Robust Handover Optimization Technique with Fuzzy Logic Controller for Beyond 5G Mobile Networks

Mobility management is an essential process in mobile networks to ensure a high quality of service (QoS) for mobile user equipment (UE) during their movements. In fifth generation (5G) and beyond (B5G) mobile networks, mobility management becomes more critical due to several key factors, such as the use of Millimeter Wave (mmWave) and Terahertz, a higher number of deployed small cells, massive growth of connected devices, the requirements of a higher data rate, and the necessities for ultra-low latency with high reliability. Therefore, providing robust mobility techniques that enable seamless connections through the UE’s mobility has become critical and challenging. One of the crucial handover (HO) techniques is known as mobility robustness optimization (MRO), which mainly aims to adjust HO control parameters (HCPs) (time-to-trigger (TTT) and handover margin (HOM)). Although this function has been introduced in 4G and developed further in 5G, it must be more efficient with future mobile networks due to several key challenges, as previously illustrated. This paper proposes a Robust Handover Optimization Technique with a Fuzzy Logic Controller (RHOT-FLC). The proposed technique aims to automatically configure HCPs by exploiting the information on Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), and UE velocity as input parameters for the proposed technique. The technique is validated through various mobility scenarios in B5G networks. Additionally, it is evaluated using a number of major HO performance metrics, such as HO probability (HOP), HO failure (HOF), HO ping-pong (HOPP), HO latency (HOL), and HO interruption time (HIT). The obtained results have also been compared with other competitive algorithms from the literature. The results show that RHOT-FLC has achieved considerably better performance than other techniques. Furthermore, the RHOT-FLC technique obtains up to 95% HOP reduction, 95.8% in HOF, 97% in HOPP, 94.7% in HOL, and 95% in HIT compared to the competitive algorithms. Overall, RHOT-FLC obtained a substantial improvement of up to 95.5% using the considered HO performance metrics.


Introduction
There has been enormous development in mobile cellular networks during the last decade. Fifth generation (5G) and beyond (B5G) technologies aim to provide revolutionary

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Proposition of a Robust Handover Optimization Technique with Fuzzy Logic Controller (RHOT-FLC) to automatically adjust the HCPs more efficiently for 5G and B5G mobile networks. In other words, we developed a fuzzy-based algorithm that utilizes the advantages of the FL system to automatically adjust the TTT and HOM simultaneously. The proposed technique exploits the UE's information such as RSRP, RSRQ, and speed to adapt the TTT and HOM as the system outputs. • Evaluation of system performance in terms of HO probability (HOP), HO failure (HOF), HO ping-pong (HOPP) effect, HO latency (HOL), and HO interruption time (HIT), with different mobility speed scenarios. The RHOT-FLC technique aims to improve the HO performance in a B5G mobile system in terms of these mentioned KPIs.

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Comparison and performance analysis of the RHOT-FLC technique with various techniques from the literature, such as the conventional HO method (Conv), Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) [14] algorithm, and another competitive algorithm by Silva et al. (Slv) [15].
The rest of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 presents recent related works, while Section 3 introduces the proposed technique (RHOT-FLC) and system model. Section 4 describes the simulation environment and performance metrics, then Section 5 presents the simulation report and performance analyses. Finally, Section 6 concludes our paper.

