26th Annual GP2A Medicinal Chemistry Conference & 32nd Journées Franco-Belges de Pharmacochimie

As a joint meeting, the 26th Medicinal Chemistry Conference of GP2A and 32nd Journées Franco-Belges de Pharmacochimie took place between 13th and 15th June at Asnelles sur Mer (Normandie, France), providing a unique opportunity for a wide group of European medicinal chemists to engage. Topics included chemical tools for medicinal chemistry, protein-protein interactions, epigenetics, natural product-inspired molecules, computer-aided drug design, and new strategies for the design and development of drugs. Abstracts of invited lectures, proffered young researcher communications, flash communications and posters presented during the meeting are collected in this report.


Aim and Scope of the Meeting
The Groupement des Pharmacochimistes de l'Arc Atlantique (GP2A) is a group of academic medicinal chemists working in universities and research institutes near the western coast of Europe (the "Atlantic Arc"). It was founded in 1992 with the aim of bringing together researchers in this area to exchange ideas and experiences. Historically, it has included members from France, Spain, Portugal, Ireland and the United Kingdom. It has recently expanded both geographically and in terms of research fields, now including researchers from areas that range from physical and pharmaceutical chemistry to molecular pharmacology.
The "Journées Franco-Belges de Pharmacochimie" (JFB) is a widely recognized annual medicinal chemistry meeting. This two-day symposium, whose first edition was held in 1986, aims to promote exchanges between medicinal chemists, mainly from France and Belgium. It is renowned for the advanced science presented, conviviality, and outstanding opportunities for senior and young scientists to exchange knowledge.
The aim of the annual conference is the exchange of ideas and experience, particularly amongst young researchers. This is achieved in two ways, through focused conferences and the facilitation of short exchange visits. Each year, we hold a meeting designed to bring together not only laboratory heads (Principal Investigators) but also postdocs and postgraduate research students (PhD students). At these meetings, everyone has the opportunity to present and discuss their latest research through invited lectures, oral communications and posters. In 2018, the joint conference was held in Asnelles sur Mer (Normandy, France) and was organized by members from the Universities of Caen and Rouen. The major research topics that were presented included chemical tools for medicinal chemistry, The two nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) mediate the biological effects of the estrogen hormones and ERα is an attractive therapeutic target for diseases including breast cancer and osteoporosis. Estrogens are known to have tissue selective effects, and there is considerable interest in the therapeutic use of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). ERα is an important target for drugs such as tamoxifen and fulvestrant. There is ongoing debate about the role of ERβ in cancer.
Three series of ER-ligands based on the benzoxepin scaffold structure were synthesized-series I containing an acrylic acid, series II with an acrylamide and series III with a saturated carboxylic acid substituent. These compounds were shown to be high affinity ligands for the ER with nanomolar IC50 binding values. Series I acrylic acid ligands were generally ERα selective. In particular, compound 13e featuring a phenylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid substituent was shown to be antiproliferative and downregulated ERα and ERβ expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Interestingly, from series III, the phenoxybutyric acid derivative compound 22 was not antiproliferative and selectively downregulated ERβ. A docking study of the benzoxepin ligands was undertaken. Compound 13e is a promising lead for development as a clinically relevant SERD, whilst compound 22 will be a useful experimental probe for helping to elucidate the role of ERβ in cancer cells.

Molecular Interrogation of Multiple Signalling States of the β1-Adrenoceptor (L9)
Shailesh N. Mistry 1, * and Jillian G. The β1-adrenoceptor (β1-AR) is a predominantly cardiac G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and regulates both the rate and force of heartbeat. β1-AR blockade is important in managing symptoms and prolonging life in heart failure and ischaemic heart disease, by blocking the actions of endogenous catecholamine agonists-epinephrine and norepinephrine. Conventionally it was believed that β1-AR activation occurred solely through agonist binding to the catecholamine binding site and stabilisation of an active receptor conformation, however β-blockers (β1-AR antagonists) such as CGP12177 have been found to exhibit an unusual behaviour (Kaumann, A. J., et al. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 2008, 118, 303-336). It is now well established that the β1-AR exists in at least two agonist signalling states. A 'primary conformation', which is activated by endogenous catecholamines and competitively blocked by β-blockers with high binding affinity and, a 'secondary conformation', through which some ligands (e.g., CGP12177, pindolol, alprenolol) can generate agonist responses that are relatively resistant to β-blocker antagonism (Baker, J. G., et al. Mol. Pharmacol. 2003, 63, 1312-1321. Of concern, some β-blockers that exhibit this activity (e.g., carvedilol) and are used in the clinic reach plasma concentrations in patients that are sufficient to enable secondary conformationmediated signalling. In order to understand this phenomenon further it is essential to elucidate the specific ligand-protein interactions and ligand structural features that are responsible for this The β 1 -adrenoceptor (β 1 -AR) is a predominantly cardiac G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and regulates both the rate and force of heartbeat. β 1 -AR blockade is important in managing symptoms and prolonging life in heart failure and ischaemic heart disease, by blocking the actions of endogenous catecholamine agonists-epinephrine and norepinephrine. Conventionally it was believed that β 1 -AR activation occurred solely through agonist binding to the catecholamine binding site and stabilisation of an active receptor conformation, however β-blockers (β 1 -AR antagonists) such as CGP12177 have been found to exhibit an unusual behaviour (Kaumann, A. J., et al. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 2008, 118, 303-336). It is now well established that the β 1 -AR exists in at least two agonist signalling states. A 'primary conformation', which is activated by endogenous catecholamines and competitively blocked by β-blockers with high binding affinity and, a 'secondary conformation', through which some ligands (e.g., CGP12177, pindolol, alprenolol) can generate agonist responses that are relatively resistant to β-blocker antagonism (Baker, J. G., et al. Mol. Pharmacol. 2003, 63, 1312-1321. tool. However, the introduction of fluorine-containing groups on versatile alkenes as well as aliphatic derivatives by direct C-H bond functionalization is still scarce. To take up this challenge, we have developed innovative methodologies to access these important fluorinated building blocks. Transition metal catalyzed trifluoromethylation (Besset, T., et al. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 79, 413-418) and trifluoromethylthiolation (Xiong, H.-Y., et al. J. Org. Chem. 2015, 80, 4204-4212;Zhao, Q., et al. Org. Lett. 2017, 19, 5106-5109) of vinylic and aliphatic amides were particularly studied. Besides, a special attention was paid to the development of modern strategies in organofluorine chemistry with a special focus on emergent fluorinated groups and the design of original electrophilic reagents (Xiong, H.-Y., et al. Org. Chem. Front. 2016, 3, 620-624;Xiong, H.-Y., et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 13490-13494).

Molecular Interrogation of Multiple Signalling States of the β1-Adrenoceptor (L9)
Shailesh N. Mistry 1, * and Jillian G. The β1-adrenoceptor (β1-AR) is a predominantly cardiac G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and regulates both the rate and force of heartbeat. β1-AR blockade is important in managing symptoms and prolonging life in heart failure and ischaemic heart disease, by blocking the actions of endogenous catecholamine agonists-epinephrine and norepinephrine. Conventionally it was believed that β1-AR activation occurred solely through agonist binding to the catecholamine binding site and stabilisation of an active receptor conformation, however β-blockers (β1-AR antagonists) such as CGP12177 have been found to exhibit an unusual behaviour (Kaumann, A. J., et al. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 2008, 118, 303-336). It is now well established that the β1-AR exists in at least two agonist signalling states. A 'primary conformation', which is activated by endogenous catecholamines and competitively blocked by β-blockers with high binding affinity and, a 'secondary conformation', through which some ligands (e.g., CGP12177, pindolol, alprenolol) can generate agonist responses that are relatively resistant to β-blocker antagonism (Baker, J. G., et al. Mol. Pharmacol. 2003, 63, 1312-1321. Of concern, some β-blockers that exhibit this activity (e.g., carvedilol) and are used in the clinic reach plasma concentrations in patients that are sufficient to enable secondary conformationmediated signalling. In order to understand this phenomenon further it is essential to elucidate the specific ligand-protein interactions and ligand structural features that are responsible for this Of concern, some β-blockers that exhibit this activity (e.g., carvedilol) and are used in the clinic reach plasma concentrations in patients that are sufficient to enable secondary conformation-mediated signalling. In order to understand this phenomenon further it is essential to elucidate the specific ligand-protein interactions and ligand structural features that are responsible for this behaviour. This presentation will summarise our findings to date of an ongoing ligand-based SAR study which started with two pharmacologically unusual β-blockers -CGP12177 and alprenolol.
3.7. Epigenetic Reactivation: HDAC and LSD1 Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents (L10) A. Ganesan School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; a.ganesan@uea.ac.uk The activation or silencing of genes in nucleosomes is regulated by structural modifications of the DNA double helix and the N-terminal tails of histone proteins. Two of the major histone modifications involve methylation or acetylation of lysine residues which are then removed by deacetylase (HDAC) and demethylase (KDM) enzymes. Both the HDACs and KDMs are important drug discovery targets, with five recently approved agents for the treatment of haematological cancers and multiple other candidates in clinical trials. The presentation will review the state of the art for HDAC and KDM inhibitors with illustrative examples based on natural products and synthetic scaffolds from our group (Lecointre, B., et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2018, 373, 20170364;Conforti, F. et al. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 48737-48754;Borrello, M. T. et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2017, 27, 2099-2101Liu, Q. et al. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 1109-1112Tortorici, M., et al. ACS Chem. Biol. 2013, 8, 1677-1682. behaviour. This presentation will summarise our findings to date of an ongoing ligand-based SAR study which started with two pharmacologically unusual β-blockers -CGP12177 and alprenolol.

Epigenetic Reactivation: HDAC and LSD1 Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents (L10)
A. Ganesan School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK; a.ganesan@uea.ac.uk The activation or silencing of genes in nucleosomes is regulated by structural modifications of the DNA double helix and the N-terminal tails of histone proteins. Two of the major histone modifications involve methylation or acetylation of lysine residues which are then removed by deacetylase (HDAC) and demethylase (KDM) enzymes. Both the HDACs and KDMs are important drug discovery targets, with five recently approved agents for the treatment of haematological cancers and multiple other candidates in clinical trials. The presentation will review the state of the art for HDAC and KDM inhibitors with illustrative examples based on natural products and synthetic scaffolds from our group (Lecointre, B., et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2018, 373, 20170364;Conforti, F. et al. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 48737-48754;Borrello, M. T. et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2017, 27, 2099-2101Liu, Q. et al. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 1109-1112Tortorici, M., et al. ACS Chem. Biol. 2013, 8, 1677-1682.

