31ièmes Journées Franco-Belges de Pharmacochimie: Meeting Report

The “Journées Franco-Belges de Pharmacochimie” is a recognized two-day annual meeting on Medicinal Chemistry that is renowned for the advanced science presented, conviviality, and outstanding opportunities for senior and young scientists to exchange knowledge. Abstracts of plenary lectures, oral communications, and posters presented during the meeting are collected in this report.

Alzheimer's disease is a poorly understood multifactorial neurodegenerative disease. One of the molecular origins of the disease is the formation of amyloid plaques caused by a hyperactivation of β-secretase, which leads to the formation of the β-amyloid peptide. On the other hand, the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein leads to the formation of neurofibrillary tangles and disaggregation of microtubules (Yun, H., et al. Exp. Neurobiol. 2011, 20, 159-168). Due to the molecular complexity of the disease, a significant number of therapeutic targets have been investigated. However, the market counts few molecules with moderate activity, mostly acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. Among them, rivastigmine is a covalent reversible inhibitor of AChE.
In this context, a new concept is studied: Multi-Target Directed Ligands (MTDLs), describing a drug with several therapeutic targets of interest to treat a disease. Donecopride, a MTDL, was synthesized in our laboratory (Lecoutey, C., et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, E3825-E3830): this molecule could simultaneously inhibit AChE and activate serotonergic receptor 5-HT 4 (5-HT 4 R), leading to promising procognitive properties in several animal models.
In our project, we have designed and synthesized prodrugs as structural analogs between donecopride and rivastigmine. These drugs possess a carbamate group, and therefore, could be AChE covalent inhibitors. This reversible AChE inhibition will ultimately release the corresponding phenolic derivative, which should be active on 5-HT 4 R. Pharmaceuticals 2017, 10, 94 3 of 12 In our project, we have designed and synthesized prodrugs as structural analogs between donecopride and rivastigmine. These drugs possess a carbamate group, and therefore, could be AChE covalent inhibitors. This reversible AChE inhibition will ultimately release the corresponding phenolic derivative, which should be active on 5-HT4R.

Synthesis of Original Serotonergic Multi-Target Directed Ligands-The Triad Program (OC3)
Bérénice Hatat 1,2, *, Cédric Lecoutey 1 , Samir Yahiaoui 1 , Audrey Davis 1 , Thomas Freret 3 , Michel Boulouard 3 , Sylvie Claeysen 2 , Christophe Rochais 1 and Patrick Dallemagne 1 1  Targeting more than one molecular cause implied in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a sole drug is considered a promising challenge, because it could address the failures that recently occurred during clinical trials. Within this framework, we recently reported the design of donecopride, a pleiotropic agent that both displays acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and 5-HT4R agonist activity (Lecoutey, C., et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, E3825-E3830). Based on its procognitive and antiamnesiant in vivo properties, donecopride is currently under preclinical investigation. A pharmacomodulation study allowed to establish the structure-activity relationships in the donecopride series, and to enlarge the latter with some other potent ligands (Rochais, C., et al. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 3172-3187). Taking into account the clinical interest of idalopirdine, a 5-HT6R antagonist, in Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment, we undertook a new program aiming at designing novel Multi-Target Directed Ligands targeting both, but selectively,  Considering the pharmacophores established for each of the three targets, we performed the synthesis of numerous donecopride derivatives. Among them, some dual compounds both exhibited in vitro 5-HT4R agonist and 5-HT6R antagonist activities, and displayed an in vivo procognitive effect. Pursuing the pharmacomodulation of these compounds led to first pluripotent derivatives with in vitro submicromolar activities towards the three designated targets.