Related Work
In 2019, Souza et al. [8] proposed a heuristic for HO based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOP-SIS), named H2ATF. A ranking of eNB according to priority was generated by adopting these elements: (1) AHP for defining criteria weights, (2) TOPSIS for ranking the chosen destination cells, and (3) an adaptive hysteresis fuzzy inference system to perform the calculation using parameters with direct impact on HO. MATLAB simulations were implemented with various small-cell eNodeBs (eNBs) and fixed macrocells to validate the efficacy of the proposed heuristic scheme. According to the findings, determining the optimal HO time was possible with a suitable antenna. Furthermore, a reduction of up to 43% in HO ping-pong, a commonly used metric to assess HO heuristics, was also achieved. The study emphasized that new parameters for HO decisions, such as the direction, flow type, and antenna load, should be further explored. Aside from that, alternative mobile network design and novel computational intelligence approaches (e.g., unique fuzzy approach, genetic algorithm, and clustering) may be examined to optimize the decision-making process. However, since it ignores the TTT, the results affect the radio link failure (RLF), which affects the HO performance.
In 2013, Muñoz et al. [14] investigated HOM and TTT to evaluate the HO performance for different UE speeds and system load systems. Moreover, the authors proposed an FLC optimization technique to adjust the HOM. The technique was set up with three different configurations of FLC and evaluated to provide the optimal key performance indicators (KPIs): call-drop ratio and HOP. Although the technique achieved a good HO performance in the call-drop ratio and HOP, it does not provide exemplary performance in the other HO's KPIs, such as RLF and HOPP.
In 2018, Silva et al. [15] introduced a fuzzy logic-based scheme that leverages user velocity and radio channel quality to self-optimize a hysteresis margin for HO decision to address mobility management issues. The work targets future networks with a large number of small cells while enabling smooth connectivity. MATLAB was utilized to assess the proposed solution while considering the situation of a 1000 m × 1000 m area, where 2 eNBs, up to 200 small cells eNBs, and 50 UEs were placed in this region. Based on the findings, the study concluded that, in all cases, the proposed algorithm efficiently restricted and kept its ping-pong effects below 1%. Moreover, the HOF ratio and the HO occurrences were significantly decreased when compared to previous methods, particularly for cases with many small cells. The dwelling time of users in the small cells was also comparable to similar schemes. As for future work, the study emphasized focusing on signal-level prediction for the throughput gain ascertainment and investigating potential enhancements for HO performance metrics. However, the algorithm is limited to a certain mobility speed of up to 80 km/h, which is considered moderate.
In 2017, Nguyen et al. [16] proposed a distributed MRO algorithm to reduce HOFs caused by RLFs by modifying trigger time and offset parameters. The algorithm categorized three HOF types (wrong cell, too late, and too early) and optimized three HO parameters simultaneously based on the prevailing failure. Furthermore, the algorithm considered HOFs in each nearby cell and modified HO parameters separately. Simulations were performed using the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) module in the ns-3 network simulator to validate the proposed MRO algorithm [17]. A one-tier small-cell network with seven small eNBs was also studied, with a 30 m inter-site distance. According to the simulation findings, the algorithm effectively discovered the best HO parameters and surpassed prior techniques. Furthermore, the proposed method produced the fewest ping-pongs of the algorithms studied. However, it only focused on RLF and HOPP and ignored discussing other important HO KPIs, such as HOP probability, HIT, throughput, and cell edge spectral efficiency.
In 2018, Hegazy et al. [18] introduced a method to optimize two opposing HO problems (i.e., RLFs and ping-pongs) utilizing fuzzy Q-learning. The first must reduce the HO margin to reduce the too-late HO, whereas the second must raise the HO margin to reduce the needless signaling. Users in the network were classified into four groups based on their speed and data traffic usage. As a result, keeping general HO issues within acceptable levels can enhance the user experience. Fuzzy Q-learning was used with distinct initial candidate fuzzy actions for each user group. LTE-Sim [19] was used to assess the proposed algorithm's efficacy. However, these two existing research methods do not apply any optimization method. The findings indicated that the suggested technique offered the optimum performance for each user group corresponding to the most chosen metric, either decreasing ping-pongs or lowering RLF. Furthermore, whether the number of users was cut by half or doubled, the proposed algorithm was proven to be resistant against changes in the number of users. Furthermore, not all KPIs have been investigated.
In 2019, Liu et al. [20] proposed a fuzzy-TOPSIS-based HO algorithm to reduce the ping-pong effect and number of HOs. The proposed algorithm leveraged the benefits of fuzzy logic and TOPSIS and utilized the received signal-strength intensity (RSSI) and signalto-noise ratio (SNR) as the HO criteria. According to the MATLAB simulation results, the proposed HO algorithm could effectively decrease the ping-pong rate and the number of Hos when compared to conventional RSSI-based HO approach and classical multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) HO methods, such as simple additive weighting (SAW) and basic TOPSIS. Nevertheless, HO performance such as HOF, and HOL was not evaluated to show the robustness of the algorithm with various KPIs.
In 2019, Goyal et al. [21], the authors presented a scheme for choosing the optimal network in a heterogeneous network situation to preserve overall network quality of service (QoS) by employing multiple criteria: velocity, received signal strength (RSS), dwell time, bandwidth, cell radius, load on eNB, and power transmission. The best-ranked network with the lowest HOF was chosen using the fuzzy AHP method. The findings were statistically evaluated and revealed that the optimum network with a lower HOF rate may enable uninterrupted communication. Nonetheless, the study did not consider other aspects that may impact UE and the network during HO, such as UE energy consumption and packet loss.
In 2019, Alhammadi et al. [22] proposed a weighted fuzzy self-optimization (WFSO) approach for optimizing HCPs. The HO choice in this method was based on three key attributes: SINR, the traffic load of serving and target BS, and UE velocity. To increase HO performance, the self-optimized HCPs (i.e., HOM and TTT) were modified based on the present status of these attributes. MATLAB was used to comply with the third-generation partnership project (3GPP) HetNet mobility simulation methodology [23]. Based on the results, HOPP, RLF, and HOF rates were considerably reduced using the developed WFSO compared to other benchmark methods. However, the algorithm did not provide optimum performance in all HO KPIs.
Finally, and most recently, Lema et al. [24] assessed HO performance in 2021 by optimizing the HCPs, such as TTT, HO offset, and HO margin. A well-known heuristic algorithm known as particle swarm optimization (PSO) was also employed. In addition, the performance of the networks could be improved by a self-organized network (SON) through the automation of mobility load balancing (MLB) and PSO. The results were validated using MATLAB Software. Compared to standard HO performance enhancement approaches, the simulation results revealed that the PSO and MLB-based HOF and HOPP were considerably improved. However, the probability of the HOF is highly increased as the UE's speed increases. Additionally, not all KPIs were considered in this study.
Although the aforementioned works have attained HO performance enhancement in terms of different HO KPIs, an optimum solution that can provide optimum HO performance for all HO KPIs is still required, and the developers and researchers are working on delivering robust HO techniques that overcome the HO issues. Table 1 summarizes the related works.