New Azole Antifungals with Fused Pyrimidinone and Triazinone Derivatives (L11)
Cédric Logé 1, *, David Montoir 1 , Rémi Guillon 1 , Alain Tonnerre 1 , Carine Picot 2 , Sophie Gazzola 2 , Fabrice Pagniez 2 and Patrice Le Pape 2 1 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nantes, F-44200 Nantes, France 2 Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, University of Nantes, F-44200 Nantes, France * Correspondence: cedric.loge@univ-nantes.fr Azoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole) are important drugs for the treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFIs). Unfortunately, their use as first intention has led to resistance. Besides azole antifungal agents, alternative classes include polyenes such as amphotericine B and its lipidic forms, as well as the echinocandines. However, these alternative antifungal agents are generally costly and not suitable for oral administration. Thus, there is a continued interest in developing azole antifungals in particular those able to circumvent resistance phenomenon's which can be attributed either to mutations in ERG11 gene encoding the cytochrome P450 14α-demethylase (CYP51), or to an overexpression of genes encoding membrane transport proteins (CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1). Recently, isavuconazole, a new extended-spectrum triazole was also approved for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis, an order of molds that most antifungals (voriconazole included) do not treat.
We have already reported the synthesis of a novel antifungal agent bearing a thiazoloquinazolinone scaffold (Guillon, R. et al. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 288-292). Taking into account that this compound has showed in vivo antifungal efficacy in a mice model of systemic 3.8. New Azole Antifungals with Fused Pyrimidinone and Triazinone Derivatives (L11) Cédric Logé 1, *, David Montoir 1 , Rémi Guillon 1 , Alain Tonnerre 1 , Carine Picot 2 , Sophie Gazzola 2 , Fabrice Pagniez 2 and Patrice Le Pape 2 1 Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Nantes, F-44200 Nantes, France 2 Department of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, University of Nantes, F-44200 Nantes, France * Correspondence: cedric.loge@univ-nantes.fr Azoles (fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole) are important drugs for the treatment of invasive fungal infections (IFIs). Unfortunately, their use as first intention has led to resistance. Besides azole antifungal agents, alternative classes include polyenes such as amphotericine B and its lipidic forms, as well as the echinocandines. However, these alternative antifungal agents are generally costly and not suitable for oral administration. Thus, there is a continued interest in developing azole antifungals in particular those able to circumvent resistance phenomenon's which can be attributed either to mutations in ERG11 gene encoding the cytochrome P450 14α-demethylase (CYP51), or to an overexpression of genes encoding membrane transport proteins (CDR1, CDR2, and MDR1). Recently, isavuconazole, a new extended-spectrum triazole was also approved for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis, an order of molds that most antifungals (voriconazole included) do not treat. We have already reported the synthesis of a novel antifungal agent bearing a thiazoloquinazolinone scaffold (Guillon, R. et al. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 2013, 4, 288-292). Taking into account that this compound has showed in vivo antifungal efficacy in a mice model of systemic candidiasis, we decided to synthesize new analogues with a more easily accessible pyrrolotriazinone or imidazopyrimidinone scaffolds (Logé, C., et al. PCT WO 2017/021178 A1). These compounds exhibit in vitro activity against pathogenic Candida species (fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant) and promising activity against both Aspergillus fumigatus strains and a Rhizopus oryzae strain, the most prevalent agent of mucormycosis. Our lead compounds displayed also in vivo efficacy against three lethal systemic infections caused by C. albicans. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are attractive targets because they control numerous cellular processes. In oncology, apoptosis regulating Bcl-2 family proteins are of particular interest. Apoptotic cell death is controlled via PPIs between the anti-apoptotic proteins hydrophobic groove and the pro-apoptotic proteins BH3 domain. In ovarian carcinoma, it has been previously demonstrated that Bcl-x L and Mcl-1 cooperate to protect tumor cells against apoptosis.

Pyridoclax and Its Derivatives
If clinically relevant pharmacologic inhibition of Bcl-x L is available using ABT-263 (Navitoclax), selective direct inhibition of Mcl-1 remains problematic. In this context, our teams have designed and synthesized small compounds based on a pyridyl scaffold, named oligopyridines, which potentially target the Mcl-1 hydrophobic binding pocket. We demonstrated that the lead of the first generation of oligopyridines, named Pyridoclax, interacts directly with Mcl-1, releases its pro-apoptotic partners Bim and Bak and induces massive apoptosis at 25 µM concentration in combination with anti-Bcl-x L strategies in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cell lines.
In order to improve its biological activity, we evaluated the cytotoxic effects of a second generation of oligopyridines derived from the Pyridoclax. This allowed us to identify the MR31367, one of the most potent oligopyridines that shows a stronger pro-apoptotic activity in association with to Bcl-x L -targeting strategies in ovarian cancer cell lines. Further characterization showed that this derivative binds Mcl-1 and releases Bim and Bak from it, leading to Bak-mediated apoptosis.
Overall, these results open up interesting perspectives for the clinical use of Mcl-1 inhibitors as single agent or in combination with anticancer drugs to improve the clinical management of ovarian cancers. Generally, drug design processes referred to the modulation of a therapeutic target through the binding of a ligand into its active or orthosteric site. In contrary to this direct modulation, another concept progressively aroused a great interest in therapeutic research: allostery (Cominetti, M.D.D., et al. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2016, 14, 10161-10164). Indeed, defined allosteric sites open the way to the Pharmaceuticals 2019, 12, 73 9 of 42 conception of allosteric ligands, which present some advantages such as greater specificity (Peracchi, A., et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Proteins Proteomics 2011, 1814. In this study, we proposed an innovative way to identify allosteric sites, based on the study of the distribution of crystallization additives, used to stabilize proteins during the crystallization process. Density and clustering analysis of those compounds, applied on protein kinase family, revealed that the distribution of those compounds is not randomly spread around the structure, but the ligands have the tendency to aggregate near important sites. Interestingly, this original strategy allows the identification of defined allosteric sites. Moreover, crystallization additives could detect new allosteric sites in kinases and could be extend to other protein families. Four membered cycles are important strained structures in particular azetidines and oxetanes have attracted much attention in drug discovery (Carreira, E. M., et al. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 8257-8322;Burkhard, J. A., et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 9052-9067). They have been introduced to modify the pharmacokinetic properties of new drugs but they can also be opened selectively leading to molecules with various and all different substituents (Hoste, J., et al. Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 1949, 58, 157-166;Burkhard, J. A., et al. Org. Lett. 2008, 10, 3525-3526;Yadav, J. S., et al. Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 836-839). In addition, fluorine atom introduction is well known to modify the electronic properties of the neighbouring functions. In connection with our recent programme on the synthesis of antibiotics, we explored the influence of the fluorine atom on the regioselectivity of the ring-opening reaction of oxetan-3-ylidene derivatives to obtain trans-fluorobutenyl structures 2 as nucleoside mimics. Compound 3 is of particular interest as analogue of known Mycobacterium Tuberculosis FDTS inhibitors (Herdewijn P., et al. Chem. Med. Chem. 2013, 8, 1373-1383. Density and clustering analysis of those compounds, applied on protein kinase family, revealed that the distribution of those compounds is not randomly spread around the structure, but the ligands have the tendency to aggregate near important sites. Interestingly, this original strategy allows the identification of defined allosteric sites. Moreover, crystallization additives could detect new allosteric sites in kinases and could be extend to other protein families. Four membered cycles are important strained structures in particular azetidines and oxetanes have attracted much attention in drug discovery (Carreira, E. M., et al. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 8257-8322;Burkhard, J. A., et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 9052-9067). They have been introduced to modify the pharmacokinetic properties of new drugs but they can also be opened selectively leading to molecules with various and all different substituents (Hoste, J., et al. Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 1949, 58, 157-166;Burkhard, J. A., et al. Org. Lett. 2008, 10, 3525-3526;Yadav, J. S., et al. Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 836-839). In addition, fluorine atom introduction is well known to modify the electronic properties of the neighbouring functions. In connection with our recent programme on the synthesis of antibiotics, we explored the influence of the fluorine atom on the regioselectivity of the ring-opening reaction of oxetan-3-ylidene derivatives to obtain trans-fluorobutenyl structures 2 as nucleoside mimics. Compound 3 is of particular interest as analogue of known Mycobacterium Tuberculosis FDTS inhibitors (Herdewijn P., et al. Chem. Med. Chem. 2013, 8, 1373-1383. Excellent and opposite regioselectivities were observed for the phthalimidomethyl derivatives depending on the absence or presence of the fluorine atom. The bromide could readily be substituted by a number of nucleophiles thereby providing an interesting diversity. Other substrates bearing a benzyloxymethyl or an ester group were investigated and demonstrated similar reactivities. Particularly in the case of the ester, both E and Z regioisomers with ratios greater than 84:16 could be obtained depending on the conditions used. This communication decribes these results and will aim at proposing a mechanism.

Re-Designing Ecotoxic Drugs: From Environmental Persistence to Programmed Inactivation through Self-Immolation (YRC03)
Marta Abellán-Flos, Estelle Rascol and Raphaël Labruère * ICMMO, University of Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France * Correspondence: raphael.labruere@u-psud.fr Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their metabolites (mAPIs) are commonly found in the environment since wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are not generally prepared to deal with them. The toxic effects of APIs/mAPIs on organisms caused by their intrinsic properties, wide variety, presence as a mixture and chronic exposure urges the scientific community to consider the entire life cycle of drugs and environmental impact (Kümmerer, K. Green Chem. 2007, 9, 899-907).
Our project is based on the structural modification of already marketed drugs for programming them towards self-immolation after having fulfilled their therapeutic purpose. Indeed, once excreted, our rationally designed eco-drugs will undergo particular modifications in the biomass by predictable metabolism, which will trigger their self-disassembly, consequently losing their original activity and toxicity (Alouane, A., et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 7492-7509).
Excellent and opposite regioselectivities were observed for the phthalimidomethyl derivatives depending on the absence or presence of the fluorine atom. The bromide could readily be substituted by a number of nucleophiles thereby providing an interesting diversity. Other substrates bearing a benzyloxymethyl or an ester group were investigated and demonstrated similar reactivities. Particularly in the case of the ester, both E and Z regioisomers with ratios greater than 84:16 could be obtained depending on the conditions used. This communication decribes these results and will aim at proposing a mechanism.

Re-Designing Ecotoxic Drugs: From Environmental Persistence to Programmed Inactivation through Self-Immolation (YRC03)
Marta Abellán-Flos, Estelle Rascol and Raphaël Labruère * ICMMO, University of Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France * Correspondence: raphael.labruere@u-psud.fr Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their metabolites (mAPIs) are commonly found in the environment since wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are not generally prepared to deal with them. The toxic effects of APIs/mAPIs on organisms caused by their intrinsic properties, wide variety, presence as a mixture and chronic exposure urges the scientific community to consider the entire life cycle of drugs and environmental impact (Kümmerer, K. Green Chem. 2007, 9, 899-907).
Our project is based on the structural modification of already marketed drugs for programming them towards self-immolation after having fulfilled their therapeutic purpose. Indeed, once excreted, our rationally designed eco-drugs will undergo particular modifications in the biomass by predictable metabolism, which will trigger their self-disassembly, consequently losing their original activity and toxicity (Alouane, A., et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 7492-7509). Excellent and opposite regioselectivities were observed for the phthalimidomethyl derivatives depending on the absence or presence of the fluorine atom. The bromide could readily be substituted by a number of nucleophiles thereby providing an interesting diversity. Other substrates bearing a benzyloxymethyl or an ester group were investigated and demonstrated similar reactivities. Particularly in the case of the ester, both E and Z regioisomers with ratios greater than 84:16 could be obtained depending on the conditions used. This communication decribes these results and will aim at proposing a mechanism.

