Hybrid Coils-Based Wireless Power Transfer for Intelligent Sensors

Most wearable intelligent biomedical sensors are battery-powered. The batteries are large and relatively heavy, adding to the volume of wearable sensors, especially when implanted. In addition, the batteries have limited capacity, requiring periodic charging, as well as a limited life, requiring potentially invasive replacement. This paper aims to design and implement a prototype energy harvesting technique based on wireless power transfer/magnetic resonator coupling (WPT/MRC) to overcome the battery power problem by supplying adequate power for a heart rate sensor. We optimized transfer power and efficiency at different distances between transmitter and receiver coils. The proposed MRC consists of three units: power, measurement, and monitoring. The power unit included transmitter and receiver coils. The measurement unit consisted of an Arduino Nano microcontroller, a heart rate sensor, and used the nRF24L01 wireless protocol. The experimental monitoring unit was supported by a laptop to monitor the heart rate measurement in real-time. Three coil topologies: spiral–spiral, spider–spider, and spiral–spider were implemented for testing. These topologies were examined to explore which would be the best for the application by providing the highest transfer power and efficiency. The spiral–spider topology achieved the highest transfer power and efficiency with 10 W at 87%, respectively over a 5 cm air gap between transmitter and receiver coils when a 200 Ω resistive load was considered. Whereas, the spider–spider topology accomplished 7 W and 93% transfer power and efficiency at the same airgap and resistive load. The proposed topologies were superior to previous studies in terms of transfer power, efficiency and distance.


Introduction
Wireless power transfer has recently found its a way into the wearable/implanted medical devices, the commercial market for electric vehicle charging facilities, mobile phones, portable laptops, smartwatches, etc. [1,2]. Medical devices are applications that use wireless power transfer technology (WPT) more than other applications, the purpose for that is removing weight and/or size from the batteries. Batteries have limited capacity, limited charge/discharge cycles, and limited efficiency with which the energy is converted. Almost any device implanted in the body requires surgery to replace the battery [2]. WPT is used in medical applications to supply power to invasive and non-invasive medical sensors or devices measuring medical vital signs. For instance, blood pressure monitors, cardiac defibrillators, electrocardiograms, electromyography, thermometers, pacemakers, neural stimulators, heart rate sensors, and glucose meters are commonly used to improve the quality of life of millions of patients [3,4]. In addition, there are several sources from which to extract energy from the host or the environment to power wearable devices such as biomass, solar, radio frequency, wind, hydro, vibration, heat energy, etc. [4]. There are two kinds of WPT, near and far field. A near field WPT acts over an air gap between transmitter and receiver sensors over short distances, <30 cm, using principles such as capacitive coupling (CC), inductive coupling (IC), magnetic resonator coupling (MRC), and the ultrasonic sensing solution (USS), which is mechanical coupling through pressure. A far field WPT acts across the air gap between transmitter and receiver sensors over long-distance, >30 cm, often using radio frequency (RF). WPT techniques used in medical applications have been the subject of animal studies to explore side effects on tissues when implanted [2,3]. Other studies have used the WPT technique at different frequencies to optimize transfer efficiency while studying side effects on skin for implantable medical devices [5]. WPT has been used in magnetic resonance imaging coils for improved magnetic field intensity on the patient side [6].