The TRIAD program, funded by the Ligue Européenne contre la Maladie d'Alzheimer and the French Fondation Plan Alzheimer, recently led to some novel promising agents with in vitro prerequisites for further in vivo evaluation in AD experimental models. Targeting more than one molecular cause implied in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with a sole drug is considered a promising challenge, because it could address the failures that recently occurred during clinical trials. Within this framework, we recently reported the design of donecopride, a pleiotropic agent that both displays acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and 5-HT 4 R agonist activity (Lecoutey, C., et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, E3825-E3830). Based on its procognitive and antiamnesiant in vivo properties, donecopride is currently under preclinical investigation. A pharmacomodulation study allowed to establish the structure-activity relationships in the donecopride series, and to enlarge the latter with some other potent ligands (Rochais, C., et al. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 3172-3187). Taking into account the clinical interest of idalopirdine, a 5-HT 6 R antagonist, in Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment, we undertook a new program aiming at designing novel Multi-Target Directed Ligands targeting both, but selectively, AChE 5-HT 4 and 5-HT 6 receptors.
Considering the pharmacophores established for each of the three targets, we performed the synthesis of numerous donecopride derivatives. Among them, some dual compounds both exhibited in vitro 5-HT 4 R agonist and 5-HT 6 R antagonist activities, and displayed an in vivo procognitive effect. Pursuing the pharmacomodulation of these compounds led to first pluripotent derivatives with in vitro submicromolar activities towards the three designated targets.
The TRIAD program, funded by the Ligue Européenne contre la Maladie d'Alzheimer and the French Fondation Plan Alzheimer, recently led to some novel promising agents with in vitro prerequisites for further in vivo evaluation in AD experimental models.
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) control many important physiological processes within human cells.
A hallmark of cancers is the evasion of apoptosis, which is often associated with the upregulation of the anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. The Bcl-2 protein family comprise pro-survival and pro-apoptotic members. Interactions among these groups, involving binding of the BH3 domain of the pro-apoptotic members to a groove on the surface of the pro-survival proteins, control commitment to apoptosis. In many cancers, the balance between the pro-and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members is tipped towards survival. Drugs inhibiting the pro-survival activity of Bcl-2 proteins to restore cell death may therefore be valuable as cancer therapeutics.
Even though potent and selective inhibitors of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL have been developed, it is not enough to reestablish apoptosis. Mcl-1 protein has been shown to mediate resistance to chemotherapeutics, which is why the discovery of dual Mcl-1/Bcl-xL inhibitors could play an important role in the cancer treatment.
Our laboratory synthesized a selective inhibitor of Mcl-1 protein called Pyridoclax (Gloaguen, C., et al. J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 1644-1668. Starting from the structure of this lead, fragments have been designed and synthesized with the objective to target Mcl-1. By now, the different ways to achieve a dual action on Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL will be investigated. Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. The development of therapy resistance continues to be a major problem in the treatment of patients with cancer. Multiple processes influence tumor response to therapies. Treatment failure has been identified as one of the four major Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur B-5000, Belgium * Correspondence: thomas.dalmaso@unamur.be Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. The development of therapy resistance continues to be a major problem in the treatment of patients with cancer. Multiple processes influence tumor response to therapies. Treatment failure has been identified as one of the four major issues in cancer research. Recently, we developed new cellular models to demonstrate that tumor microenvironments, and especially hypoxia, promote tumor growth and resistance to treatment. In this light, we have identified the protein TMEM45A. Its expression is increased under hypoxic conditions, and when overexpressed, it shows anti-apoptotic properties and induces the resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Inversely, the silencing of TMEM45A in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) incubated in presence of etoposide under hypoxic conditions results in their sensitization to cell death induced by the anticancer agent (Rebucci, M., et al. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2013, 85, 1219-1226Flamant, L., et al. BMC Cancer 2012, 12, 391;Hayez, A., et al. Exp. Dermatol. 2014, 23, 339-344;Cosse, J.P., et al. Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem. 2008, 8, 790-797).

Structure Characterization of TMEM45A, a Protein Involved in the Resistance to Chemotherapy (P05)
This work focuses on the structural study (protein topology and 3D structure) of the membrane protein TMEM45A. Our first results evidenced a new isoform of the protein that remains to be further characterized. This seems to correspond to the major biological isoform of TMEM45A, at least in cancer cells. This work focuses on the structural study (protein topology and 3D structure) of the membrane protein TMEM45A. Our first results evidenced a new isoform of the protein that remains to be further characterized. This seems to correspond to the major biological isoform of TMEM45A, at least in cancer cells.