Re-Designing Ecotoxic Drugs: From Environmental Persistence to Programmed Inactivation through Self-Immolation (YRC03)
Marta Abellán-Flos, Estelle Rascol and Raphaël Labruère * ICMMO, University of Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France * Correspondence: raphael.labruere@u-psud.fr Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and their metabolites (mAPIs) are commonly found in the environment since wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are not generally prepared to deal with them. The toxic effects of APIs/mAPIs on organisms caused by their intrinsic properties, wide variety, presence as a mixture and chronic exposure urges the scientific community to consider the entire life cycle of drugs and environmental impact (Kümmerer, K. Green Chem. 2007, 9, 899-907).
Our project is based on the structural modification of already marketed drugs for programming them towards self-immolation after having fulfilled their therapeutic purpose. Indeed, once excreted, our rationally designed eco-drugs will undergo particular modifications in the biomass by predictable metabolism, which will trigger their self-disassembly, consequently losing their original activity and toxicity (Alouane, A., et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 7492-7509).
Methotrexate (MTX), one of the most widely prescribed antitumor agents worldwide since the 40's, was initially selected for its ability to accommodate a self-immolative structure via straightforward modification. MTX and its major metabolite, 7-OH-MTX, were detected in hospital effluents and WWTP effluents (Besse, J. P., et al. J. Environ. Int. 2012, 39, 73-86), leading to potential toxic effects against wildlife (Białk-Bielińska, A., et al. Chemosphere 2017, 189, 689-698). An analogue bearing the proper structural modification and displaying a similar in vivo activity has been synthesized (Nair, M. G., et al. J. Med. Chem. 1981, 24, 1068-1073. In our project, the better eco-compatibility of this compound is investigated in comparison to the methotrexate. Hence, metabolism in biological media and environmental transformation are under evaluation.
Acknowledgments: This work was funded by the Laboratory of Excellence in Research on Medication and Innovative Therapeutics (LERMIT) supported by a grant ANR-16-CE34-0001 titled "EDIFIS -Ecodesign of drugs containing a self-immolative scaffold". Pharmaceutical industries and public research centers have made oncology one of their priorities. Many drugs have been introduced on the market in order to treat cancer, however, many still suffer from a lack of selectivity for tumor cells over normal cells resulting in insufficient drug concentrations in tumors, systemic toxicity and appearance of drug-resistant tumor cells. To circumvent these drawbacks, a relevant strategy relying on the development of prodrugs designed to be activated after an enzymatic or a chemical reaction near the site of action allowing a specific release of the drug at its target site has rose (Monika A., et al., Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2017, 129, 53-71.). Among the different metabolic pathways, the activation by reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), appears particularly interesting and recent studies have shown that this property could be exploited for therapeutic benefit (Trachootham D., et al., Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2009, 8, 579-591). Since the cleavage of aryl boronic acids and their ester derivatives takes place in presence of H 2 O 2 , we studied the design and development of new anticancer prodrugs consisting in the coupling of a pinacol boronate ester (trigger unit) to doxorubicin (active entity). Methotrexate (MTX), one of the most widely prescribed antitumor agents worldwide since the 40's, was initially selected for its ability to accommodate a self-immolative structure via straightforward modification. MTX and its major metabolite, 7-OH-MTX, were detected in hospital effluents and WWTP effluents (Besse, J. P., et al. J. Environ. Int. 2012, 39, 73-86), leading to potential toxic effects against wildlife (Białk-Bielińska, A., et al. Chemosphere 2017, 189, 689-698). An analogue bearing the proper structural modification and displaying a similar in vivo activity has been synthesized (Nair, M. G., et al. J. Med. Chem. 1981, 24, 1068-1073. In our project, the better ecocompatibility of this compound is investigated in comparison to the methotrexate. Hence, metabolism in biological media and environmental transformation are under evaluation.

In Vitro Evaluation of ROS-Activatable
Pharmaceutical industries and public research centers have made oncology one of their priorities. Many drugs have been introduced on the market in order to treat cancer, however, many still suffer from a lack of selectivity for tumor cells over normal cells resulting in insufficient drug concentrations in tumors, systemic toxicity and appearance of drug-resistant tumor cells. To circumvent these drawbacks, a relevant strategy relying on the development of prodrugs designed to be activated after an enzymatic or a chemical reaction near the site of action allowing a specific release of the drug at its target site has rose (Monika A., et al., Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2017, 129, 53-71.). Among the different metabolic pathways, the activation by reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), appears particularly interesting and recent studies have shown that this property could be exploited for therapeutic benefit (Trachootham D., et al., Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2009, 8, 579-591). Since the cleavage of aryl boronic acids and their ester derivatives takes place in presence of H2O2, we studied the design and development of new anticancer prodrugs consisting in the coupling of a pinacol boronate ester (trigger unit) to doxorubicin (active entity).
Benzeneboronates, in which the oxidation of the carbon-boron bond allows the formation of an electron donor alcohol group, act as quinone methide-based self-immolative spacers, leading to the release of the active drug after an electronic delocalization within the aromatic nucleus. A panel of prodrugs has been designed with several kind of benzeneboronates rings on the basis of established Benzeneboronates, in which the oxidation of the carbon-boron bond allows the formation of an electron donor alcohol group, act as quinone methide-based self-immolative spacers, leading to the release of the active drug after an electronic delocalization within the aromatic nucleus. A panel of prodrugs has been designed with several kind of benzeneboronates rings on the basis of established structure-activity relationships (Cao S., et al., Chem. Eur. J. 2013, 19, 9050-9058.;Alouane A., et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 7492-7509). Indeed, a short self-immolation time will allow to limit the lifetime of the self-immolative phenol and, thus, limit its diffusion outside the tumor cells. A prosensor has been designed and used on a panel of tumor cell lines to investigate their ability to produce H 2 O 2 . Then, the designed prodrugs were investigated in vitro to determine their IC50 compared to the parent drug.
Acknowledgments: This work has been supported by the Fondation ARC pour la recherche sur le cancer. Until now, various phenotypes were observed and associated to TMEM45A expression. However, the structure, function and biological pathway of this protein are unknown. This work aims to unravel the mechanism of actions and functions by determining partners of TMEM45A using immunoprecipitation assays coupling to mass spectrometry. Moreover, the phenotype was studied using shRNA technology in MDA-MB-231 and T98G cells.

Phenotype Characterization and Mechanism
Acknowledgments: Thomas Dal Maso is grateful for financial support from the Fonds pour la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS). This work is supported by FRIA Grant. In 2017, over 46 million people were living with dementia worldwide and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in France, with about 850,000 cases. AD is a neurodegenerative and incurable brain disorder; only treatments for symptoms are available at this time. Because of the heavy economic and societal impact, there is an urgent need to find new treatments that target the molecular causes of neuronal cell death.

Conception and Synthesis of
Two abnormal structures in the brain called β-amyloid (Aβ)-containing plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are considered as two of the main features of AD. In this context, several studies support the hypothesis that alterations in the processing of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP), resulting in the accumulation of Aβ and other proteolytic products contributes to AD pathogenesis. Thus, current research focuses on the enzymes involved in the amyloid cascade such as α-, β-, and γ-secretase. However, recent studies have revealed the existence of another physiological APP processing pathway, mediated by a novel AD-related enzyme, membrane-type 5-matrix metalloproteinase (MT5-MMP), that can process APP and promote Aβ and CTFβ accumulation, as well as the inflammatory process in AD transgenic mice ( We aim to design and synthesize the first MT5-MMP inhibitors through an interdisciplinary approach including molecular modelling, medicinal chemistry and biology. Starting from a hit compound identified by screening of CERMN's chemical library, we are now investigating the pharmacomodulations on that scaffold to gain in affinity and selectivity for MT5-MMP. Two abnormal structures in the brain called β-amyloid (Aβ)-containing plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are considered as two of the main features of AD. In this context, several studies support the hypothesis that alterations in the processing of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP), resulting in the accumulation of Aβ and other proteolytic products contributes to AD pathogenesis. Thus, current research focuses on the enzymes involved in the amyloid cascade such as α-, β-, and γ-secretase. However, recent studies have revealed the existence of another physiological APP processing pathway, mediated by a novel AD-related enzyme, membrane-type 5matrix metalloproteinase (MT5-MMP), that can process APP and promote Aβ and CTFβ accumulation, as well as the inflammatory process in AD transgenic mice (Baranger, K. et al. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2016, 73, 217-236;Baranger, K. et al. J. Neuroinflammation 2016, 13, 167;Baranger et al. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 2017, 9, 1-17). Moreover, MT5-MMP can cleave APP upstream from the βsecretase cleavage site (the so called η-cleavage site) (Ahmad, M. et al. J. Biochem. 2006, 139, 517-526) and release a N-terminally elongated Aβ fragment (Aη-α), which appears to be synaptotoxic (Willem, M. et al. Nature 2015, 526, 443-447).
We aim to design and synthesize the first MT5-MMP inhibitors through an interdisciplinary approach including molecular modelling, medicinal chemistry and biology. Starting from a hit compound identified by screening of CERMN's chemical library, we are now investigating the pharmacomodulations on that scaffold to gain in affinity and selectivity for MT5-MMP.
In this context, we describe here new MTDL synthesized by the multicomponent Ugi reaction (Pachón-Angona I., et al., J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 2018, 34, 479-489). The new hybrids result from the juxtaposition of different pharmacophoric groups, such as N-benzylpiperidine, a well-known
In this context, we describe here new MTDL synthesized by the multicomponent Ugi reaction (Pachón-Angona I., et al., J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 2018, 34, 479-489). The new hybrids result from the juxtaposition of different pharmacophoric groups, such as N-benzylpiperidine, a well-known functional motif present in ChE inhibitors, melatonin, a natural product showing broad-spectrum antioxidant and free radical scavenger activity, and a chromone moiety, as an antioxidant and MAO inhibitor. functional motif present in ChE inhibitors, melatonin, a natural product showing broad-spectrum antioxidant and free radical scavenger activity, and a chromone moiety, as an antioxidant and MAO inhibitor.
Accordingly, the new MTDL showed a strong antioxidant power, EeAChE, eqBuChE and hMAO-A/B inhibitory activities, and neuroprotective capacity in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells against toxics insults, such as Oligomycin/Rotenone, Aβ1-35 and okadaic acid.

Synthesis of Piperazine-Based Siderophores to Design Broad Spectrum Antibiotics (FC06)
Pauline Loupias 1, *, Alexandra Dassonville-Klimpt 1 , Elodie Lohou 1 , Nicolas Taudon  Resistance to antibiotics is an emerging phenomenon, fast becoming a major medical problem. The resistance of Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Burkholderia group to conventional antibiotics leads to therapeutic failure and requires new antibiotic therapies. The use of iron transport systems is a promising strategy to overcome this phenomenon. These TonBdependent receptors, essential for the survival of microorganisms, allow specific recognition of ferric siderophore complexes in order to transport iron within bacteria (Miethke, M. et al., Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2007, 71, 413-451). Bacteria, according to their kind, express different types of receptors that allow them to recognize their endogenous siderophores but also xenosiderophores. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia pseudomallei in particular possess FptA receptors allowing the recognition of pyochelin (Butt A.T., et al. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2017, 7).
These specific systems may allow the introduction of antibacterial agents by forming antibioticsiderophore conjugates or toxic complexes such as gallium complexes, in the bacteria to kill it. Siderophores have three types of chelating function: catechols, hydroxamates and hydroxycarboxylates. Previous work in the laboratory has shown that piperazine 1,4-dicatechol structures (MPPS0225) could be recognized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. In order to further investigate this piperazine platform, we have synthesized iron chelators bearing 3-hydroxypyridin-4-ones and 1,3-dihydroxypyridin-4-one ligands. At the same time, we were interested in the synthesis of a more Accordingly, the new MTDL showed a strong antioxidant power, EeAChE, eqBuChE and hMAO-A/B inhibitory activities, and neuroprotective capacity in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells against toxics insults, such as Oligomycin/Rotenone, Aβ 1-35 and okadaic acid.