Some investigators [7,8] have used WPT based on Q-factor for improving a transfer power to operate implanted medical devices. One study, used a new circuit design that depends on capacitance to optimize transfer power and distance [9]. Other researchers used four coils to improve power transfer and efficiency for biomedical capsule endoscopy [10]. In [11], using a zero voltage switching (ZVS) component at the air gap between the transmitter and receiver coils to operate implanted medical devices. In [12], the coil was implanted inside the animal body of a pig to study the transfer power, efficiency and field effects on the animal's tissue. Other investigators [13] used WPT to supply a transfer power for an implanted device such as pacemaker at high frequency to ignore a battery. Other studies, used WPT to supply an implantable left ventricular assist device to recharge a battery across at transfer distance between coils [14,15]. In [16], a WPT technique for an implantable medical device, such as pacemaker, was used to charge a battery based on special circuit design and different frequencies to optimize transfer efficiency and power. In [17], they used a simulated program, such as software multiphysics analysis package COMSOL, to study the effect of heat generated by coils in three configurations and transfer power to charge a battery for an implantable medical device such as pacemaker device. Used a gold coil in a WPT technique for an implantable in the brain was used to optimize transfer efficiency and power at transfer distance [18]. In [19], using two types of coil, such as a single-tube loop coil (STLC) and multi-turn copper wire coil (MTCWC), was used in a WPT for home mobile device battery charging. The contributions of this study are highlighted as follows: • Designed and implemented of an MRC prototype to supply adequate power to a medical or sensor device system consisting of a wearable heart rate sensor, Arduino Nano microcontroller, and an nRF24L01 wireless protocol module.

•
Hybrid topologies between spider and spiral coils were investigated in terms of transfer power, efficiency, and distance. • Used these coils to transfer power from the transmitter coil to the receiver coil for operating the measurement unit then sends the measurement data to the monitoring unit by using a wireless protocol. • Compared current study with previous studies according to the hybrid topology of coils in terms of transfer power, efficiency, and distance between transmitter and receiver.
The rest of the paper is as follows. Related work such as that for the performance metrics of the transfer energy is discussed in Section 2. Section 3 presents the proposed system design. Section 4 the designs of the coils. Section 5 describes and introduces the system experiment configurations. Section 6 highlights the overall results and discussion of the MRC system. A comparison between all topologies at several parameters is in Section 7. The results of the proposed system are compared with under the skin of a Yorkshire pig. The maximum transfer distance between transmitter and receiver coils was about 10 cm with transfer efficiency of less than 22.3%. Advantages of the system were that it could be implanted and had a low cost. Disadvantages were its large in size, shape with an unsteady structure, and leakage of electric fields. Monti et al. [13] presented a WPT using MRC to supply implantable medical devices with power. The system operated at a frequency of 403 MHz. The system consisted of transmitter coil, receiver coil, rectifier circuit, and PM device. Maximum transfer efficiency of 5.24% was achieved between transmitter and receiver coils at a distance of 10 cm. The advantage was low cost. The disadvantage was that it was somewhat large. Campi et al. [14] implemented a WPT using an MRC for implantable medical devices. The operating frequency of the system was 300 KHz. The system consisted of a transmitting coil, a receiving coil, and a load. Experimental results revealed that transferred power in the receiving coil was 1 W. The transfer efficiency was almost 47% at 3 cm, whereas transfer efficiency was about 7% at 6 cm. The advantage was that it was a wearable device. The disadvantage was the short distance.
Gore et al. [15] implemented a WPT using MRC for implantable medical devices such as pacemakers to recharge the battery under load. The system operated at two different frequencies, 300 kHz and 13.56 MHz. The system consisted of a transmit coil, receive coil, rectifier, microcontroller (16F877A), ZigBee, relay, liquid-crystal display, and battery. The proposed system fully charged the battery then used ZigBee to send the battery status to the transmitter side and the relay was used to turn off wireless power transfer. The system displayed the received voltage and the battery voltage on an LCD. The maximum voltage transfer by the device was 11.05 V and was obtained at 15 cm. However, the system could be used over a maximum transfer distance of 30 cm. The output power of the secondary circuit was 400 µW. Advantages included safety for tissue. Disadvantages included high loss between coils. Campi et al. [16] carried out WPT using an MRC for recharging the battery of an implantable medical device such as pacemakers. The system operated at two different frequencies, 300 kHz and 13.56 MHz. The system consisted of a source coil, load coil, battery, and load. Two configurations were tested in their experiments. Experimental results revealed that transfer efficiencies for series-primary coil; series-secondary coil (SS) and a series-primary coil; parallel-secondary coil (SP) at 13.56 MHz were greater than at 300 KHz. The transfer efficiency of the SP configuration resulted in better performance at 300 KHz of about 31% at 3 cm compared with 13.56 MHz which showed 27% transfer at the same distance. The transfer efficiency of the SS configuration was better at 13.56 MHz at about 10% at 5 cm compared with 300 kHz which was 1% at the same distance. The output power of the secondary circuit was 1 W. The advantage was safety for tissue. Disadvantages were short distance and the environmental impact of batteries and their limited number of cycles.