Proposed System
This section explains the HCP optimization and gives a general overview of the FLC system. It also presents the proposed RHOT-FLC technique, including its system process.

Overview
Two important HCPs are TTT and HOM. Both of these have a significant effect on HO. HOM is a variable that indicates the threshold of the difference between the strength of the signal received at the serving base station and that of signals received at target BSs. TTT indicates the essentially vital time interval for meeting HOM conditions. Two criteria must be met for the execution of HO: The first criterion requires the RSS of the serving BS to be outshined by the RSS of a potential cell. In contrast, the second criterion involves the fulfillment of the first condition within the time specified in the TTT parameter [25].
Ensuring reliable and stable communication throughout the UE mobility is one of the critical challenges facing the practical implementation of the B5G networks. One of the solutions to design and improve the HO robustness is using the HCP-based techniques, which is considered a self-optimization technique. HCPs (TTT and HOM) are vital criteria in HO decision techniques. Therefore, they must be adapted and optimized very well to provide optimum HO performance. For example, increasing the value of TTT in a high-speed scenario increases the RLF probability, which degrades the overall system performance. On the contrary, adjusting TTT with a small value in a low mobile speed scenario increases the HOPP probability. Similar to the HOM, adjusting TTT with different values affects the HO performance accordingly. A fuzzy logic system is a mathematical system based on fuzzy logic that analyzes analog input values in continuous logical variables values between 0 and 1. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) generally consists of three main stages: fuzzification, inference, and defuzzification. During fuzzification, numerical input variables are converted into membership functions. The systems' output has linguistic relations with the system's inputs. These relations are called rules, and the output of each rule is referred to as a fuzzy set. More than one rule is used to increase conversion efficiency. The inference is the process whereby the fuzzy output sets of each rule are combined to make one fuzzy output set. Afterward, the fuzzy set is defuzzified to a crisp output in the defuzzification process.
FLC has been widely applied to mobile network parameter optimization as in studies by [14,15,22,[26][27][28][29][30][31] for HO. FLC has the advantages of working with imprecise inputs, not needing an accurate mathematical model, and handling nonlinearity, as proved by the results of this research. In mobility management, FLC is used to adjust and adapt the HCP (TTT and HOM) values to provide an automatic HO process. The existing works, for example, in [15,18,20,21], applied FLC in their algorithms for HO in mobile systems and show that FLCs are very useful for automatic HO parameter optimization.
A membership function can be described, for example, by a triangular fuzzy number (x) (Figure 1) consisting of triplet a, b, c. The fuzzy triangle function is suitable for real-time operation due to its modelling simplicity. The mathematical expression of the membership function, in this case, is as the following Equation (1):

Robust Handover Optimization Technique with Fuzzy Lo
We propose a robust handover optimization techn FL system to enhance the HO performance in B5G netwo HOP, HOF, HIT, and HOL. The proposed technique is d cision and adjust TTT and HOM. The system consists parameters: UE velocity, RSRP, and RSRQ. These rules a two different outputs, TTT and HOM, in every single pro according to Table 2 and the triangle function, Equation ( are classified into four levels, while the RSRP is classifie and HOM are divided into four categories that can enha the number of levels may enhance the accuracy of sele However, it increases the processing time and vice vers selected to compromise the system performance, accura words, the four levels are maintained to achieve the d sented in the Results and Discussions Section. The rules ing the values of the TTT and HOM and evaluating the