Synthesis of Piperazine-Based Siderophores to Design Broad Spectrum Antibiotics (FC06)
Pauline Loupias 1, *, Alexandra Dassonville-Klimpt 1 , Elodie Lohou 1 , Nicolas Taudon 2 and Pascal Sonnet 1 1 AGIR, UFR de pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 1 rue des Louvels, 80000 Amiens, France 2 Unité de Toxicologie Analytique, Institut de Recherche Biomédicales des Armées, 91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France * Correspondence: pauline.loupias@etud.u-piardie.fr Resistance to antibiotics is an emerging phenomenon, fast becoming a major medical problem. The resistance of Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Burkholderia group to conventional antibiotics leads to therapeutic failure and requires new antibiotic therapies. The use of iron transport systems is a promising strategy to overcome this phenomenon. These TonB-dependent receptors, essential for the survival of microorganisms, allow specific recognition of ferric siderophore complexes in order to transport iron within bacteria (Miethke, M. et al., Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2007, 71, 413-451). Bacteria, according to their kind, express different types of receptors that allow them to recognize their endogenous siderophores but also xenosiderophores. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia pseudomallei in particular possess FptA receptors allowing the recognition of pyochelin (Butt A.T., et al. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2017, 7).
These specific systems may allow the introduction of antibacterial agents by forming antibiotic-siderophore conjugates or toxic complexes such as gallium complexes, in the bacteria to kill it. Siderophores have three types of chelating function: catechols, hydroxamates and hydroxy-carboxylates. Previous work in the laboratory has shown that piperazine 1,4-dicatechol structures (MPPS0225) could be recognized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. In order to further investigate this piperazine platform, we have synthesized iron chelators bearing 3-hydroxypyridin-4-ones and 1,3-dihydroxypyridin-4-one ligands. At the same time, we were interested in the synthesis of a more complex 2,5-dioxopiperazine platform, part of the rhodotorulic acid (RA), a natural siderophore produced by Rhodotorula pilimanae showing an interesting iron affinity (pFe = 21,8). Two RA synthesis strategies will be developed as well as the corresponding 3,6-disubstituted analogs. Through the synthesis of these chelators, we would like to study the influence, on the complexation of iron, the nitrogenous platform (piperazine or dioxopiperazine), the presence of stereogenic centers (3,6-disubstituted dioxopiperazine vs piperazines 1,4 -disubstituted) and the nature of the iron ligands (hydroxypyridinone vs catechol). An evaluation of the siderophore-like potential and a measurement of the complexing force of these will be carried out.
Pharmaceuticals 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 43 complex 2,5-dioxopiperazine platform, part of the rhodotorulic acid (RA), a natural siderophore produced by Rhodotorula pilimanae showing an interesting iron affinity (pFe = 21,8). Two RA synthesis strategies will be developed as well as the corresponding 3,6-disubstituted analogs. Through the synthesis of these chelators, we would like to study the influence, on the complexation of iron, the nitrogenous platform (piperazine or dioxopiperazine), the presence of stereogenic centers (3,6disubstituted dioxopiperazine vs piperazines 1,4 -disubstituted) and the nature of the iron ligands (hydroxypyridinone vs catechol). An evaluation of the siderophore-like potential and a measurement of the complexing force of these will be carried out.
Acknowledgments: This work was funded by the DGA and the Haut de France region. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting millions of patients worldwide, for which the current treatments produce only symptomatic benefits. Among the biological targets implied in the physiopathology, and especially among the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), melatonergic MT1 and MT2 and serotonergic 5-HT2c receptors present a growing interest. Modulations of these receptors have been proved to promote the non-amyloidogenic cleavage of Amyloid Protein Precursor (APP) and to ameliorate the symptoms through several actions such as anti-oxidant effect and regulation of the transmission of other neurotransmitters (Shukla, M., et al., Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2017, 15, 1010-1031Švob Štrac, D., et al., Transl. Neurosci. 2016, 7, 35-49).

Docking Studies of Melatonergic and Serotonergic Multi-Target Directed Ligands of Potential Interest for Alzheimer's Disease (FC07)
As AD is a multifactorial disorder, a simultaneous action on these two types of receptors with Multi-Target Directed Ligands (MTDLs) could represent a novel therapeutic approach. To this aim, we screened our chemical library in order to identify both potent MT1 and MT2 receptors agonists and 5-HT2c receptors antagonists. We performed docking studies of the selected molecules into homology models of MT1 and MT2 receptors and into the crystal structure of 5-HT2c receptors (Peng, Y., et al. Cell. 2018, 172, 719-730  Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, affecting millions of patients worldwide, for which the current treatments produce only symptomatic benefits. Among the biological targets implied in the physiopathology, and especially among the G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), melatonergic MT1 and MT2 and serotonergic 5-HT 2c receptors present a growing interest. Modulations of these receptors have been proved to promote the non-amyloidogenic cleavage of Amyloid Protein Precursor (APP) and to ameliorate the symptoms through several actions such as anti-oxidant effect and regulation of the transmission of other neurotransmitters (Shukla, M., et al., Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2017, 15, 1010-1031Švob Štrac, D., et al., Transl. Neurosci. 2016, 7, 35-49).
As AD is a multifactorial disorder, a simultaneous action on these two types of receptors with Multi-Target Directed Ligands (MTDLs) could represent a novel therapeutic approach. To this aim, we screened our chemical library in order to identify both potent MT1 and MT2 receptors agonists and 5-HT 2c receptors antagonists. We performed docking studies of the selected molecules into homology models of MT1 and MT2 receptors and into the crystal structure of 5-HT 2c receptors (Peng, Y., et al.  The high P2X7R receptor expression in immune cells suggests its considerable role in numerous diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies have already proved the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and in some cases anticancer properties of selective P2X7R antagonists (Baudelet, D., et al. Curr. Med. Chem. 2015, 22, 713-729).
Among the different chemical series developed by the major pharmaceutical companies, some lead compounds underwent to clinical trials mainly for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. 1 GSK products of types 1 and 2 (Chambers, L. J. et al., WO 2008003697, 2008, Chem. Abstr. 2008  The aim of our work is to elaborate new molecules able to interact with P2X7R receptors. The design of our compound series was done on the basis of the GSK lead compounds 1 and 2. Indeed, the 2-amido-lactam "-C-CO-NH-C-" sequence found in compounds 1 and 2 was considered as the key fragment responsible of such hypothetic activity. Therefore, we envisioned to insert such moiety in our series. As highlighted in the Figure, a skeleton containing a polycyclic N,X-acetal backbone (I, II ; X = S, O, N), fused 1,4-thiazine III and 1,4-diazine IV bearing the expected 2-amidolactam fragment were selected to ensure a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study pivotal for further biological activities.
In this line, the expected N,X-acetals I, II were synthetized by using a modified standard Meyer's cyclocondensation (Groaning, M. D.;Meyers, A. I. Tetrahedron 2000, 56, 9843-9873). Then an oxidation step followed by a Morin rearrangement provided the compounds III starting from I and II. During The aim of our work is to elaborate new molecules able to interact with P2X7R receptors. The design of our compound series was done on the basis of the GSK lead compounds 1 and 2. Indeed, the 2-amido-lactam "-C-CO-NH-C-" sequence found in compounds 1 and 2 was considered as the key fragment responsible of such hypothetic activity. Therefore, we envisioned to insert such moiety in our series. As highlighted in the Figure, a skeleton containing a polycyclic N,X-acetal backbone (I, II; X = S, O, N), fused 1,4-thiazine III and 1,4-diazine IV bearing the expected 2-amidolactam fragment were selected to ensure a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study pivotal for further biological activities. The high P2X7R receptor expression in immune cells suggests its considerable role in numerous diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies have already proved the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and in some cases anticancer properties of selective P2X7R antagonists (Baudelet, D., et al. Curr. Med. Chem. 2015, 22, 713-729).
Among the different chemical series developed by the major pharmaceutical companies, some lead compounds underwent to clinical trials mainly for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. 1 GSK products of types 1 and 2 (Chambers, L. J. et al., WO 2008003697, 2008, Chem. Abstr. 2008  The aim of our work is to elaborate new molecules able to interact with P2X7R receptors. The design of our compound series was done on the basis of the GSK lead compounds 1 and 2. Indeed, the 2-amido-lactam "-C-CO-NH-C-" sequence found in compounds 1 and 2 was considered as the key fragment responsible of such hypothetic activity. Therefore, we envisioned to insert such moiety in our series. As highlighted in the Figure, a skeleton containing a polycyclic N,X-acetal backbone (I, II ; X = S, O, N), fused 1,4-thiazine III and 1,4-diazine IV bearing the expected 2-amidolactam fragment were selected to ensure a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study pivotal for further biological activities.  Since its discovery in 1988, the serotonin 4 receptor subtype (5-HT4R) has emerged as a promising target for drug discovery and development resulting from their implications in cognition, learning, memory processes and many neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, anxiety, depression or anorexia nervosa (Bockaert, J., et al. A. Neuropharmacology 2008, 55, 922-931.). Thus, discovery of active 5-HT4R agonists and antagonists remains a continuing interest in clinical research. To this end, positron emission tomography (PET) (Marner, L., et al. Neuroimage 2010, 50, 855-861.) (Caillé, F., et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2013, 6243-6247.) coupled with effective radioligands constitutes a valuable tool, both in clinical studies and drug discovery's program. Based on previous works in CERMN (Lam, B.V., et al. Chem. Eur. J. 2016, 22, 4440-4446.), we aimed to develop new fluorinated indazole derivatives as potential brain 5-HT4R PET tracers.
A convergent synthesis pathway to obtain fluorinated analogues has been established. A methodology allowing selective functionalization at position 3 leading to polyfunctional indazoles within a minimum of step has been developed. New pharmacomodulations studies were realized in order to increase receptor affinity, decrease lipophilicity and increase metabolic resistance. In a world where life expectancy is increasing, Alzheimer disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia, and touch approximatively 17% of people who are more than 75 years in France. This is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Despite the fact that the physiopathology of AD is not entirely known at the time, some molecular causes were found such as the β-amyloid peptides aggregation, tau−dependent neurofibrillary tangles, as well as oxidative stress. Currently, treatments available for patients are mainly Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitor, which only have symptomatic benefits and do not cure AD. Then there is still a strong medical need in the AD population.

Conception and Synthesis of New Pleiotropic Compounds that Both
In this context, the concept of Multi−Target Directed Ligands (MTDLs) was applied to design a drug with several therapeutic targets to treat a disease. The MTDL should be able in first hand, to limit the development of β-amyloid plaques obtained by the aggregation of β-amyloïd peptides (Aß). Our compounds should be able to promote the cleavage of amyloid protein precursor (APP) by asecretase in order to produce a neuroprotective and soluble peptide sAPPa. This is the role of the 5HT4R agonist (blue part-fig) which is already studied in the CERMN in other MTDL projects and led to the discovery of Donecopride (Rochais, C. et al., J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 3172−3187). In another A convergent synthesis pathway to obtain fluorinated analogues has been established. A methodology allowing selective functionalization at position 3 leading to polyfunctional indazoles within a minimum of step has been developed. New pharmacomodulations studies were realized in order to increase receptor affinity, decrease lipophilicity and increase metabolic resistance. In a world where life expectancy is increasing, Alzheimer disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia, and touch approximatively 17% of people who are more than 75 years in France. This is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Despite the fact that the physiopathology of AD is not entirely known at the time, some molecular causes were found such as the β-amyloid peptides aggregation, tau-dependent neurofibrillary tangles, as well as oxidative stress. Currently, treatments available for patients are mainly Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitor, which only have symptomatic benefits and do not cure AD. Then there is still a strong medical need in the AD population.
In this context, the concept of Multi-Target Directed Ligands (MTDLs) was applied to design a drug with several therapeutic targets to treat a disease. The MTDL should be able in first hand, to limit the development of β-amyloid plaques obtained by the aggregation of β-amyloïd peptides (Aß). Our compounds should be able to promote the cleavage of amyloid protein precursor (APP) by a-secretase in order to produce a neuroprotective and soluble peptide sAPPa. This is the role of the To that end, different compounds will be designed and synthetized in order to evaluate their in vitro/in vivo properties regarding their agonist activity on 5−HT4R and antioxidant property.