Campi et al. [17] presented a WPT using an MRC for recharging the battery of an implanted pacemaker. The system operated at a frequency of 20 kHz. The system included a hardware DC power supply, DC to AC inverter, transmitting coil, receiving coil, and pacemaker device and used the software Multiphysics analysis program COMSOL. Two type of wire and three configurations of receiving coil were tested in their experiments. They used wires of 18 and 24 American Wire Gauge (AWG) in the receiving coil placed inside the pacemaker, placed outside the pacemaker, and integrated into the pacemaker for different numbers of turns. That result showed that transfer efficiencies and temperature increases for the receiving coil placed inside the pacemaker, placed outside the pacemaker, and integrated into the pacemaker were 41%, 77%, and 69%. Whereas temperature rises were 0.57, 0.16, and 0.14 • C. Advantages included safety for tissue. Disadvantages were not highlighted for the final configuration. Yeon et al. [18] designed and implemented a WPT to optimize the efficiency of MRC for brain regions. The operating frequency of the system was 137 MHz. The system consists of the transmitter coil, receiver coil, and load. Copper and gold coils were tested in their experiments. Experimental results showed that transfer efficiency and power at 2.8 cm in air was 0.76% and 240 µW, whereas 0.6% and 191 µW was obtained inside a lamb's head, respectively. Advantages included not using a battery. Disadvantages were the short effective distance. Jawad et al. [19] designed and implemented a WPT using an MRC to use for home appliance operation such as mobile devices and charging batteries. The system consisted of an oscillator, transmitter coil, receiver coil, rectifier, DC-DC converter, and load. The system operated at a frequency of 1 MHz. Two types of coils were tested in their experiments: a single-tube loop coil (STLC) and a multi-turn copper wire coil (MTCWC). Experimental results revealed the transfer efficiency and power for STLC were better than MTCWC for a 100 Ω resistive load. Transfer efficiencies for using STLC were 80.66% and 66.66%. The transfer power using STLC was 4.84 and 4 W at 2 and 6 cm, respectively. Advantages included no battery requirement. Disadvantages included the large system and modest transfer efficiency.
Here, we obtained a high power based on an MRC system to operate a measurement unit for adequate power at different distances. The transfer power and efficiency are improved compared with that of previous work. The system used an Arduino Nano microcontroller, heart rate sensor, and nRF24L01 wireless protocol with adequate power at different distances. Data was exchanged between the measurement and monitoring units using the wireless protocol.

System Model
Our proposed MRC system consists of three units: power, measurement, and monitoring. The power unit included two subsystems: (i) a transmitter comprising an oscillator, a power supply, and a transmitter coil (Tx C ) and (ii) a receiver comprised of a receiver coil (Rx C ), a capacitor resonator, a bridge rectifier, and a regulator. The measurement unit consisted of an Arduino Nano microcontroller, a heart rate sensor, and an nRF24L01 module. The monitoring unit included an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller, an nRF24L01 module, and a laptop supported by serial monitoring to display the heart rate data. MRC operation was based on the distance between the transmitter and receiver coils illustrated in Figure 1. The power unit comprised of a transmitter coil (Tx C ), receiver coil (Rx C ), capacitor resonator, bridge rectifier, and regulator. The Tx C converts an electric field to a magnetic field. There were two categories of coils used in this study, spiral and spider coils.
Sensors 2020, 20, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 25 4 W at 2 and 6 cm, respectively. Advantages included no battery requirement. Disadvantages included the large system and modest transfer efficiency.
Here, we obtained a high power based on an MRC system to operate a measurement unit for adequate power at different distances. The transfer power and efficiency are improved compared with that of previous work. The system used an Arduino Nano microcontroller, heart rate sensor, and nRF24L01 wireless protocol with adequate power at different distances. Data was exchanged between the measurement and monitoring units using the wireless protocol.