Robust Handover Optimization Technique with Fuzzy Logic Controller (RHOT-FLC)
We propose a robust handover optimization technique (RHOT-FLC) exploiting the FL system to enhance the HO performance in B5G networks by mitigating the HOPP rate, HOP, HOF, HIT, and HOL. The proposed technique is designed to automate the HO decision and adjust TTT and HOM. The system consists of 48 rules based on three input parameters: UE velocity, RSRP, and RSRQ. These rules are used to dynamically estimate two different outputs, TTT and HOM, in every single process. The 48 rules are formulated according to Table 2 and the triangle function, Equation (1). The mobile speeds and RSRQ are classified into four levels, while the RSRP is classified into three categories. Both TTT and HOM are divided into four categories that can enhance HO performance. Increasing the number of levels may enhance the accuracy of selecting the TTT and HOM values. However, it increases the processing time and vice versa. Therefore, the four levels are selected to compromise the system performance, accuracy and processing time. In other words, the four levels are maintained to achieve the desired HO performance, as presented in the Results and Discussions Section. The rules (cases) are formulated by adjusting the values of the TTT and HOM and evaluating the output using the considered HO performance metrics. In addition, the rules are determined based on the evaluation conducted on each rule and overall system performance results.
Many of the existing works, such as in [15,18,20,21], have demonstrated that the FL system could provide optimum HO performance. Besides that, the FL system can simultaneously optimize the two important HO parameters, which are TTT and HOM, with accurate results, as demonstrated in our results. However, designing the HO algorithm based on the FL system depends on the classifications of each input, formulating rules, and considering input parameters. The RHOT-FLC technique considers the UE's velocity, RSRP, and RSRQ as the system input and designed 48 rules and cases. The values of the RSRP and RSRQ are adjusted according to 3GPP, Release 16 definition [32]. Although HO algorithms based on the FL system can achieve excellent HO performance, the HO time process is increased as the input parameters and rules are increased. Moreover, the proposed system has been designed to automatically adjust both TTT and HOM concurrently, unlike many works, which focus on adjusting only one HCP, either TTT or HOM [8,15,16]. Figure 2 illustrates the proposed RHOT-FLC system, consisting of five stages. The first stage is the input stage, which consists of three measured values as updated input from Algorithm 1 (UE's velocity, RSRP, and RSRQ). In the fuzzification stage, the crisp input values are converted to fuzzy values in the next stage. The third stage is the inference engine, in which the proposed if-then rules are applied. Next, the generated fuzzy values are converted into crisp values in the defuzzification stage. The last stage is the output stage, which is TTT and HOM. After updating the HCPs with adjusted values, the process is completed according to the Algorithm 1 process. Algorithm 1 presents the RHOT-FLC algorithm. The general steps of the proposed technique are as follows: The RSRP for all gNBs is sorted and compared to the gNBs target station. If the Equation (2) condition is not fulfilled, the HO decision is not performed. Else, 2.
Update the system inputs with RSRP, RSRQ, and UE speed.

3.
Convert the inputs values into fuzzy sets and calculate the degree of each membership function, according to Equation (1) (Figure 2). 4.
Apply the proposed rules (48 if/then rules) for each membership. 5.
The TTT and HOM are updated as system output according to the three input parameters conditions. The input parameters are defined in 48 cases. 6.
Update the system with adapted HCPs to perform the HO decision.

System and Simulation Model and Performance Metrics
This section presents the simulation model, including the network deployment scenario and parameters. It also provides the HO performance metrics used to evaluate the system.

Network Deployment Scenario
The simulation environment has been developed in MATLAB 2020b to simulate the B5G network considering microcells and urban area scenarios. The network layout consists

System and Simulation Model and Performance Metrics
This section presents the simulation model, including the network deployment scenario and parameters. It also provides the HO performance metrics used to evaluate the system.

Network Deployment Scenario
The simulation environment has been developed in MATLAB 2020b to simulate the B5G network considering microcells and urban area scenarios. The network layout consists of sixty-one gNBs with three sectors for each cell that are deployed in a (3000 × 3000) m 2 simulation environment, and the distance between two BSs is 400 m (each BS covers 200 m).
The UEs move in a straight way within eight directions [N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, and NW] within the simulation environment and pass-through BSs with five different scenario speeds, which are 20 km/h, 40 km/h, 80 km/h, 120 km/h, and 160 km/h. Each UE was randomly initiated to move within the possible directions straightly with different mobile speeds, until it reached the edge of the defined area and changes its movement direction randomly within possible directions.
The considered assumption for the use-case scenario is ultra-high-definition video (UHDV) streaming, such as 4K video streaming. Video streaming is one of the prominent applications that all users use, and its demands are dramatically increased. According to Ericsson forecasts, video streaming will account for 76% of mobile traffic by 2025 [33]. Moreover, by the year 2023, it is expected that around 75% of mobile data traffic will be produced by video applications [34]. As a result, ensuring the quality of video streaming via B5G networks may significantly influence passengers' travel experiences.
In this study, 200 UEs' traffic per simulated cell has been proposed to be generated and distributed randomly throughout the coverage area. Then, it is changed dynamically and randomly in each simulation cycle. This assumption is considered to simulate a real network scenario as high traffic negatively affects the overall system performance. Once the cell traffic is increased, the HOP is increased to balance cell loads. This may lead to high degradation in the network performance in terms of HOPP, RLF, interruption time, throughput and spectral efficiency. Ten UEs were chosen to be measured in this study to investigate the HO performance for different KPIs compared with the competitive methods (such as the driving test in real life, where only one or two users are used to evaluate the network). Thus, when the ten UEs move within the cells, their performance will be impacted negatively or positively based on the cell loads of each serving cell. Figure 3 illustrates the deployment scenario. The considered assumption for the use-case scenario is ultra-high-definition video (UHDV) streaming, such as 4K video streaming. Video streaming is one of the prominent applications that all users use, and its demands are dramatically increased. According to Ericsson forecasts, video streaming will account for 76% of mobile traffic by 2025 [33]. Moreover, by the year 2023, it is expected that around 75% of mobile data traffic will be produced by video applications [34]. As a result, ensuring the quality of video streaming via B5G networks may significantly influence passengers' travel experiences.
In this study, 200 UEs' traffic per simulated cell has been proposed to be generated and distributed randomly throughout the coverage area. Then, it is changed dynamically and randomly in each simulation cycle. This assumption is considered to simulate a real network scenario as high traffic negatively affects the overall system performance. Once the cell traffic is increased, the HOP is increased to balance cell loads. This may lead to high degradation in the network performance in terms of HOPP, RLF, interruption time, throughput and spectral efficiency. Ten UEs were chosen to be measured in this study to investigate the HO performance for different KPIs compared with the competitive methods (such as the driving test in real life, where only one or two users are used to evaluate the network). Thus, when the ten UEs move within the cells, their performance will be impacted negatively or positively based on the cell loads of each serving cell. Figure 3 illustrates the deployment scenario.