Antiplasmodial Activity of Polyphenolic Derivatives (FC13)
Gilles Degotte  Despite the progress in the struggle against malaria, this parasitic disease remains a major public health problem with 216 million cases in 2016. The last advance was the development of artemisinin and its derivatives, near 15 years ago. These compounds are employed with success in combination with other antimalarial drugs and are now the recommended treatment by the World Health Organization. However, resistance of Plasmodium to these molecules appears and spreads over in Asia and Africa. Thus, the design of new antiplasmodial derivatives is imperative to hope the eradication of this infection (World Health Organisation, 2017).
Polyphenolics compounds are well known to have multiple pharmacological activities such as antioxidant (Wright, J. S. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1173-1183, antitumor (Okuda, T. in Food Factors for Cancer Prevention 1997, 280-285), antimicrobial (Bisignano, G. et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1999, 51, 971-974) and antiplasmodial (Köhler, I. et al., Z. Naturforsch. 2002, 57c, 277-281.). Regarding this last effect, the screening of caffeic acid (1) and its derivatives was performed in vitro and in vivo. These evaluations permitted to select ethyl caffeate (2) as the most potent derivatives against a 3D7 strain in culture. More interestingly, this ester was found active in mice with a stage specificity on the young trophozoites. The major interest of this molecule is that caffeic acid is widely distributed in plants and is considered non-toxic.  (1) and its derivatives was performed in vitro and in vivo. These evaluations permitted to select ethyl caffeate (2) as the most potent derivatives against a 3D7 strain in culture. More interestingly, this ester was found active in mice with a stage specificity on the  (2) and ellagic acid (3).
Considering the results obtained with this first series of polyphenolic analogs and based on the known antimalarial activity of ellagic acid (3)  This infection, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, kills each year 1.7 million people (World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Report, 2017, http://www.who.int/tb/publications). A treatment, involving a combination of drugs for a minimum of six months, is available but the rapid emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of M. tuberculosis stresses the need for alternative therapies. The enzyme MabA (FabG1) is involved in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids (Marrakchi, H, et al. A. Microbiology 2002, 148, 951), which are very long-chain fatty acids playing a major role in the bacterial cell wall. The gene coding for this enzyme has been shown to be essential for M. tuberculosis (Parish, T. J. Bacteriol. 2007, 189, 3721), therefore our goal is to find drug-like inhibitors of MabA that prevent mycobacterial growth. The screening of a 1280 fragment-library on MabA using a new enzymatic assay allowed the identification of several families of inhibitors. One of this series was selected for further optimization and structure-activity relationships were established. This led to the discovery of the first low-molecular-weight MabA inhibitors. The synthesis of these compounds and the biological results will be presented. (1), ethyl caffeate (2) and ellagic acid (3).

Structures of caffeic acid
Considering the results obtained with this first series of polyphenolic analogs and based on the known antimalarial activity of ellagic acid (3) in vitro and in vivo (Soh, P. N. et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009, 53, 1100-1106.), we currently investigate this widely distributed polyphenol as a scaffold for further pharmacomodulation. The new structures will be screened to determine their antiplasmodial effect.
Acknowledgments: This work was financed by FNRS.

Chemical Modifications of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis MabA Inhibitors (FC16)
Léo Faïon  This infection, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, kills each year 1.7 million people (World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Report, 2017, http://www.who.int/tb/publications). A treatment, involving a combination of drugs for a minimum of six months, is available but the rapid emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of M. tuberculosis stresses the need for alternative therapies. The enzyme MabA (FabG1) is involved in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids (Marrakchi, H, et al. A. Microbiology 2002, 148, 951), which are very long-chain fatty acids playing a major role in the bacterial cell wall. The gene coding for this enzyme has been shown to be essential for M. tuberculosis (Parish, T. J. Bacteriol. 2007, 189, 3721), therefore our goal is to find drug-like inhibitors of MabA that prevent mycobacterial growth. The screening of a 1280 fragment-library on MabA using a new enzymatic assay allowed the identification of several families of inhibitors. One of this series was selected for further optimization and structure-activity relationships were established. This led to the discovery of the first low-molecular-weight MabA inhibitors. The synthesis of these compounds and the biological results will be presented.  (2) and ellagic acid (3).
Considering the results obtained with this first series of polyphenolic analogs and based on the known antimalarial activity of ellagic acid (3) in vitro and in vivo (Soh, P. N. et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009, 53, 1100-1106, we currently investigate this widely distributed polyphenol as a scaffold for further pharmacomodulation. The new structures will be screened to determine their antiplasmodial effect.
Acknowledgments: This work was financed by FNRS.

Chemical Modifications of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis MabA Inhibitors (FC16)
Léo Faïon  This infection, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, kills each year 1.7 million people (World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Report, 2017, http://www.who.int/tb/publications). A treatment, involving a combination of drugs for a minimum of six months, is available but the rapid emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of M. tuberculosis stresses the need for alternative therapies. The enzyme MabA (FabG1) is involved in the biosynthesis of mycolic acids (Marrakchi, H, et al. A. Microbiology 2002, 148, 951), which are very long-chain fatty acids playing a major role in the bacterial cell wall. The gene coding for this enzyme has been shown to be essential for M. tuberculosis (Parish, T. J. Bacteriol. 2007, 189, 3721), therefore our goal is to find drug-like inhibitors of MabA that prevent mycobacterial growth. The screening of a 1280 fragment-library on MabA using a new enzymatic assay allowed the identification of several families of inhibitors. One of this series was selected for further optimization and structure-activity relationships were established. This led to the discovery of the first low-molecular-weight MabA inhibitors. The synthesis of these compounds and the biological results will be presented. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are attractive targets because they control numerous cellular processes. In particular, in oncology, our laboratory is interested in Bcl-2 family proteins, apoptosis regulators. This family is composed by pro-apoptotic (Bax, Bak, Noxa . . . ) and anti-apoptotic members (Bcl-2, Bcl-x L , Mcl-1 . . . ) that interact via PPIs to regulate the cellular death thanks to BH domains (BH1, BH2, BH3). In solid human tumors, the anti-apoptotic members are over expressed and their inhibition represents a novel and promising strategy for new anticancer drugs. In ovarian carcinoma, it has been previously demonstrated that Bcl-x L and Mcl-1 cooperate to protect tumor cells against apoptosis and their concomitant inhibition leads to massive apoptosis even in absence of chemotherapy. In this context, we have designed and synthesized an oligopyridine BH3-mimetic, named pyridoclax (Gloaguen, C., et al. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 1644-1668) that interacts selectively with Mcl-1 hydrophobic pocket. 1 Know that Bcl-x L inhibition is also accessible using BH3-mimetics, we would design a novel class of BH3-mimetics able to inhibit simultaneously Bcl-x L and Mcl-1 (Zhang, Z., et al. Arch. Pharm. Chem. Life Sci. 2015, 348, 1-11). We will present our approach to design such dual inhibitors from pyridoclax scaffold taking into account the structure-activity relationship. Protein−protein interactions (PPIs) are attractive targets because they control numerous cellular processes. In particular, in oncology, our laboratory is interested in Bcl−2 family proteins, apoptosis regulators. This family is composed by pro−apoptotic (Bax, Bak, Noxa…) and anti−apoptotic members (Bcl−2, Bcl−xL, Mcl−1…) that interact via PPIs to regulate the cellular death thanks to BH domains (BH1, BH2, BH3). In solid human tumors, the anti−apoptotic members are over expressed and their inhibition represents a novel and promising strategy for new anticancer drugs. In ovarian carcinoma, it has been previously demonstrated that Bcl−xL and Mcl−1 cooperate to protect tumor cells against apoptosis and their concomitant inhibition leads to massive apoptosis even in absence of chemotherapy. In this context, we have designed and synthesized an oligopyridine BH3−mimetic, named pyridoclax (Gloaguen, C., et al. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 1644-1668) that interacts selectively with Mcl−1 hydrophobic pocket. 1 Know that Bcl−xL inhibition is also accessible using BH3−mimetics, we would design a novel class of BH3−mimetics able to inhibit simultaneously Bcl−xL and Mcl−1 (Zhang, Z., et al. Arch. Pharm. Chem. Life Sci. 2015, 348, 1−11). We will present our approach to design such dual inhibitors from pyridoclax scaffold taking into account the structure−activity relationship.
In this work, a series of 37 benzoylthiosemicarbazides inhibitors of D-Ala-D-Ala ligase (Ddl) were designed and synthesized in order to target resistant strains of bacteria. Among these, the 4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-3-thiosemicarbazide (1) was identified as a very potent Ddl inhibitor with an activity in the micromolar range. This compound, possessing strong antimicrobial activities including against multidrug resistant strains, was proved to act through a bactericidal mechanism and demonstrated very low cytotoxicity on THP-1 human monocytic cell line.  , et al., Biochemistry 1991, et al., Biochemistry , 30, 1673, et al., Biochemistry −1682Gholizadeh, Y., et al., Protein Sci. 2001, 10, 836−844). In this work, a series of 37 benzoylthiosemicarbazides inhibitors of D−Ala−D−Ala ligase (Ddl) were designed and synthesized in order to target resistant strains of bacteria. Among these, the 4−(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-3-thiosemicarbazide (1) was identified as a very potent Ddl inhibitor with an activity in the micromolar range. This compound, possessing strong antimicrobial activities including against multidrug resistant strains, was proved to act through a bactericidal mechanism and demonstrated very low cytotoxicity on THP−1 human monocytic cell line.
Further structure−activity relationships (SARs) studies provided evidence that the hydroxyl substituent in the 2−position (R1) of the benzoylthiosemicarbazide scaffold is essential for the enzymatic inhibition. The in vivo biochemical mechanism was then determined by UPLC−MS dosage (S. Putty, A., et al., Chem. Biol. Drug. Des. 2011, 78, 757−763) (1). Finally, these encouraging results prompted us to investigate the selectivity of this compound towards various enzymes and receptors. This work thus highlights the thiosemicarbazide motif as very promising for the development of novel antibacterial compounds acting through an interesting mechanism of action, good selectivity and low cytotoxicity.