System Model
Our proposed MRC system consists of three units: power, measurement, and monitoring. The power unit included two subsystems: (i) a transmitter comprising an oscillator, a power supply, and a transmitter coil (TxC) and (ii) a receiver comprised of a receiver coil (RxC), a capacitor resonator, a bridge rectifier, and a regulator. The measurement unit consisted of an Arduino Nano microcontroller, a heart rate sensor, and an nRF24L01 module. The monitoring unit included an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller, an nRF24L01 module, and a laptop supported by serial monitoring to display the heart rate data. MRC operation was based on the distance between the transmitter and receiver coils illustrated in Figure 1. The power unit comprised of a transmitter coil (TxC), receiver coil (RxC), capacitor resonator, bridge rectifier, and regulator. The TxC converts an electric field to a magnetic field. There were two categories of coils used in this study, spiral and spider coils.
The bridge rectifier converts AC to DC using Schottky diodes (part SR260) [20] selected because of the low voltage drop, rated at 0.18 V, to ensure the maximum voltage was delivered. A 7805 voltage regulator maintained a voltage output from the rectifier of +5 V, the output voltage from the regulator supplied power to the Arduino Nano microcontroller programmed in C++ [21][22][23][24][25]. A voltage regulator was required because the output from the RxC depends on distance, so at short distances high voltages would damage the measurement unit.

Coils Design
The coils were wrapped manually using some available raw materials. Two types of coils spiral and spider coils were designed and constructed. The coils are described below: fundamentals of winding the spiral coil: the coil was wound around a screw mounted on a wooden plate. The coil was then bonded using silicon glue. The COMSOL 5.3 program was used for drawing a spiral coil. Figure 2a, illustrates the geometry of the coil.
Fundamentals of winding the spider coil: nine isosceles triangles with a 40° angle at the apex were machined using a computer numerically controlled (CNC) router. These triangles were The bridge rectifier converts AC to DC using Schottky diodes (part SR260) [20] selected because of the low voltage drop, rated at 0.18 V, to ensure the maximum voltage was delivered. A 7805 voltage regulator maintained a voltage output from the rectifier of +5 V, the output voltage from the regulator supplied power to the Arduino Nano microcontroller programmed in C++ [21][22][23][24][25]. A voltage regulator was required because the output from the Rx C depends on distance, so at short distances high voltages would damage the measurement unit.

Coils Design
The coils were wrapped manually using some available raw materials. Two types of coils spiral and spider coils were designed and constructed. The coils are described below: fundamentals of winding the spiral coil: the coil was wound around a screw mounted on a wooden plate. The coil was then bonded using silicon glue. The COMSOL 5.3 program was used for drawing a spiral coil. Figure 2a, illustrates the geometry of the coil.
The properties of each of the coils is described in Tables 1 and 2 and illustrated in Figure 3. The two categories of TxC and RxC are used in this paper are spiral and spider coils. The copper wire in the TxC used 21 AWG. A 21 AWG was used in the RxC spiral type and 23 AWG was used in the RxC spider type. WPT is based on coupling between the transmitting and receiving side and is obtained as a result of the magnetic flux caused by TxC current which would normally be weak. Tuning the coupling is required to achieve magnetic resonance which is done using capacitors on both sides. Magnetic resonance achieves the greatest magnetic flux and the greatest energy transfer on the receiving side. In this process, coils are used with different shapes and sizes depending on each application. Typically, the TxC is larger than the RxC in size and weight [26]. The value of the capacitors added to both sides depend on coil properties according to the Equation (1) [27].   Fundamentals of winding the spider coil: nine isosceles triangles with a 40 • angle at the apex were machined using a computer numerically controlled (CNC) router. These triangles were arranged in a polygon and clamped in place with a screw and nut as shown in Figure 2b. The head of wire is wound from gap A1 to gap B1 from the top layer. Next, from gap B1 to gap C1 from the bottom layer. Then, from gap C1 to gap D1 from the top layer and then continues in this pattern. Figure 2b illustrates the method of wrapping spider coils the black line is on the top layer, while the dashed black is on the bottom layer. The plate has 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 in the top layer, whereas 2, 4, 6, and 8 are on the bottom layer. When the coil was finished, the screw and nut were removed. Then, all triangles were pushed out of the coils. For the received coils, these coils are a prototype for which the number and the distance between the turns can be regulated by using a specific machine or using printed coils in future applications to reduce the size and weight for the purpose of implanting inside the body.