In order to study the membrane topology of this protein, we will use molecular biology techniques and modeling tools to create or validate 3D models for TMEM4A. Overexpression, purification, and crystallization (in lipidic cubic phase) (Ostermeier, C., et al. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 1997, 7, 697-701) of the protein will also be carried out in eukaryotic cells and bacteria, to characterize the structure. Structural information will allow virtual screening of a chemical library and identification of potential ligands, as well as new insights on TMEM45A function and its involvement in the resistance mechanism to apoptosis induced by etoposide.
Acknowledgments: Author thanks URPHYM (Unité de Recherche en Physiologie Moléculaire). This work is supported by FRIA Grant. Thomas Dal Maso is grateful for financial support from the Fonds pour la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS).

Asymmetric Synthesis of Rhodotorulic Acid Analogues with Potential Siderophore Properties (P06)
Timothée Garnerin *, Alexandra Dassonville-Klimpt, Elodie Lohou and Pascal Sonnet Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressouces (LG2A), UMR CNRS 7378, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR de pharmacie, 1 rue des Louvels, F-80037 Amiens CEDEX 01, France * Correspondence: timothee.garnerin@etud.u-picardie.fr Antibiotic resistance is an emerging disease and a real problem of health. Resistance of Gram negative bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli, to conventional antibiotics, leads to therapeutic failure and requires new antibiotherapies. The use of the iron transport systems is one of the most promising strategies to overcome this resistance phenomenon. These specific

Multi-Target Directed Ligand
In order to study the membrane topology of this protein, we will use molecular biology techniques and modeling tools to create or validate 3D models for TMEM4A. Overexpression, purification, and crystallization (in lipidic cubic phase) (Ostermeier, C., et al. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 1997, 7, 697-701) of the protein will also be carried out in eukaryotic cells and bacteria, to characterize the structure. Structural information will allow virtual screening of a chemical library and identification of potential ligands, as well as new insights on TMEM45A function and its involvement in the resistance mechanism to apoptosis induced by etoposide. Antibiotic resistance is an emerging disease and a real problem of health. Resistance of Gram negative bacteria, such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli, to conventional antibiotics, leads to therapeutic failure and requires new antibiotherapies. The use of the iron transport systems is one of the most promising strategies to overcome this resistance phenomenon. These specific routes of entry, essential for the survival of the microorganisms, allow ferric siderophore complexes to carry iron within the bacteria.
These systems allow the introduction of antibacterial agents (antibiotic-siderophore conjugates) or toxic complexes (gallium complexes) into the bacteria to kill them. Rhodotorulic acid (RA) is a siderophore transported by TonBox dependant Fhu receptors. These kinds of receptors are expressed by Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli. RA is dioxopiperazine iron chelator with hydroxamate as iron ligands and two asymmetric centers (S,S configuration). This spatial orientation is essential for the Fhu receptors recognition.
We have previously reported the asymmetric synthesis of 3-substituted 2-oxopiperazines. Herein, we present an original and a convergent strategy to synthesize RA and corresponding 3,6-disubstituted analogues. Siderophore-like tests and measurement of the complexing strength of these compounds will be carried out.
Pharmaceuticals 2017, 10, 94 6 of 12 routes of entry, essential for the survival of the microorganisms, allow ferric siderophore complexes to carry iron within the bacteria. These systems allow the introduction of antibacterial agents (antibiotic-siderophore conjugates) or toxic complexes (gallium complexes) into the bacteria to kill them. Rhodotorulic acid (RA) is a siderophore transported by TonBox dependant Fhu receptors. These kinds of receptors are expressed by Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli. RA is dioxopiperazine iron chelator with hydroxamate as iron ligands and two asymmetric centers (S,S configuration). This spatial orientation is essential for the Fhu receptors recognition.
We have previously reported the asymmetric synthesis of 3-substituted 2-oxopiperazines. Herein, we present an original and a convergent strategy to synthesize RA and corresponding 3,6-disubstituted analogues. Siderophore-like tests and measurement of the complexing strength of these compounds will be carried out.