PfRab6 and PfPyrK1: New Putative Plasmodial Targets for Designing Novel Antimalarials (P01)
Dyhia Amrane 1 , Nicolas Primas 1, *, Gilles Lanzada 1 , Sébastien Hutter 2 , Nadine Azas 2 , Pierre Verhaeghe 3  Malaria is still responsible for a major burden on human health and is becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to the emergence of drug resistance toward Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (WHO, World Malaria Report, 2017). In order to discover new antimalarials with an original mechanism of action, our laboratory previously described the synthesis and the biological activities of a 2-trichloromethylquinazoline hit active against the multiresistant K1 P. falciparum strain (Verhaeghe, P., et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2009, 17, 4313-4322). A chemoproteomics approach was used in order to elucidate its mechanism of action as it was different from the ones of commercial antimalarials. Two putative plasmodial targets were identified-PfRab6 and PfPyrK1-which are essential for the parasite. The confirmation of the mechanism of action implicating these two proteins is in progress and pharmacomodulation refinement is still required.
Further structure-activity relationships (SARs) studies provided evidence that the hydroxyl substituent in the 2-position (R 1 ) of the benzoylthiosemicarbazide scaffold is essential for the enzymatic inhibition. The in vivo biochemical mechanism was then determined by UPLC-MS dosage (S. Putty, A., et al., Chem. Biol. Drug. Des. 2011, 78, 757-763) of intracellular L-Ala, D-Ala and D-Ala-D-Ala levels in response to 4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-3-thiosemicarbazide (1). Finally, these encouraging results prompted us to investigate the selectivity of this compound towards various enzymes and receptors. This work thus highlights the thiosemicarbazide motif as very promising for the development of novel antibacterial compounds acting through an interesting mechanism of action, good selectivity and low cytotoxicity. Malaria is still responsible for a major burden on human health and is becoming increasingly difficult to treat due to the emergence of drug resistance toward Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (WHO, World Malaria Report, 2017). In order to discover new antimalarials with an original mechanism of action, our laboratory previously described the synthesis and the biological activities of a 2-trichloromethylquinazoline hit active against the multiresistant K1 P. falciparum strain (Verhaeghe, P., et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2009, 17, 4313-4322). A chemoproteomics approach was used in order to elucidate its mechanism of action as it was different from the ones of commercial antimalarials. Two putative plasmodial targets were identified-PfRab6 and PfPyrK1-which are essential for the parasite. The confirmation of the mechanism of action implicating these two proteins is in progress and pharmacomodulation refinement is still required. In previous work, we report that the 4-sulfonamidoquinazoline derivatives were unactive (Primas, N., et al., Molecules 2012, 17, 8105-8117). Isosteric replacement with a carboxamide substituent showed promising activity. Thus, we prepared a new library of aliphatic, aryl or heteroaryl carboxamide derivatives. Moreover, a scaffold hopping strategy previously showed that the replacement of the quinazoline moiety by a quinoxaline one improved the cytotoxicity profile (Desroches, J., et al., Eur J. Med. Chem. 2017, 125, 68-86). Thus, we synthetized a new series of 2trichloromethylquinoxalines bearing either arylether, arylthioether or aniline substituents at position 3. We report herein this new pharmacomodulation work: the synthesis of the corresponding derivatives and the biological results will be detailed in the poster.  New 2, Malaria represents one of the most prevalent parasitic infections worldwide. In 2017, an estimated 219 million cases of malaria occurred all over the world and there were an estimated 435,000 deaths from malaria globally (World Health Organization, World Malaria Report 2018). The increase in drug resistance in the malaria endemic areas has significantly reduced the potency of most currently used antimalarial compounds. Thus, new antimalarial drugs with new potential mechanisms of action are now required to overcome this emerging resistance and also to control an ever-increasing number of epidemics due to the parasites (Biot, C. et al., Infect. Disorders-Drug Targets 2006, 6, 173-204;Barnett, D.S., et al., Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 11221-11241). Following this strategy, a series of new 2,9-bis[(substituted-aminomethyl)phenyl]-1,10-phenanthroline derivatives 1a-s was synthesized, and these corresponding derivatives were biologically evaluated in vitro against three protozoan parasites (Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma brucei brucei).

Synthesis and Antiparasitic Evaluation of
In previous work, we report that the 4-sulfonamidoquinazoline derivatives were unactive (Primas, N., et al., Molecules 2012, 17, 8105-8117). Isosteric replacement with a carboxamide substituent showed promising activity. Thus, we prepared a new library of aliphatic, aryl or heteroaryl carboxamide derivatives. Moreover, a scaffold hopping strategy previously showed that the replacement of the quinazoline moiety by a quinoxaline one improved the cytotoxicity profile (Desroches, J., et al., Eur J. Med. Chem. 2017, 125, 68-86). Thus, we synthetized a new series of 2-trichloromethylquinoxalines bearing either arylether, arylthioether or aniline substituents at position 3. We report herein this new pharmacomodulation work: the synthesis of the corresponding derivatives and the biological results will be detailed in the poster. In previous work, we report that the 4-sulfonamidoquinazoline derivatives were unactive (Primas, N., et al., Molecules 2012, 17, 8105-8117). Isosteric replacement with a carboxamide substituent showed promising activity. Thus, we prepared a new library of aliphatic, aryl or heteroaryl carboxamide derivatives. Moreover, a scaffold hopping strategy previously showed that the replacement of the quinazoline moiety by a quinoxaline one improved the cytotoxicity profile (Desroches, J., et al., Eur J. Med. Chem. 2017, 125, 68-86). Thus, we synthetized a new series of 2trichloromethylquinoxalines bearing either arylether, arylthioether or aniline substituents at position 3. We report herein this new pharmacomodulation work: the synthesis of the corresponding derivatives and the biological results will be detailed in the poster.  New 2, Malaria represents one of the most prevalent parasitic infections worldwide. In 2017, an estimated 219 million cases of malaria occurred all over the world and there were an estimated 435,000 deaths from malaria globally (World Health Organization, World Malaria Report 2018). The increase in drug resistance in the malaria endemic areas has significantly reduced the potency of most currently used antimalarial compounds. Thus, new antimalarial drugs with new potential mechanisms of action are now required to overcome this emerging resistance and also to control an ever-increasing number of epidemics due to the parasites (Biot, C. et al., Infect. Disorders-Drug Targets 2006, 6, 173-204;Barnett, D.S., et al., Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 11221-11241). Following this strategy, a series of new 2,9-bis[(substituted-aminomethyl)phenyl]-1,10-phenanthroline derivatives 1a-s was synthesized, and these corresponding derivatives were biologically evaluated in vitro against three protozoan parasites (Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma brucei brucei). Acknowledgments: This work was supported by the ANR NINTARMAL project, grant ANR-17-CE11-0017 of the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche. New 2, Malaria represents one of the most prevalent parasitic infections worldwide. In 2017, an estimated 219 million cases of malaria occurred all over the world and there were an estimated 435,000 deaths from malaria globally (World Health Organization, World Malaria Report 2018). The increase in drug resistance in the malaria endemic areas has significantly reduced the potency of most currently used antimalarial compounds. Thus, new antimalarial drugs with new potential mechanisms of action are now required to overcome this emerging resistance and also to control an ever-increasing number of epidemics due to the parasites (Biot, C. et al., Infect. Disorders-Drug Targets 2006, 6, 173-204;Barnett, D.S., et al., Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 11221-11241). Following this strategy, a series of new 2,9-bis[(substituted-aminomethyl)phenyl]-1,10-phenanthroline derivatives 1a-s was synthesized, and these corresponding derivatives were biologically evaluated in vitro against three protozoan parasites (Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma brucei brucei). Obtained results showed antiparasitic activity with IC 50 values in the µM range. In order to assess the effective selectivity of this series, the in vitro cytotoxicity of these molecules was also evaluated against human HepG2 cells; for some derivatives, cytotoxicity was observed at significantly higher concentrations than antiparasitic activity, revealing an interesting selectivity index (Guillon, J. et al., Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 2018, 91, 974-995). Obtained results showed antiparasitic activity with IC50 values in the µM range. In order to assess the effective selectivity of this series, the in vitro cytotoxicity of these molecules was also evaluated against human HepG2 cells; for some derivatives, cytotoxicity was observed at significantly higher concentrations than antiparasitic activity, revealing an interesting selectivity index (Guillon, J. et al., Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 2018, 91, 974-995). The 2,phenyl]-1,10-phenanthroline 1h was identified as the most potent antimalarial candidate, with cytotoxic to antiparasitic activity ratios of 107 and 39 against a chloroquine-sensitive and a chloroquine-resistant strain of P. falciparum, respectively. As the telomeres of the parasite P. falciparum are the likely target of this compound, we also investigated stabilization of the Plasmodium telomeric G-quadruplexes by our phenanthroline derivatives through a FRET melting assay. Consequently, the ligands 1f and 1m were noticed to be more specific for FPf8T with higher stabilization for FPf8T than for the human F21T sequence. For few years, our laboratory is interested in design and synthesis of small molecules as potential modulators of Protein Protein Interactions (PPIs). Particularly, we are interested in proteins involved in apoptosis process such as anti−apoptotic Bcl−2 family proteins or more recently the X−linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). The 2,phenyl]-1,10-phenanthroline 1h was identified as the most potent antimalarial candidate, with cytotoxic to antiparasitic activity ratios of 107 and 39 against a chloroquine-sensitive and a chloroquine-resistant strain of P. falciparum, respectively. As the telomeres of the parasite P. falciparum are the likely target of this compound, we also investigated stabilization of the Plasmodium telomeric G-quadruplexes by our phenanthroline derivatives through a FRET melting assay. Consequently, the ligands 1f and 1m were noticed to be more specific for FPf8T with higher stabilization for FPf8T than for the human F21T sequence. For few years, our laboratory is interested in design and synthesis of small molecules as potential modulators of Protein Protein Interactions (PPIs). Particularly, we are interested in proteins involved in apoptosis process such as anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins or more recently the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP).

Synthesis and Antiparasitic Evaluation of
Based on its expertise in molecular modelling and in medicinal chemistry, our team has developed a large library of abiotic foldamers able to mimic the secondary structures of proteins (Voisin-Chiret, A.S., et al., Tetrahedron 2012, 68, 4381-4389;Voisin-Chiret, A.S., et al., Pure Appl. Chem. 2012, 84, 2467-2478Sopkova-de Oliveira Santos, J., et al., J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2012, 52, 429-439;Jouanne, M., et al., Eur J. Org. Chem. 2016, 34, 5686-5696). The biological evaluation of these compounds has been realized with our partner (binding affinity by SPR, cellular tests . . . ) and some of them have been shown very interesting anti-proliferative activities against Mcl-1 protein (Gloaguen, C., et al., J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 1644-1668. New molecules are still synthesized in order to disturb targeted proteins. In front of the amount of synthesized compounds, we decided recently to implement screening binding affinities by fluorescence polarization to obtain a first result to select best compounds before to perform cellular and in vivo tests and to improve structure-activity relationship. Based on its expertise in molecular modelling and in medicinal chemistry, our team has developed a large library of abiotic foldamers able to mimic the secondary structures of proteins (Voisin−Chiret, A.S., et al., Tetrahedron 2012, 68, 4381−4389;Voisin−Chiret, A.S., et al., Pure Appl. Chem. 2012, 84, 2467−2478Sopkova−de Oliveira Santos, J., et al., J. Chem. Inf. Model. 2012, 52, 429−439;Jouanne, M., et al., Eur J. Org. Chem. 2016, 34, 5686−5696). The biological evaluation of these compounds has been realized with our partner (binding affinity by SPR, cellular tests…) and some of them have been shown very interesting anti−proliferative activities against Mcl−1 protein (Gloaguen, C., et al., J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 1644−1668. New molecules are still synthesized in order to disturb targeted proteins. In front of the amount of synthesized compounds, we decided recently to implement screening binding affinities by fluorescence polarization to obtain a first result to select best compounds before to perform cellular and in vivo tests and to improve structure−activity relationship. Labelling of (bio)molecules with radioactive isotopes is of high interest to the scientific community, as it strongly impacts the discovery process in life science and nuclear medicine. Radiolabelled molecules have been extensively used to assess biochemical reactions, to measure in vivo distribution of a substance or to perform RadioImmunoAssay (RIA). In nuclear medicine, radiotherapeutics for RadioIsotope Therapy (RIT) and radio-tracers for molecular imaging experiments such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) or scintigraphy have been described. Several useful isotopes of iodine can be used for both diagnosis and therapy: 123 I for SPECT imaging, 124 I for PET imaging, 125 I for biological assays and nuclear medicine and 131 I for radio-therapy and scintigraphy. Our group has recently developed a method to radio-iodinate N-acylsulfonamides through a room temperature palladium mediated C-H radio-iodination. This original strategy allows radiolabelling in very mild conditions without the use of chemical precursors.
Labelling of (bio)molecules with radioactive isotopes is of high interest to the scientific community, as it strongly impacts the discovery process in life science and nuclear medicine. Radiolabelled molecules have been extensively used to assess biochemical reactions, to measure in vivo distribution of a substance or to perform RadioImmunoAssay (RIA). In nuclear medicine, radio-therapeutics for RadioIsotope Therapy (RIT) and radio-tracers for molecular imaging experiments such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) or scintigraphy have been described. Several useful isotopes of iodine can be used for both diagnosis and therapy: 123 I for SPECT imaging, 124 I for PET imaging, 125 I for biological assays and nuclear medicine and 131 I for radio-therapy and scintigraphy. Our group has recently developed a method to radio-iodinate N-acylsulfonamides through a room temperature palladium mediated C-H radio-iodination. This original strategy allows radiolabelling in very mild conditions without the use of chemical precursors. In this context, we are currently enlarging the scope of this methodology toward the radioiodination of antitumoral agents containing a N-acylsulfonamide group. Thus, an antiproliferative agent LY32262 (Nathubhai, A. et al., J. Med. Chem. 2016, 60, 814-820), a Bcl-xL/Mcl1 dual inhibitor (Cominetti, M.D.D. et al., Org. Biomol. Chem. 2016, 14, 10161-10164) and ABT-737 (Broughton, L.J. et al. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 2016, 163, 374-384) have been selected and progress toward the (radio-)iodination of these molecules will be presented. Carbonyl stress is now considered to play an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Indeed, extensive Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) and Advanced Lipid peroxidation Endproducts (ALEs) accumulation linked to enhanced reactive carbonyl species (RCS) level has been reported in amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and tau-associated neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). In AD, Aβ-oligomers induce oxidative stress whereas transition metals (Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ and Fe 3+ ) stimulate Aβ aggregation and amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. RCS such as methylglyoxal (MGO) or malondialdehyde (MDA) are endogenously formed during the sugar glycoxidation and lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids induced by oxidative stress exacerbation. Their condensation with amino groups of tissue proteins gives AGE and ALE. Consequently, carbonyl stress takes part in the vicious downward redox amyloid spiral leading to neurodegeneration as toxic mediator and oxidative stress promoter (Butterfield, D.A., et al. Trends Mol. Med. 2001, 7, 548-554;Tiiman, A., et al., Neurochem. Int. 2013, 62, 367-378). Glycated Aβ cross-linking promotion accelerates its deposition and its protease resistance. Moreover, AGE promote via their receptors RAGE oxidative stress and inflammation as well as cell apoptosis (Krautwald, M. et al., Exp. Gerontol. 2010, 45, 744-751).