The properties of each of the coils is described in Tables 1 and 2 and illustrated in Figure 3. The two categories of Tx C and Rx C are used in this paper are spiral and spider coils. The copper wire in the Tx C used 21 AWG. A 21 AWG was used in the Rx C spiral type and 23 AWG was used in the Rx C spider type. WPT is based on coupling between the transmitting and receiving side and is obtained as a result of the magnetic flux caused by Tx C current which would normally be weak. Tuning the coupling is required to achieve magnetic resonance which is done using capacitors on both sides. Magnetic resonance achieves the greatest magnetic flux and the greatest energy transfer on the receiving side. In this process, coils are used with different shapes and sizes depending on each application. Typically, the Tx C is larger than the Rx C in size and weight [26]. The value of the capacitors added to both sides depend on coil properties according to the Equation (1) [27]. the body. The properties of each of the coils is described in Tables 1 and 2 and illustrated in Figure 3. The two categories of TxC and RxC are used in this paper are spiral and spider coils. The copper wire in the TxC used 21 AWG. A 21 AWG was used in the RxC spiral type and 23 AWG was used in the RxC spider type. WPT is based on coupling between the transmitting and receiving side and is obtained as a result of the magnetic flux caused by TxC current which would normally be weak. Tuning the coupling is required to achieve magnetic resonance which is done using capacitors on both sides. Magnetic resonance achieves the greatest magnetic flux and the greatest energy transfer on the receiving side. In this process, coils are used with different shapes and sizes depending on each application. Typically, the TxC is larger than the RxC in size and weight [26]. The value of the capacitors added to both sides depend on coil properties according to the Equation (1) [27].    Electric current generates a magnetic field that can be envisaged as circular around the axis of the wire. The magnetic field at a radial distance can be calculated when passing current through a wire based on Equation (2) for a long straight wire according to the right-hand rule. This rule explains the direction of the current based on the right-hand rule, where the direction of the field is that of the fingers furl [28][29][30]. The total magnetic field can be calculated for a wire based on current from the Biot-Savart law related to Equation (3) [31]. This section will explain two important processes: (i) self-induction and (ii) mutual induction.
Sensors 2020, 20, 2549 where B is magnetic field, I is current through the wire, µo is permeability of free space 4π10 −7 T·m/A, Le is a length of wire, and r is radius or shortest distance to the wire. Self-Induction is a phenomenon that occurs when the electric current changes in a coil to produce an induced electromotive force across the coil. In other words, it is a ratio between the induced electromotive force against rate of change of current. Self-Induction is measured in Henry (H) based on Equation (4) [32].
where e is electromotive force across the coil, l S is self-induction, and (di/dt) is rate of change of current. Two coils located near each other experience mutual induction, which is the effect exploited in motors, generators, and transformers. Current in the first coil with a number of windings (N 1 ), generates a magnetic field (B 1 ). Since the second coil is close to the first coil, some of the magnetic field lines will move to the second coil, with number of windings (N 2 ), this is mutual inductance (M). ø 21 refers to the magnetic flux through the second coil as a result of current flowing through the first coil, this will generate an electromotive force (e 21 ) due to the magnetic flow in the second coil according to Equation (5) [33]. Two coils show mutual induction between coils based on length of coil (Le), number of turns (N) in coils, and a cross-sectional area (A) of the coils according to Equation (6) [33].