Simulation Parameters
The channel model and simulation parameters are adjusted according to 3GPP Release 16 [35][36][37][38], as 3GPP has defined mmWave frequency with 28 GHz as a prominent candidate frequency band considered in a B5G system to meet the increasing demand for user data throughput. The main simulation parameters are presented in Table 3.

Simulation Parameters
The channel model and simulation parameters are adjusted according to 3GPP Release 16 [35][36][37][38], as 3GPP has defined mmWave frequency with 28 GHz as a prominent candidate frequency band considered in a B5G system to meet the increasing demand for user data throughput. The main simulation parameters are presented in Table 3. HOP is the probability of HO when the UE moves from one cell to another. Likewise, HOP represents the percentage of HOs occurring. One of the cases that increases the HOP is the HOPP.
Increasing HOP leads to an increase in the system complexity and affects the overall performance. The average HOP in the network in each simulation time and overall UE is calculated as the following expression: HOF refers to unsuccessful HO from serving gNB to a target gNB. The inappropriate setting of HCPs increases the HOF rate, thus leading to a rise in the RLF probability. In other words, HCPs play the main role in increasing or decreasing the HOF rate. Further, HOF happens due to four scenario cases: too-early HO, too-late HO, wrong HO, and ping-pong HO. The too-early and too-late HO occurs due to incorrect TTT. A low value of TTT causes too-early HO, whereas a high value of TTT causes too-late HO. In the case of the wrong HO, the HOF occurs when the UE is handed over to the wrong cell. Ping-pong HO happens when the UE is at the border of two or more neighbor cells, and UE changes its connection gNB to another gNB in a concise time. The HOF probability is calculated as follows: where N HOF is the total number of HOF, and N HO number of (failure HO + successful HO).

Handover Ping-Pong (HOPP)
The HOPP is the frequent HO that happens between two neighbor cells. The frequent movement of the UE between the boundaries of the two neighboring cells results in a ping-pong effect due to high signal fluctuations.
where HOPP is the HOPP probability, N HOPP represents the number HOPP, and N HO is the number of (failure HO + successful HO). The instantaneous average HOPP probability HOPP over all UEs can be given as follows: where i is the corresponding index of the measured user, and N UE is the total number of measured UEs. Moreover, each UE moves in a random direction, which means that each UE has a different location, different signal strength, and different BS coverage. Therefore, each UE may have a different HOPP.

Handover Latency (HOL)
HOL is an essential measurement of system performance. According to 3GPP [39], HOL is when UE has received the HO command from the serving gNB to complete the HO process to the target gNB. In other words, the HOL is the total time that is taken for the HO execution stage. B5G networks require very low latency, up to 1 ms, as several applications are sensitive to the time; for example, autonomous vehicles require ultra-low latency to avoid accidents.

Handover Interruption Time (HIT)
The HO Interruption Time, or HIT, is the instant during the execution of HO when there is an interruption in the user data exchange between the source and target cell by the mobile terminal. This suggests that HIT is the minimum time supported by a cellular network during HO. The mobility interruption time ranges from 30 to 60 ms for a 4G LTE deployment [40]. The factors affecting this interruption time include HO conditions and radio conditions. The 3GPP community aims to reduce the interruption time to allow the effective use of 5G wireless technologies in future applications. The interruption time can be precisely reduced to around zero ms in the B5G networks [41].