Bacteria require iron for many vital functions. However, in the oxidative atmosphere, iron exists as insoluble salts which makes its bacterial assimilation hard. To overcome iron deprivation, pathogens use small iron chelators named siderophores, which transfer iron within bacteria by specific receptors. Siderophores are classified into four main families: hydroxamates, catecholates, carboxylates, and phenolates. Previous studies have shown that the motif hydroxypyridinone is recognized by the same kind of transporters than catechol groups. These siderophores moieties can be conjugated with antibiotic (antibiotic-siderophore conjugates) (Budzikiewicz, H., et al. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2001, 1, 73-82)   The dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria has reduced the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotic drugs, and is now part of major human healthcare emergencies. Among the bacteria ESKAPE, Gram negative pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Acinetobacter baumannii are very virulent.
Bacteria require iron for many vital functions. However, in the oxidative atmosphere, iron exists as insoluble salts which makes its bacterial assimilation hard. To overcome iron deprivation, pathogens use small iron chelators named siderophores, which transfer iron within bacteria by specific receptors. Siderophores are classified into four main families: hydroxamates, catecholates, carboxylates, and phenolates. Previous studies have shown that the motif hydroxypyridinone is recognized by the same kind of transporters than catechol groups. These siderophores moieties can be conjugated with antibiotic (antibiotic-siderophore conjugates) (  Inspired by the Trojan horse strategy, we grafted hydroxypyridinone group to the AQM moiety with different linkers, to obtain conjugates 2 and 3. Conjugate 2 is not active against P. aeruginosa DSM 1117 while conjugate 3 possesses a significant activity (MIC 128 µg/mL). During the sugar glycoxidation and lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids induced by oxidative stress exacerbation, reactive carbonyl species (RCS) are endogenously formed and react with amino groups of tissue proteins to give AGE (Advanced Glycation Endproducts) and ALE (Advanced Lipid peroxidation Endproducts). In Alzheimer's disease (AD), extensive AGE/ALE accumulation has been reported in extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular tau-associated neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Indeed, a critical imbalance between cerebral reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and endogenous antioxidant capacities associated with biometal dyshomeostasis has been suggested to be a driving force for AD onset and progression. Aβ-oligomers induce oxidative stress, whereas transition metals (Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ and Fe 3+ ) stimulate Aβ aggregation and APP (amyloid precursor protein) processing. Consequently, RCS accumulation takes part in the vicious downward redox amyloid spiral leading to neurodegeneration (Butterfield, D.A., et al. Trends Mol. Med. 2001, 7, 548-554;Tiiman, A., et al. Neurochem. Int. 2013, 62, 367-378). AGE/ALE contribute to AD pathogenesis through three main mechanisms (Krautwald, M., et al. Inspired by the Trojan horse strategy, we grafted hydroxypyridinone group to the AQM moiety with different linkers, to obtain conjugates 2 and 3. Conjugate 2 is not active against P. aeruginosa DSM 1117 while conjugate 3 possesses a significant activity (MIC 128 µg/mL).