Experiment Configuration of MRC
The proposed prototype system had three subsystems: power, measurement, and monitoring. The power unit involves two sections: the transmitter and receiver. The transmitter section includes the Tx C and oscillator. Three types of coil topologies were used: spiral, spider, and a hybrid coil containing both spiral and spider, to explore transfer efficiency and transfer power between the transmitter and receiver side. The receiver section includes Rx C , capacitor resonator, bridge rectifier, voltage regulator, and load. The Rx C experiences a changing magnetic field and converts it to an electric field. The voltage signal at the Rx C was sinusoidal with a single pure tone, but its amplitude was lower than the amplitude of the transmitted voltage. The next stage used a capacitor resonator to achieve maximum power transfer between the two sides. The next stage convert the AC to DC with a bridge rectifier circuit then a 7805 voltage regulator maintains output voltage at +5 V. The output voltage from the regulator supplied power to the measurement unit. This measurement unit consists of an Arduino Nano microcontroller, a heart rate sensor and nRF24L01. The input voltage (VIN) pin on the Arduino Nano and ground pins were used to inject power. Three types of coils were used to transfer power between the transmitter and receiver. Compared to a direct connection (wire charging), the MRC, based on a transfer distance or airgap, has several advantages: (i) it does not require batteries used for power devices, (ii) the patient moves freely without being restricted by wires, (iii) it does not need a main source of electricity, therefore, it can be used anywhere, and (iv) the size of the coils receiver can be minimized to implant inside the human body to supply power to implantable devices. Spiral-spiral topology: the output voltage signal of the TxC was sinusoidal shown in Figure 4. The detected signal on the RxC had the same frequency as the transmitted signal (i.e., 13.6 kHz) over a 7 cm air gap between transmitter and receiver coils. At the receiver circuit, the signal was converted from AC to DC by the bridge rectifier. The DC output voltage was 3.5 V over a 50 Ω resistive load. In addition, the maximum distance possible for correct function of the measurement unit was 9 cm with the voltage regulator removed from the circuit (to eliminate its intrinsic voltage drop), a sensor and the radio communication part (i.e., nRF24L01) were provided with 3.3 V voltage from Arduino Nano microcontroller shown in Figure 5. The voltage regulator was required across shorter distances of 1-5 cm to prevent potentially damaging high voltages. Figure 5, illustrates the topology. This system is a prototype and it experimented using air as transport medium. Where, the transfer power depends on magnetic field, self-induction and mutual induction between coils. Magnetic fields pass easily through most things for example tissues, bones, etc.
Sensors 2020, 20, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 25 sensor system without failure at 20 cm without using the voltage regulator. Using the regulator the circuit would function between 1 to 18 cm. Figure 8 illustrates the third topology for supplying a measurement unit with power.    Sensors 2020, 20, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 25 sensor system without failure at 20 cm without using the voltage regulator. Using the regulator the circuit would function between 1 to 18 cm. Figure 8 illustrates the third topology for supplying a measurement unit with power.    For the spider-spider topology, the output voltage signal of Tx C was the sinusoid shown in Figure 6. The detected signal at the Rx C had the same frequency as the transmitted signal (i.e., 13.6 kHz) over a 7 cm air gap between the Tx C and Rx C . At the receiver circuit the signal was converted from AC to DC by the bridge rectifier. The DC output voltage of 18.5 V was observed at 7 cm over a 50 Ω resistive load. The maximum distance over which the spider-spider topology was able to power the measurement unit (Arduino Nano microcontroller, a heart rate sensor, and used the nRF24L01 wireless protocol) without the voltage regulator was 20 cm while using a regulator the circuit functioned between 1 and 18 cm. Figure 7 illustrates the coil topology used.

Result and Discussions
This subsection presents the voltage signal from the various coil topologies exploring transfer efficiency and output power at different distances, compared among topologies, and compared the present work with related previous studies by transfer power as well as efficiency at distance. Voltage and spectrum signals were captured using a storage oscilloscope model UTD2025CL over the TxC and RxC. Measurement and correlation of transfer efficiency and output power delivered to resistive loads at different distances for each topology are presented. Finally, a comparison is made between the current study and previous work.  Spiral-spider topology: the output voltage signal over the Tx C was sinusoidal. At the receiver circuit, the signal was converted from AC to DC voltage by the bridge rectifier. A DC output voltage of 20 V was measured at 7 cm over a 50 Ω resistive load. The spiral-spider topology operated the sensor system without failure at 20 cm without using the voltage regulator. Using the regulator the circuit would function between 1 to 18 cm. Figure 8 illustrates the third topology for supplying a measurement unit with power.  Figure 8. A snapshot of the MRC system at 20 cm for the third topology.