Results and Discussions
This section provides the simulation study results for RHOT-FLC and the three competitive algorithms from the literature: Conv method, FLC, and Slv. The proposed technique is evaluated using five important HO performance metrics (HOP, HOF, HOPP, HOL, and HIT) and assessed in five mobile speed scenarios (20,40,80, 120, and 160) km/h, as explained in the previous section. Furthermore, the algorithms are validated by using simulation with B5G networks. The presented results illustrate the average measured values of the 10 UEs in each mobile speed scenario and overall simulation times. The performance of each UE is evaluated and collected in every simulation cycle (50 ms) for each mobile speed. Each HO performance is evaluated individually.
The proposed technique is compared with three competitive algorithms, which are the techniques presented [15] (denoted as Slv in the results and figures), a conventional HO algorithm based on the quality of signal criterion plus HOM (denoted as Conv in the results and figures), and FLC [14] (denoted as FLC in the results and figures). The competitive algorithms are chosen because they focus on mobility management and MRO while having similar techniques as in FLC and Slv. Further details are presented in Table 1. Meanwhile, these three techniques have been explained and investigated in more detail compared to the other techniques in the literature. To ensure fairness in the comparison, we used the same simulation parameters, scenario, and environment for the proposed and competitive algorithms. Figure 4 shows the average HOP overall mobile speeds and simulation times for 100 s. The result indicates that RHOT-FLC achieved the lower HOP for all mobile speeds and simulation times with less than 3.6%. The consistency of RHOT-FLC provides a substantial reduction in HOP, indicating the appropriate adjusting of HCPs of RHOT-FLC. The other algorithms provided higher HOP and higher fluctuations, which means insufficient accuracy in adjusting the HCPs of the algorithms.

Handover Probability (HOP)
Sensors 2022, 22, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 simulation with B5G networks. The presented results illustrate the average measured ues of the 10 UEs in each mobile speed scenario and overall simulation times. The per mance of each UE is evaluated and collected in every simulation cycle (50 ms) for e mobile speed. Each HO performance is evaluated individually. The proposed technique is compared with three competitive algorithms, which the techniques presented [15] (denoted as Slv in the results and figures), a conventio HO algorithm based on the quality of signal criterion plus HOM (denoted as Conv in results and figures), and FLC [14] (denoted as FLC in the results and figures). The c petitive algorithms are chosen because they focus on mobility management and M while having similar techniques as in FLC and Slv. Further details are presented in T 1. Meanwhile, these three techniques have been explained and investigated in more d compared to the other techniques in the literature. To ensure fairness in the compari we used the same simulation parameters, scenario, and environment for the proposed competitive algorithms. Figure 4 shows the average HOP overall mobile speeds and simulation times for s. The result indicates that RHOT-FLC achieved the lower HOP for all mobile speeds simulation times with less than 3.6%. The consistency of RHOT-FLC provides a subs tial reduction in HOP, indicating the appropriate adjusting of HCPs of RHOT-FLC. other algorithms provided higher HOP and higher fluctuations, which means insuffic accuracy in adjusting the HCPs of the algorithms.     Figure 6 illustrates the results of HOF probability for all algorithms and overall mobile speed scenarios. The results depict that the lowest HOF probability is attained by RHOT-FLC by less than 0.19%, while the HOFs of the Conv, FLC, and Slv are 2%, 1.4%, and 4.6%, respectively. RHOT-FLC has considerably reduced HOF by 90.5%, 86.4%, and 95.8% compared to Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. HOF was caused due to the failure of UE to connect to the target gNB. However, RHOT-FLC can reduce the HOF probability and help to improve the overall HO performance even in high-mobile-speed scenarios. Moreover, the results in all algorithms suggest the behavior of HOF probability reflects the HOP.  The number of HOs is increased drastically in B5G networks due to the requirements of B5G, which aims to support a massive number of devices per area and uses the mmWave operating band, which has a very small coverage area of up to 200m. Therefore, many small cells are required to be deployed in a small area, which increases the HOP. However, RHOT-FLC shows a significant reduction in HOP up to 90%, 86%, and 95% compared to the Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. The reduction in HOP decreases HOF probability, enhancing HO performance. Figure 6 illustrates the results of HOF probability for all algorithms and overall mobile speed scenarios. The results depict that the lowest HOF probability is attained by RHOT-FLC by less than 0.19%, while the HOFs of the Conv, FLC, and Slv are 2%, 1.4%, and 4.6%, respectively. RHOT-FLC has considerably reduced HOF by 90.5%, 86.4%, and 95.8% compared to Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. HOF was caused due to the failure of UE to connect to the target gNB. However, RHOT-FLC can reduce the HOF probability and help to improve the overall HO performance even in high-mobile-speed scenarios. Moreover, the results in all algorithms suggest the behavior of HOF probability reflects the HOP.  Figure 6 illustrates the results of HOF probability for all algorithms and overall mobile speed scenarios. The results depict that the lowest HOF probability is attained by RHOT-FLC by less than 0.19%, while the HOFs of the Conv, FLC, and Slv are 2%, 1.4%, and 4.6%, respectively. RHOT-FLC has considerably reduced HOF by 90.5%, 86.4%, and 95.8% compared to Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. HOF was caused due to the failure of UE to connect to the target gNB. However, RHOT-FLC can reduce the HOF probability and help to improve the overall HO performance even in high-mobile-speed scenarios. Moreover, the results in all algorithms suggest the behavior of HOF probability reflects the HOP.   Figure 7 depicts the HOPP probability with different mobile speeds for selected simulation times (50 s). RHOT-FLC achieved lower HOPP probability than the other algorithms at all mobile speeds. The results give an additional view that RHOT-FLC reacts better with the speeds than the other algorithms and is preserved at a low rate. This justifies the robustness of RHOT-FLC. Furthermore, the competitive algorithms obtained higher HOPP and fluctuated probability. For instance, the Slv algorithm obtained the highest HOPP and probability fluctuations along the selected time. This phenomenon may be justified due to the inappropriate setting of HCPs. Furthermore, adjusting the HCPs with high-level values caused a high probability of the RLF.