Development of Multifunctional Diamine AGE/ALE Inhibitors with Potential Therapeutic Properties against Alzheimer's Disease (P11)
Elodie Lohou 1, *, N. André Sasaki 1 , Agnès Boullier 2,3,4 and Pascal Sonnet 1 During the sugar glycoxidation and lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids induced by oxidative stress exacerbation, reactive carbonyl species (RCS) are endogenously formed and react with amino groups of tissue proteins to give AGE (Advanced Glycation Endproducts) and ALE (Advanced Lipid peroxidation Endproducts). In Alzheimer's disease (AD), extensive AGE/ALE accumulation has been reported in extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular tau-associated neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Indeed, a critical imbalance between cerebral reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and endogenous antioxidant capacities associated with biometal dyshomeostasis has been suggested to be a driving force for AD onset and progression. Aβ-oligomers induce oxidative stress, whereas transition metals (Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ and Fe 3+ ) stimulate Aβ aggregation and APP (amyloid precursor protein) processing. Consequently, RCS accumulation takes part in the vicious downward redox amyloid spiral leading to neurodegeneration (Butterfield, D.A., et al. Trends Mol. Med. 2001, 7, 548-554;Tiiman, A., et al. Neurochem. Int. 2013, 62, 367-378). AGE/ALE contribute to AD pathogenesis through three main mechanisms (Krautwald, M., et al. Inspired by the Trojan horse strategy, we grafted hydroxypyridinone group to the AQM moiety with different linkers, to obtain conjugates 2 and 3. Conjugate 2 is not active against P. aeruginosa DSM 1117 while conjugate 3 possesses a significant activity (MIC 128 µg/mL). During the sugar glycoxidation and lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids induced by oxidative stress exacerbation, reactive carbonyl species (RCS) are endogenously formed and react with amino groups of tissue proteins to give AGE (Advanced Glycation Endproducts) and ALE (Advanced Lipid peroxidation Endproducts). In Alzheimer's disease (AD), extensive AGE/ALE accumulation has been reported in extracellular amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular tau-associated neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Indeed, a critical imbalance between cerebral reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and endogenous antioxidant capacities associated with biometal dyshomeostasis has been suggested to be a driving force for AD onset and progression. Aβ-oligomers induce oxidative stress, whereas transition metals (Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ and Fe 3+ ) stimulate Aβ aggregation and APP (amyloid precursor protein) processing. Consequently, RCS accumulation takes part in the vicious downward redox amyloid spiral leading to neurodegeneration (Butterfield, D.A., et al. Trends Mol. Med. 2001, 7, 548-554;Tiiman, A., et al. Neurochem. Int. 2013, 62, 367-378). AGE/ALE contribute to AD pathogenesis through three main mechanisms (Krautwald, M., et al. Gerontol. 2010, 45, 744-751). First, glycated Aβ cross-linking promotion accelerates its deposition and its protease resistance. Secondly, AGE/ALE formation not only accelerates tau hyperphosphorylation, disturbs the neuronal membrane depolarization process and the glucose transport, but also exacerbates glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Thirdly, AGE promote, via their receptors, RAGE oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as cell apoptosis.

Development of Multifunctional
Taking into account the multifactorial pathogenesis of AD, we designed new multifunctional drugs that are simultaneously able to trap RCS (primary vicinal diamine function) as well as ROS and biometals (phenolic acid or hydroxypyridinone (HOPO) moiety) (Lohou, E., et al. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2016, 122, 702-722). In the poster, synthesis of these new promising hybrid AGE/ALE inhibitors and evaluation of their physicochemical and biological properties (carbonyl trapping capacity, antioxidant activity, Cu 2+ -chelating capacity, cytotoxicity, and protective effect against in vitro MGO-induced apoptosis in the model AD cell-line PC12) will be described. Gerontol. 2010, 45, 744-751). First, glycated Aβ cross-linking promotion accelerates its deposition and its protease resistance. Secondly, AGE/ALE formation not only accelerates tau hyperphosphorylation, disturbs the neuronal membrane depolarization process and the glucose transport, but also exacerbates glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Thirdly, AGE promote, via their receptors, RAGE oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as cell apoptosis.
Taking into account the multifactorial pathogenesis of AD, we designed new multifunctional drugs that are simultaneously able to trap RCS (primary vicinal diamine function) as well as ROS and biometals (phenolic acid or hydroxypyridinone (HOPO) moiety) (Lohou, E., et al. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2016, 122, 702-722). In the poster, synthesis of these new promising hybrid AGE/ALE inhibitors and evaluation of their physicochemical and biological properties (carbonyl trapping capacity, antioxidant activity, Cu 2+ -chelating capacity, cytotoxicity, and protective effect against in vitro MGO-induced apoptosis in the model AD cell-line PC12) will be described.
In order to get more convergent and straightforward access to fluorinated analogues, we have established a simple methodology allowing selective functionalization of fluoroindazoles at position 3, and providing polyfunctional indazoles within a minimum of steps.