New Multifunctional Diamine Drugs to Prevent Oxidative and Carbonyl Stress Extension in
Considering the multifactorial pathogenesis of AD, we designed new multifunctional diamine drugs that are simultaneously able to trap RCS (primary vicinal diamine function) as well as ROS and biometals (phenolic acid or hydroxypyridinone (HOPO) moiety) (Lohou, E. et al., Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2016, 122, 702-722). In the poster, synthesis of these new promising hybrid AGE/ALE inhibitors, but also their physicochemical and biological evaluation in terms of their carbonyl trapping capacity, antioxidant activity, Cu 2+ -chelating capacity as well as their protective properties against in vitro MGO-induced apoptosis in the model AD cell-line PC12 are reported.

New Multifunctional Diamine Drugs to Prevent Oxidative and Carbonyl Stress Extension in
Considering the multifactorial pathogenesis of AD, we designed new multifunctional diamine drugs that are simultaneously able to trap RCS (primary vicinal diamine function) as well as ROS and biometals (phenolic acid or hydroxypyridinone (HOPO) moiety) (Lohou, E. et al., Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2016, 122, 702-722). In the poster, synthesis of these new promising hybrid AGE/ALE inhibitors, but also their physicochemical and biological evaluation in terms of their carbonyl trapping capacity, antioxidant activity, Cu 2+ -chelating capacity as well as their protective properties against in vitro MGO-induced apoptosis in the model AD cell-line PC12 are reported. Carbonyl stress is now considered to play an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Indeed, extensive Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) and Advanced Lipid peroxidation Endproducts (ALEs) accumulation linked to enhanced reactive carbonyl species (RCS) level has been reported in amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and tau-associated neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). In AD, Aβ-oligomers induce oxidative stress whereas transition metals (Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ and Fe 3+ ) stimulate Aβ aggregation and amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. RCS such as methylglyoxal (MGO) or malondialdehyde (MDA) are endogenously formed during the sugar glycoxidation and lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids induced by oxidative stress exacerbation. Their condensation with amino groups of tissue proteins gives AGE and ALE. Consequently, carbonyl stress takes part in the vicious downward redox amyloid spiral leading to neurodegeneration as toxic mediator and oxidative stress promoter (Butterfield, D.A., et al. Trends Mol. Med. 2001, 7, 548-554;Tiiman, A., et al., Neurochem. Int. 2013, 62, 367-378). Glycated Aβ cross-linking promotion accelerates its deposition and its protease resistance. Moreover, AGE promote via their receptors RAGE oxidative stress and inflammation as well as cell apoptosis (Krautwald, M. et al., Exp. Gerontol. 2010, 45, 744-751).
Considering the multifactorial pathogenesis of AD, we designed new multifunctional diamine drugs that are simultaneously able to trap RCS (primary vicinal diamine function) as well as ROS and biometals (phenolic acid or hydroxypyridinone (HOPO) moiety) (Lohou, E. et al., Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2016, 122, 702-722). In the poster, synthesis of these new promising hybrid AGE/ALE inhibitors, but also their physicochemical and biological evaluation in terms of their carbonyl trapping capacity, antioxidant activity, Cu 2+ -chelating capacity as well as their protective properties against in vitro MGO-induced apoptosis in the model AD cell-line PC12 are reported. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter acting on the central and peripheral nervous system through a large variety of receptors subdivided in seven families. The serotonin receptor subtype-4 (5-HT 4 R) is known to be involved in physiological and pathological disorders such as Alzheimer disease (Lezoualc'h, F., Exp. Neurol. 2007, 205, 325-329). The development of radiotracer is essential for the evaluation of new drugs targeting 5-HT 4 R and also for investigation of the receptor involvement in a variety neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Since a few years, our group has been involved in the development of new Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) radiotracers targeting the 5-HT 4 R and many iodinated ligands based on phenanthridine (Dubost, E., et al. J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55, 9693-9707) anddiazaphenanthridine (Fresneau, N. et al. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 94, 386-396) scaffolds have been designed. An efficient synthetic access to these compounds has been established and many potent ligands have been synthetized. Biological evaluation has led to a "hit" compound and this ligand and some analogues have been labeled with 125-iodine for SPECT imaging but to date none of these radioligands have been able to image the 5-HT 4 R specifically. In order to obtain an efficient 5-HT 4 R radiotracer, our group has decided to synthesize a series of new iodinated ligands with reduced lipophilicity to promote in vivo specificity. Fragment-based drug design is a promising and modern concept in drug discovery which allows to obtain affine and selective ligands for many biological targets from small molecules chosen as starting points. With less complex structures, fragments reach inaccessible binding sites and have more points of interaction contrary to the larger lead candidates developed in traditional medicinal chemistry or generated from HTS. However, fragments generally have less affinity for their targets, that's why it is necessary to grow the molecules in order to obtain the desired affinity with favorable selectivity and ADME properties (Wermuth, C.G., et al., The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry, 4th Edition, Academic Press: London, UK 2015).   Fragment−based drug design is a promising and modern concept in drug discovery which allows to obtain affine and selective ligands for many biological targets from small molecules chosen as starting points. With less complex structures, fragments reach inaccessible binding sites and have more points of interaction contrary to the larger lead candidates developed in traditional medicinal chemistry or generated from HTS. However, fragments generally have less affinity for their targets, that's why it is necessary to grow the molecules in order to obtain the desired affinity with favorable selectivity and ADME properties (Wermuth, C.G., et al., The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry, 4th Edition, Academic Press: London, UK 2015).
While the majority of screened chemical libraries are essentially linear or planar fragments, we have decided to focus our attention on the screening of three−dimensional geometry molecules from different research programs with scaffolds able to distribute substituents spatially (Mahé, O., et al., Ang. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 7072−7075;Gembus, V., et al., Org. Biomol. Chem. 2010, 8, 3287−3293). Several common techniques (NMR, cristallography…) can be used for the identification of a hit from a library of fragments. Our original chemical library has been screened in silico and in vitro to identify fragments interacting towards MT5−MMP, a matrix metalloprotease recently identified as a potential relevant target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (Baranger, K., et al., Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2016, 73, 217−236).
A 3,4−substituted pyrazoline derivative was identified from screenings as a first hit, especially with a selectivity towards MT5 vs. MT1. Molecular docking seems to indicate a better score for the S While the majority of screened chemical libraries are essentially linear or planar fragments, we have decided to focus our attention on the screening of three-dimensional geometry molecules from different research programs with scaffolds able to distribute substituents spatially (Mahé, O., et al., Ang. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 7072-7075;Gembus, V., et al., Org. Biomol. Chem. 2010, 8, 3287-3293). Several common techniques (NMR, cristallography . . . ) can be used for the identification of a hit from a library of fragments. Our original chemical library has been screened in silico and in vitro to identify fragments interacting towards MT5-MMP, a matrix metalloprotease recently identified as a potential relevant target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (Baranger, K., et al., Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2016, 73, 217-236).
A 3,4-substituted pyrazoline derivative was identified from screenings as a first hit, especially with a selectivity towards MT5 vs. MT1. Molecular docking seems to indicate a better score for the S enantiomer. Their separation as well as other pharmacomodulations are underway to increase the affinity of this first fragment. Among the drugs currently developed to treat parasitic diseases caused by trypanosomatids such as Leishmania and Trypanosoma, the nitrodrug fexinidazole exerts its mechanism of action via a reductive bioactivation step, leading to cytotoxic metabolites. This reaction is catalyzed by nitroreductases (NTR) enzymes expressed by these protozoa (Wyllie, S., et al. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2013, 57, 901-906;Wyllie, S., et al., PLoS Pathog. 2016, 12, e1005971).
In order to design new NTR substrates, we synthesized original 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and highlighted a hit molecule (Castera-Ducros, C., et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2013, 21, 7155-7164). A pharmacomodulation work afforded an antileishmanial lead compound, functionalized at the C8 position by a p-chlorophenylsulfane substituent and displaying both a very good activity against three species of Leishmania and a low cytotoxicity toward the HepG2 and THP1 cell line. This molecule is selectively activated by the type 1 NTR of Leishmania, and shows neither mutagenic effect in the Ames test nor genotoxic properties in the comet assay. It has a poor microsomal stability, with minimal influence on the antiparasitic potential as the probable metabolites (sulfoxide and sulfone, similarly to fexinidazole) remain active. More recently, an antitrypanosomal Lead molecule bearing a 4-hydroxybutyn-1-yl substituent at C8 was discovered: also activated by a trypanosomal NTR, this compound displayed an improved microsomal stability, along with a better hydrosolubility. Therefore, this molecule showed suitability for an in vivo evaluation, currently undertaken on a Trypanosoma brucei infected mouse model. Further pharmacomodulation works are also conducted in the aim of optimizing both the activity and the PK properties of these anti-trypanosomatid 3-nitroimidazo [1,2-a]pyridines.
In order to design new NTR substrates, we synthesized original 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and highlighted a hit molecule (Castera-Ducros, C., et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2013, 21, 7155-7164). A pharmacomodulation work afforded an antileishmanial lead compound, functionalized at the C8 position by a p-chlorophenylsulfane substituent and displaying both a very good activity against three species of Leishmania and a low cytotoxicity toward the HepG2 and THP1 cell line. This molecule is selectively activated by the type 1 NTR of Leishmania, and shows neither mutagenic effect in the Ames test nor genotoxic properties in the comet assay. It has a poor microsomal stability, with minimal influence on the antiparasitic potential as the probable metabolites (sulfoxide and sulfone, similarly to fexinidazole) remain active. More recently, an antitrypanosomal Lead molecule bearing a 4-hydroxybutyn-1-yl substituent at C8 was discovered: also activated by a trypanosomal NTR, this compound displayed an improved microsomal stability, along with a better hydrosolubility. Therefore, this molecule showed suitability for an in vivo evaluation, currently undertaken on a Trypanosoma brucei infected mouse model. Further pharmacomodulation works are also conducted in the aim of optimizing both the activity and the PK properties of these anti-trypanosomatid 3nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. be eliminated from discovery pipelines, formulation strategies can be envisaged as soon as possible in drug discovery to enhance the solubility, and in fine the bioavailability of compounds. Among formulations to envisage, nanoemulsions refer to nanosized (typically below 300 nm) droplets of oil dispersed in water. They can be considered as a perfect delivery system for high lipophilic drugs since they permit high drug loading. In the same time, nanoemulsions assure protection of the drug, reduce its intrinsic toxicity, and even promote a prolonged drug release and an increased bioavailability. In regard of these various advantages, formulation of drug-loaded nanoemulsions appears particularly appealing from the early drug discovery to permit early animal experiments.
Nanoemulsions that we want to develop must be administrable by different routes (oral or parenteral routes), and hence must be safe, easily sterilisable, with adapted granulometric properties (monodisperse diameter of about 100 nm), with neutral surface charge, with pH and osmolarity compatible with parenteral adminstration, and transposable to many drugs with various physico-chemical properties.
In regard of these objectives, nanoemulsions were prepared with GRAS excipients by spontaneous emulsification method, a low-energy process requiring no sophisticated equipment, and without using any organic solvent. In order to define appropriate excipients, an in vitro test was set up in the laboratory to define hemolytic properties on human blood cells of excipients used alone or formulated. Among the twenty excipients tested, a medium chain triglyceride and two surfactants were selected for formulation assays. The feasibility of nanoemulsions with appropriate properties was determined by varying process parameters and the relative proportion of excipients. Based on a ternary phase diagram, the best formulation with optimal granulometric properties was defined. Encapsulation assays of a model drug were performed, and the stability of the formulation was determined in time, and also after dilution in various complex biomimetic media.
From the results, it appears that the developed nanoemulsions present appropriate properties for oral and parenteral administration routes. Thus, they would provide a valuable option as formulation strategy for drug discovery. Ladostigil is a novel type of MTDL currently in phase II clinical trials. It is the first compound able to release an active compound, hydroxyrasagiline, a MonoAmine Oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor, through the interaction with a first target, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is temporarily inhibited during the process (Youdim, M. B. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 2006, 3, 541-550).
The objective of this project is to illustrate the concept the concept of molecules which are both drugs and prodrugs: the action on a first target will release a second agent acting on another target. Our objective remains original by leading to the design of (pro)drugs interacting with MAO-B to inhibit it and release another anti-AD drug. Using AChE inhibitors, we may then obtain an action similar to ladostigil but in an opposite mechanistic way. able to release an active compound, hydroxyrasagiline, a MonoAmine Oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor, through the interaction with a first target, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is temporarily inhibited during the process (Youdim, M. B. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 2006, 3, 541-550).
The objective of this project is to illustrate the concept the concept of molecules which are both drugs and prodrugs: the action on a first target will release a second agent acting on another target. Our objective remains original by leading to the design of (pro)drugs interacting with MAO-B to inhibit it and release another anti-AD drug. Using AChE inhibitors, we may then obtain an action similar to ladostigil but in an opposite mechanistic way.