PEER REVIEW
16 of 22 Figure 7 depicts the HOPP probability with different mobile speeds for selected simulation times (50 s). RHOT-FLC achieved lower HOPP probability than the other algorithms at all mobile speeds. The results give an additional view that RHOT-FLC reacts better with the speeds than the other algorithms and is preserved at a low rate. This justifies the robustness of RHOT-FLC. Furthermore, the competitive algorithms obtained higher HOPP and fluctuated probability. For instance, the Slv algorithm obtained the highest HOPP and probability fluctuations along the selected time. This phenomenon may be justified due to the inappropriate setting of HCPs. Furthermore, adjusting the HCPs with high-level values caused a high probability of the RLF. HOPP is an essential HO performance metric that represents the unnecessary HO. Figure 8 illustrates the probability of HOPP with different speed scenarios. Overall, the HOPP ratio for all algorithms gradually decreases as the speed increases. This condition due to UE is moving straight, which means that the UE at low speeds stays at the cell's edge longer than at higher speeds. Additionally, assigning HOM and TTT with low values results in an increase in the HOPP. Therefore, auto HO techniques aim to adjust the HOM and TTT perfectly to preserve optimal HO performance. However, it is seen that RHOT-FLC is superior to all algorithms used for comparison. RHOT-FLC achieved the lowest HOPP probability of less than 1.9%, as compared to 30%, 20%, and 64% in Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. The best performance is achieved at 160km/h for all algorithms by 26%, 16%, 55%, and 0.45% for Conv, FLC, Slv, and RHOT-FLC. HOPP is an essential HO performance metric that represents the unnecessary HO. Figure 8 illustrates the probability of HOPP with different speed scenarios. Overall, the HOPP ratio for all algorithms gradually decreases as the speed increases. This condition due to UE is moving straight, which means that the UE at low speeds stays at the cell's edge longer than at higher speeds. Additionally, assigning HOM and TTT with low values results in an increase in the HOPP. Therefore, auto HO techniques aim to adjust the HOM and TTT perfectly to preserve optimal HO performance. However, it is seen that RHOT-FLC is superior to all algorithms used for comparison. RHOT-FLC achieved the lowest HOPP probability of less than 1.9%, as compared to 30%, 20%, and 64% in Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. The best performance is achieved at 160km/h for all algorithms by 26%, 16%, 55%, and 0.45% for Conv, FLC, Slv, and RHOT-FLC.  Figure 9 shows the average HOPP probability for all algorithms and overall mobile speeds and simulation times. It can be seen that RHOT-FLC attained the overall average HOPP performance for all mobile speeds with an average HOPP probability of 1.9% and 30%, 20, and 64% in Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. Therefore, RHOT-FLC substantially improves HOPP up to 93.6%, 90.5%, and 97% compared to Conv, FLC, and Slv. The optimum HO performance shown in HOPP by RHOT-FLC explains that RHOT-FLC can perfectly adjust the HCPs. The reduction in HOPP decreases the HOP, thus decreasing the HOF probability. Therefore, this improves the overall HO performance.

Handover Latency (HOL)
The average HOL for all algorithms and overall mobile speeds is illustrated in Figure  10. The figure shows that the RHOT-FLC significantly decreased the average HOL up to 3.7 ms. At the same time, the other algorithm, Conv, FLC, and Slv attained average HOL up to 35.9 ms, 25 ms, and 70.8 ms, respectively. Thus, RHOT-FLC provides the best HOL  Figure 9 shows the average HOPP probability for all algorithms and overall mobile speeds and simulation times. It can be seen that RHOT-FLC attained the overall average HOPP performance for all mobile speeds with an average HOPP probability of 1.9% and 30%, 20, and 64% in Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. Therefore, RHOT-FLC substantially improves HOPP up to 93.6%, 90.5%, and 97% compared to Conv, FLC, and Slv. The optimum HO performance shown in HOPP by RHOT-FLC explains that RHOT-FLC can perfectly adjust the HCPs. The reduction in HOPP decreases the HOP, thus decreasing the HOF probability. Therefore, this improves the overall HO performance.  Figure 9 shows the average HOPP probability for all algorithms and overall mobile speeds and simulation times. It can be seen that RHOT-FLC attained the overall average HOPP performance for all mobile speeds with an average HOPP probability of 1.9% and 30%, 20, and 64% in Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. Therefore, RHOT-FLC substantially improves HOPP up to 93.6%, 90.5%, and 97% compared to Conv, FLC, and Slv. The optimum HO performance shown in HOPP by RHOT-FLC explains that RHOT-FLC can perfectly adjust the HCPs. The reduction in HOPP decreases the HOP, thus decreasing the HOF probability. Therefore, this improves the overall HO performance.