In order to get more convergent and straightforward access to fluorinated analogues, we have established a simple methodology allowing selective functionalization of fluoroindazoles at position 3, and providing polyfunctional indazoles within a minimum of steps.
New indazole derivatives have been evaluated and four exhibiting nanomolar binding affinities for 5-HT4R could be radiolabeled then evaluated in PET imaging for brain 5-HT4R imaging. Growing interest in the cytotoxic properties of piano-stool ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) arene complexes has developed over the past few years. Despite structural similarity, Ru and Os analogues come with different chemical, physical, and biological properties. (Morris; R.E.;et al. J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44, 3616-3621;Nowak-sliwinska, P., et al. ChemMedChem 2015, 10, 1539-1547.

Design and Synthesis of Novel Ruthenium(II) and Osmium(II) Complexes with Potential Antitumor Activity (P13)
Novel Ru II and Os II half-sandwich complexes were synthesized from [(M(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (where M = Os II or Ru II ), using morpholine and phenanthroline derivatives as N,N bidentate donors. The in vitro antiproliferative effects were first assessed by means of MTT assays on a panel of six cancerous cell lines (A459, MCF-7, SKMEL-28, B16F10, HS638, U373). The ligands were further modified by adding long alkyl chains (C16) to help crossing membranes and enhance cellular accumulation.
C16-modified Ru II and Os II phenanthroline complexes showed promising results with IC50 values below 1 µM, and thus, potentially more effective than cisplatin, whereas the parent phenanthroline New indazole derivatives have been evaluated and four exhibiting nanomolar binding affinities for 5-HT 4 R could be radiolabeled then evaluated in PET imaging for brain 5-HT 4 R imaging. constitutes valuable tool, both in clinical studies and drug discovery programs. Based on previous works in CERMN (Lam, B.V., et al. Chem. Eur. J. 2016, 22, 4440-4446), we aimed to develop new fluorinated indazole derivatives as potential brain 5-HT4R PET tracers.
In order to get more convergent and straightforward access to fluorinated analogues, we have established a simple methodology allowing selective functionalization of fluoroindazoles at position 3, and providing polyfunctional indazoles within a minimum of steps.
New indazole derivatives have been evaluated and four exhibiting nanomolar binding affinities for 5-HT4R could be radiolabeled then evaluated in PET imaging for brain 5-HT4R imaging.  Novel Ru II and Os II half-sandwich complexes were synthesized from [(M(p-cymene)Cl2]2 (where M = Os II or Ru II ), using morpholine and phenanthroline derivatives as N,N bidentate donors. The in vitro antiproliferative effects were first assessed by means of MTT assays on a panel of six cancerous cell lines (A459, MCF-7, SKMEL-28, B16F10, HS638, U373). The ligands were further modified by adding long alkyl chains (C16) to help crossing membranes and enhance cellular accumulation.

Design and Synthesis of Novel Ruthenium(II) and Osmium(II) Complexes with Potential Antitumor Activity (P13)
C16-modified Ru II and Os II phenanthroline complexes showed promising results with IC50 values below 1 µM, and thus, potentially more effective than cisplatin, whereas the parent phenanthroline Novel Ru II and Os II half-sandwich complexes were synthesized from [(M(p-cymene)Cl 2 ] 2 (where M = Os II or Ru II ), using morpholine and phenanthroline derivatives as N,N bidentate donors. The in vitro antiproliferative effects were first assessed by means of MTT assays on a panel of six cancerous cell lines (A459, MCF-7, SKMEL-28, B16F10, HS638, U373). The ligands were further modified by adding long alkyl chains (C 16 ) to help crossing membranes and enhance cellular accumulation. C 16 -modified Ru II and Os II phenanthroline complexes showed promising results with IC 50 values below 1 µM, and thus, potentially more effective than cisplatin, whereas the parent phenanthroline complexes [M(p-cymene)(phen)Cl]PF 6 have very limited antiproliferative activity (Habtemariam, A., et al. J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 6858-6868). Therefore, following our strategy for increasing the cellular accumulation, a marked increase in the antiproliferative potency (100-1000 fold) was obtained. Cellular uptake experiments by ICP-MS will reveal the putative increase in the intracellular concentrations of the metal complexes.