Enhancing the Potency of Aminoquinolinealcohols toward Gram-Negative Bacteria with Conjugated Peptides (P15)
Pierre Laumaillé, Alexandra Dassonville-Klimpt *, Sophie Da-Nascimento, François Peltier, Catherine Mullié, Sandrine Castelain and Pascal Sonnet AGIR (AGents antiInfectieux Résistances et chimiothérapie), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80037 Amiens, France * Correspondence: alexandra.dassonville@u-picardie.fr The development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics (ATBs) constitutes a major threat to public health. The ESKAPEE pathogens (E. faecium, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., E. coli) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are a major problem in hospitals and in particular for immunocompromised patients. Moreover, very few new classes of ATBs have emerged over the last decades (Fischback, M.A., et al., Science 2009, 325, 1089-1093. Consequently, there is urgency to set up new strategies to prevent and control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistant micro-organisms. The range of basic mechanisms of resistance is surprisingly limited, among them diminution of ATB concentration into the bacterial cell through a reduction of cell permeability is a common way used by Gram-negative bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One promising approaches to overcome these barriers is the disruption of the bacterial membrane by natural or short synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (Schmidt, N.W., et al., Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2013, 17, 151-163). Attachment of such peptides to ATBs should improve outer membrane penetration and antibacterial efficacy ((a) Arnusch, C. J., et al., PLoS ONE 2012 7, e39768;(b) Chen, H., et al., Mol. Pharm. 2015, 12, 2505-2516(c) Schmidt, N.W., et al., ACS Nano 2014, 8, 8786-8793).
Aminoquinolinemethanols ( The development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics (ATBs) constitutes a major threat to public health. The ESKAPEE pathogens (E. faecium, S. aureus, K. pneumonia, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp., E. coli) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are a major problem in hospitals and in particular for immunocompromised patients. Moreover, very few new classes of ATBs have emerged over the last decades (Fischback, M.A., et al., Science 2009, 325, 1089-1093. Consequently, there is urgency to set up new strategies to prevent and control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistant micro-organisms. The range of basic mechanisms of resistance is surprisingly limited, among them diminution of ATB concentration into the bacterial cell through a reduction of cell permeability is a common way used by Gram-negative bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. One promising approaches to overcome these barriers is the disruption of the bacterial membrane by natural or short synthetic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (Schmidt, N.W., et al., Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 2013, 17, 151-163). Attachment of such peptides to ATBs should improve outer membrane penetration and antibacterial efficacy (  [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. During an antibacterial screening performed in our laboratory, these AQMs showed good activities against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC = 4-16 µg/mL) and low against Gram-negative bacteria (MIC often more than 128 µg/mL). AQM-AMP conjugates with short cationic AMP sequences (4 and 6 AAs) were prepared to broaden the antibacterial spectrum of the AQM core and to delay the appearance of resistance phenomena (Yeaman, M.R., et al. Pharmacol. Rev. 2003, 55, 27-55). The synthesis and the promising antimicrobial activity of these compounds will be presented. Menopause is characterized by a panel of crippling effects that are characteristic of the decrease of the amount of the endogenous female hormone 17β-estradiol in blood. To address a better quality of life and health, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is currently used to counteract such deleterious effects. However, HRT significantly enhances the emergence of breast tumors by~5% in the case of estrogen-only HRT and by~50% for combined HRT, after 10 years of treatment. This effect is principally due to the fact that drugs used in HRT activate estrogen-dependent transcription and cell proliferation. Thus, alternative strategies are required to control the carcinogenic effects associated with HRT.
Recently, we have synthesized a sulfonylated coumarin with structural analogies with coumestrol and we have tested its effects in breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells. Remarkably, this compound, which interacts directly with the estrogen receptor α (ERα) but independently from coactivators, promotes the dimerization of the receptor and activates transcription but not cell proliferation. Moreover, it preserves the turnover of the protein, revealing that this phenomenon is exclusively dependent on the ability of a molecule to induce cell proliferation. This effect, which requires ERα, depends of the presence of the sulfone function, which replaces the classical methoxy or phenolic pharmacophore of estrogens. According to in vitro binding studies and modelling calculations, this compound interacts within the binding site of 17β-estradiol, in such a way that the sulfone is engulfed within a small pocket defined by the residues Leu-346, Leu-349, Ala-350 and Leu-384.
In conclusion, our work opens new avenues for the development of estrogenic compounds that exert estrogen-dependent transcription but not cell proliferation. Such molecules could be widely used for the management of menopause and diseases that require a supplementation of estrogens. Future transcriptomic studies will be very informative to decipher the mechanism of action of this sulfone. In 1906, Alois Alzheimer described the disease for the first time: the patient was suffering from particular memory disorders and present brain pathologic deposits. As a result of multiple research, the disease has proved to be more and more complex: amyloid plaque formation is due to hyperactivation of þ-secretase resulting in the formation of the amyloid peptide (Aþ). In addition, hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein was observed, causing disaggregation of microtubules, a neuronal death and a decreased cholinergic transmission (Yun, H., et al. Exp. Neurobiol. 2011, 20, 159-168).
In order to treat Alzheimer's disease, a multitude of molecules have been synthesized but only 4 are currently marketed (Cummings, J., et al., Res. Clin. Interv. 2017, 3, 367-384): they are mostly Poulain et al. M Patent EP14305309.8. 2014). Here, using a structure-guided design from the Pyridoclax, we identified a novel selective Noxa-like Mcl-1 inhibitor, MR31367 that selectively binds to Mcl-1 hydrophobic groove and releases Bak and Bim from Mcl-1. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most widespread form of senile dementia worldwide and represents the leading socioeconomic problem in healthcare. The onset and the progression of this neurodegenerative disease is associated with the aggregation of the amyloid-þ peptide (Aþ) through a fibrillization process. Hence, an attractive therapeutic strategy against this disorder is the development of molecules able to interfere at specific steps of this fibrillization pathway (Habchi, J., et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2017, 114, E200-E208), i.e., able to inhibit the formation of the soluble toxic oligomeric Aþ aggregates. To identify such promising therapeutic molecules, experimental methods are required to precisely follow and characterize the state (monomer ƒ oligomers ƒfibrils) and the conformation of Aþ peptide during its fibrillization process. In the same time, these methods must be simple enough to remain compatible with the High Throughput Screening (HTS) of new compounds with potential interest in AD treatment.
In the present study, we propose to combine experimental methods to permit a multiparameter characterization of potential modulators of Aþ 1-42 fibrillization. These kinetic studies are carried out in presence of liposomes as biomimetic neuronal membranes. Indeed, it has been established that lipids of the neuronal membrane are an important factor in the cascade of events that leads to the formation of the amyloid fibers.
Thus, fluorescence of Thioflavin T, a specific dye for amyloid species (Biancalana, M., et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA-Proteins Proteomics 2010, 1804, 1405-1412), was kinetically monitored to follow the Aþ fibrillization pathway. In parallel, considering that the toxic fibers formed by Aþ are mainly organized into þ-sheets, assays were correlated with the secondary structure analysis of the peptide using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy (Sarroukh, R., et al. Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA-Biomembr. 2013, 1828, 2328-2338. Moreover, a liposome leakage assay supported by dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies was carried out to evaluate the impact of the interactions between the peptide and membranes to predict any destabilization effect.
From results obtained to date, it appears that the tested modulators present a range of effects that can affect defined stages of the aggregation of the Aþ 1-42 peptide, organized in defined secondary structure. This study highlights also some advantages of the use of liposomes to characterize and discriminate newly Aþ aggregation modulators synthetized by chemists and could even be expanded to other amyloid diseases.