Handover Latency (HOL)
The average HOL for all algorithms and overall mobile speeds is illustrated in Figure  10. The figure shows that the RHOT-FLC significantly decreased the average HOL up to 3.7 ms. At the same time, the other algorithm, Conv, FLC, and Slv attained average HOL up to 35.9 ms, 25 ms, and 70.8 ms, respectively. Thus, RHOT-FLC provides the best HOL

Handover Latency (HOL)
The average HOL for all algorithms and overall mobile speeds is illustrated in Figure 10. The figure shows that the RHOT-FLC significantly decreased the average HOL up to 3.7 ms. At the same time, the other algorithm, Conv, FLC, and Slv attained average HOL up to 35.9 ms, 25 ms, and 70.8 ms, respectively. Thus, RHOT-FLC provides the best HOL performance with an average 89.7%, 85%, and 94.7% improvement in HOL compared to Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. Thus, RHOT-FLC can improve the overall HO process, which enhances the overall HO performance. performance with an average 89.7%, 85%, and 94.7% improvement in HOL compared to Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. Thus, RHOT-FLC can improve the overall HO process, which enhances the overall HO performance.

Handover Interruption Time (HIT)
The result of HIT is presented in Figure 11. The figure provides the average HIT for all algorithms and overall mobile speeds. The figure shows that RHOT-FLC obtains the lowest HIT by 1.8 ms compared to 18.5 ms, 12.8 ms, and 37 ms by Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. In other words, it is seen that RHOT-FLC obtained the best HIT performance with a HIT reduction of 90.5%, 86%, and 95% compared to Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. Moreover, the HIT performance achieved by RHOT-FLC is substantially enhanced, which can be considered an optimum performance of the B5G networks.

Handover Interruption Time (HIT)
The result of HIT is presented in Figure 11. The figure provides the average HIT for all algorithms and overall mobile speeds. The figure shows that RHOT-FLC obtains the lowest HIT by 1.8 ms compared to 18.5 ms, 12.8 ms, and 37 ms by Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. In other words, it is seen that RHOT-FLC obtained the best HIT performance with a HIT reduction of 90.5%, 86%, and 95% compared to Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. Moreover, the HIT performance achieved by RHOT-FLC is substantially enhanced, which can be considered an optimum performance of the B5G networks.
performance with an average 89.7%, 85%, and 94.7% improvement in HOL compared to Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. Thus, RHOT-FLC can improve the overall HO process, which enhances the overall HO performance.

Handover Interruption Time (HIT)
The result of HIT is presented in Figure 11. The figure provides the average HIT for all algorithms and overall mobile speeds. The figure shows that RHOT-FLC obtains the lowest HIT by 1.8 ms compared to 18.5 ms, 12.8 ms, and 37 ms by Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. In other words, it is seen that RHOT-FLC obtained the best HIT performance with a HIT reduction of 90.5%, 86%, and 95% compared to Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. Moreover, the HIT performance achieved by RHOT-FLC is substantially enhanced, which can be considered an optimum performance of the B5G networks.  In summary, as the results demonstrated, RHOT-FLC outperforms all the competitive algorithms in all considered HO performance metrics, HOP, HOF, HOPP, HOL, and HIT. This explains that the proposed technique can adjust the HCPs (TTT and HOM) efficiently and appropriately. Furthermore, simultaneously adjusting both TTT and HOM properly leads to substantially reducing the HOP, HOF, HOPP, HOL, and HIT, thus significantly enhancing the HO performance.
Regarding the complexity of the competitive algorithms and RHOT-FLC, they have a slight difference. RHOT-FLC, FLC, and Slv algorithms are FL-based techniques, but the RHOT-FLC technique may have higher computational complexity as a result of the technique being designed to adjust both HOM and TTT at the same time, and its rules are formulated to support low and high speeds, which leads to increasing the algorithm's time execution. The FLC and Slv algorithms was designed to adjust the HOM only, while the conventional method (Conv) has the lowest complexity because the algorithm basically fixes the values of the TTT and HOM at certain values based on the RSRP only; there is no optimization or adapting process. Overall, the complexity of the competitive algorithms and RHOT-FLC can be sorted from the lowest to the highest time complexity as follows: Conv, FLC, Slv, and RHOT-FLC. Nevertheless, the RHOT-FLC significantly enhanced the HO performance as compared with the competitive algorithms. Table 4 summarizes the average performance of HO for all algorithms and the overall improvement of RHOT-FLC compared to the state of the art. Moreover, from the following tables, it can be noticed that RHOT-FLC dramatically enhances the overall HO performance by lowering the HOP, HOF, HOPP effect, HOL, and HIT. Moreover, RHOT-FLC has achieved an overall improvement of 90%, 86%, and 95% compared to Conv, FLC, and Slv, respectively. The excellent HO performance obtained by RHOT-FLC indicates that RHOT-FLC can appropriately adjust the HCPs.