradation was blocked by pre-treatment with compound 1 at the concentration of 30 µM. Furthermore, dose-response analysis indicated that compound 1 reversed IκBα degradation in a dose-dependent manner ( Figure 6E,F). These results suggest that compound 1 could inhibit the LPS-induced activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in BV-2 microglia cells by the suppression of IκB degradation.
Studies have shown that the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is able to trigger NF-κB activation through IκB degradation [31]. MAPKs, an important signaling pathway, are involved in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines as well as the modulation of NF-κB in microglia BV2 cells [31,32]. Stimulation of BV2 cells with LPS led to the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT as well as p38 MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). However, compound 1 decreased the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK in a dose-dependent manner ( Figure 6E, F). These results confirmed that compound 1 might inhibit inflammation through restricting the activation of the PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK pathways.
fected by the treatment of these compounds ( Figure 6A, B). As shown in Figure 6C, D, the IκBα was markedly degraded after treatment with LPS, while the LPS-induced IκBα degradation was blocked by pre-treatment with compound 1 at the concentration of 30 μM. Furthermore, dose-response analysis indicated that compound 1 reversed IκBα degradation in a dose-dependent manner ( Figure 6E, F). These results suggest that compound 1 could inhibit the LPS-induced activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in BV-2 microglia cells by the suppression of IκB degradation.

General Experimental Procedures
Ultraviolet (UV) spectra were measured on a Shimadzu UV-2600 spectrophotometer.
Optical rotation values were detected on a Rudolph Autopol IV/IV-T automatic polarimeter (Hackettstown, NJ, USA). Electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra were obtained on a MOS-500 CD spectrometer (Bio-Logic, Seyssinet-Pariset, France). High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectra were acquired by a Thermo Scientific Q Exactive Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker AVANCE III 600 MHz or 850 MHz NMR spectrometers (Bruker, Frankfurt, Germany) with TMS as the internal standard at room temperature. Analytical HPLC was carried out on a Shimadzu LC-20AD pump system with a diode-array detector equipped with an RP-C18 HPLC column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm). Semi-preparative HPLC was performed on a Shimadzu LC-16P series instrument with a dual-wavelength UV detector using YMC-Pack ODS-A (250 × 10 mm, 5 µm) chromatographic columns (CC). The silica gel (200-300 mesh, Qingdao Marine Chemical Inc., Qingdao, China), Sephadex LH-20 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) and ODS (50 µm, YMC, Kyoto, Japan) were employed for column chromatography. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) (Qingdao Marine Chemical Inc., Qingdao, China) was used for monitoring the chromatography. The petroleum ether-ethyl acetate and dichloromethane-methanol solvent systems were used as mobile phase, and the spots were observed by UV lamp and heated after spraying with 5% H 2 SO 4 in EtOH (v/v).

Plant Material
The twigs of V. amygdalina (compositae) were harvested from Taiwan, People's Republic of China, in April 2016, and the species identification was carried out by Prof. Zhenji Li, College of the Environment Ecology, Xiamen University.

Extraction and Isolation
The air-dried and pulverized twigs of V. amygdalina were extracted by refluxing with 60% ethanol. The solvents were removed to yield 1 kg crude extract (extraction yield: 18.2%), which was dissolved in distilled water and partitioned with petroleum ether   Table 2.

Computational Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD) Spectrum Calculation Method
The detailed calculation method of the ECD spectrum of 1 was supplied in supporting information.

Snatzke's Method to Identify the Absolute Configuration of the Vic-Diols in 7
The detailed operation procedures of Snatzke's method were performed as previously described [29]. The Mo 2 (OAc) 4 and 7 were mixed in DMSO solvent to produce Mo 2 4+ complex. The stable ICD of the curve was recorded in a CD spectrum. The cotton effects at 310 nm or 400 nm were used as a reference for diagnostic bands.

Cell Culture
BV-2 microglia cells were cultured in DMEM medium (BasalMedia, China) with 10% fetal bovine serum (BI) in a cell culture incubator with 5% CO 2 and 37 • C.

Cell Proliferation Assay
Cell viability was evaluated through MTT assay. BV-2 cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a density of 8 × 10 3 cells per well. After 16 h, the cells were treated with compounds or DMSO for 24 h. Before culturing with DMEM medium (60 µL) and MTT reagent (15 µL), the cells were incubated with LPS (1 µg/mL). After 4 h, each plate dissolved in equal amounts of DMSO (100 µL). The optical absorbance was measured at 492 nm through a microplate reader (Thermo Multiskan MK3, Thermo Scientific, Helsinki, Finland).

Western Blot Analysis
BV-2 cells were lysed by an ice-cold buffer (RIPA) containing protease-inhibitor and phosphatase-inhibitor cocktails (MCE). Protein samples of cell lysate were separated through sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transfected into polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. The membranes were blocked in 5% non-fat milk at room temperature for 1 h. Then, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies at 4 • C overnight. After being washed three times with TBST buffer, the membranes were incubated with the second antibodies at room temperature for one hour. Then, the membranes were washed four times and immunoreactive products were visualized via ECL western blotting detection reagents.

Conclusions
In this paper, eight undescribed polyhydric stigmastane-type steroids derivative were purified from Vernonia amygdalina. Their gross structures and stereochemistry were elucidated by comprehensive NMR spectra and X-ray diffraction. Moreover, ECD calculation and Snatzke's method were also employed for the determination of their absolute configuration. The anti-neuroinflammatory activity results showed that compound 1 restrained the activation of NF-κB through suppressing the degradation of IκB proteins in BV-2 microglia cells. In addition, compound 1 could inhibit the activation of PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK pathway in BV-2 microglia cells. Therefore, compound 1 could be a candidate for treatment of neuroinflammatory. Despite the anti-neuroinflammatory activity of compound 1 has been confirmed in vitro, however, the presence of blood brain barrier in vivo must be considered. Therefore, further researches should be paid attention to improve bioavailability of active compounds.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.