The morpholino complexes were found to be inactive with IC 50 values over 300 µM, despite the presence of the C 16 alkyl chain. Single crystals of these complexes were obtained for the determination of their solid-state structures, together with an NMR study in solution.  Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 6858-6868). Therefore, following our strategy for increasing the cellular accumulation, a marked increase in the antiproliferative potency (100-1000 fold) was obtained. Cellular uptake experiments by ICP-MS will reveal the putative increase in the intracellular concentrations of the metal complexes. The morpholino complexes were found to be inactive with IC50 values over 300 µM, despite the presence of the C16 alkyl chain. Single crystals of these complexes were obtained for the determination of their solid-state structures, together with an NMR study in solution.
Further biological evaluation of these promising series of Os II and Ru II compounds is ongoing, using quantitative video microscopy, and apoptosis rate and cell cycle analysis. The stability (exchange reactions of chloride with water and nucleophiles) of the complexes will also be investigated.

Study of the Inhibition of SerB2 (Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phosphoserine Phosphatase) (P14)
Elise Pierson 1 , Marie Haufroid 1 , Ramandeep Singh 2 and Johan Wouters 1 The objective of this work is to inhibit SerB2, with the overall aim of reducing M. tuberculosis virulence. The starting point was to express and purify SerB2. Then, new inhibitors were identified through an enzymatic activity assay using colorimetric phosphate determination. To achieve this, a screening of previously selected small molecules of the NAMEDIC's library was performed. This experiment led to the identification of three promising inhibitors that are harmine derivatives. Clofazimine potent inhibitory effect was also confirmed. The inhibition type of the scaffolds will be assessed by further kinetic studies, and other derivatives will be synthesized and characterized.
Malaria is a neglected tropical disease that remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among the world's poorest populations. More than 100 tropical and sub-tropical countries are endemic for this infectious disease. Pregnant women and children are the most sensitive to this infection, and in 2015, 429,000 people died. Among the five species of Plasmodium responsible for human malaria, P. falciparum is the parasite which causes the most serious form of the disease. More recent efforts focused on the development of antimalarial vaccines and since 2001, World Health Organization (WHO) recommends artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). In drug resistance areas, several antimalarial drugs, such as aminoalcohol-aryl (mefloquine (MQ), lumefantrine (LM)), are currently used in combination with artemisinin derivatives. However, the emergence of multidrug-resistant parasites decreases efficacy of ACTs. Thus, the design of new active compounds on Plasmodium-resistant strains is urgent.
We have previously developed an asymmetric synthesis to prepare 4-aminoalcohol-quinoline enantiomers (AQ) as MQ analogs. They were active at the nanomolar range against 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) and W2 (chloroquine-resistant) P. falciparum strains. Interestingly, (S)-enantiomers displayed an activity increased by 2 to 15-fold as compared to their (R)-counterparts. During the Plasmodium intra-erythrocytic asexual stages, hemozoin formation and the oxidative and glutathione-dependent degradation of heme are inhibited by these aminoalcohol-aryls (MQ, LM). Currently, their mechanisms of actions are not totally clear, and remain to be explored.
In continuation of our work, we are interested in studying the change of heterocycle (fluorene vs quinoline) on the antimalarial activity. We focus on the design and the preparation of novel racemic and enantiopure aminoalcohol-fluorene derivatives (AFM) as LM analogs. The evaluation Transformation of L-3-phosphoserine into L-serine catalysed by SerB2 and used to determine enzymatic activity.
The objective of this work is to inhibit SerB2, with the overall aim of reducing M. tuberculosis virulence. The starting point was to express and purify SerB2. Then, new inhibitors were identified through an enzymatic activity assay using colorimetric phosphate determination. To achieve this, a screening of previously selected small molecules of the NAMEDIC's library was performed. This experiment led to the identification of three promising inhibitors that are harmine derivatives. Clofazimine potent inhibitory effect was also confirmed. The inhibition type of the scaffolds will be assessed by further kinetic studies, and other derivatives will be synthesized and characterized.