Result and Discussions
This subsection presents the voltage signal from the various coil topologies exploring transfer efficiency and output power at different distances, compared among topologies, and compared the present work with related previous studies by transfer power as well as efficiency at distance. Voltage and spectrum signals were captured using a storage oscilloscope model UTD2025CL over the TxC

Result and Discussions
This subsection presents the voltage signal from the various coil topologies exploring transfer efficiency and output power at different distances, compared among topologies, and compared the present work with related previous studies by transfer power as well as efficiency at distance. Voltage and spectrum signals were captured using a storage oscilloscope model UTD2025CL over the Tx C and Rx C . Measurement and correlation of transfer efficiency and output power delivered to resistive loads at different distances for each topology are presented. Finally, a comparison is made between the current study and previous work. The output voltage signal of the transmitter, the receiver and the frequency spectrum were measured using a storage oscilloscope (UTD2025CL). The y-axis indicates the amplitude of the signal and the x-axis is time. The output voltage signal of the Txc was a sinusoidal signal and the frequency of the oscillator circuit was 13.6 kHz, shown in Figure 9a. At the receiver side, Rx C indicated a signal from Tx C at 7 cm with the same frequency as Tx C , illustrated in Figure 9b. Figure 9a,b shows the frequency spectrum (red curve) of the transmitter and receiver circuit as a single tone without noise or mixed higher frequency signals. At the receiver circuit, the signal was converted from AC to DC by the bridge rectifier. Consequently, the DC output voltage of 3.5 V observed at 7 cm with 50 Ω RL, systems shown in Figure 9c. At 9 cm, the output voltage signal of the TxC was sinusoidal and the frequency of the oscillator circuit was 13.8 kHz, illustrated in Figure 10a. The RxC detected a signal at 13.6 kHz, shown in Figure 10b. Figure 10a,b shows the frequency spectrum (red line) of the transmitter and receiver circuit as a single tone without noise or interference signals. At the receiver circuit, the signal was adapted from AC to DC voltage by the bridge rectifier. Consequently, the DC output voltage of 4.5 V recorded at 9 cm, shown in Figure 10c. At 9 cm, the output voltage signal of the Tx C was sinusoidal and the frequency of the oscillator circuit was 13.8 kHz, illustrated in Figure 10a. The Rx C detected a signal at 13.6 kHz, shown in Figure 10b. Figure 10a,b shows the frequency spectrum (red line) of the transmitter and receiver circuit as a single tone without noise or interference signals. At the receiver circuit, the signal was adapted from AC to DC voltage by the bridge rectifier. Consequently, the DC output voltage of 4.5 V recorded at 9 cm, shown in Figure 10c. At 9 cm, the output voltage signal of the TxC was sinusoidal and the frequency of the oscillator circuit was 13.8 kHz, illustrated in Figure 10a. The RxC detected a signal at 13.6 kHz, shown in Figure 10b. Figure 10a,b shows the frequency spectrum (red line) of the transmitter and receiver circuit as a single tone without noise or interference signals. At the receiver circuit, the signal was adapted from AC to DC voltage by the bridge rectifier. Consequently, the DC output voltage of 4.5 V recorded at 9 cm, shown in Figure 10c To establish the relationship, the transfer distances in centimeters is plotted on the x-axis and the transfer efficiencies for DC and AC sources as a percentage are plotted on the y-axis. The transfer efficiency is determined according to Equation (7) [19].
Transfer efficiency % (ƞ) = output power input power ×100% (7) Figure 11a shows the measured transfer efficiency at different loads (RL). The transfer distances in centimeters are plotted on the x-axis, and the transfer efficiencies at RL as a percentage are plotted Trans f er e f f iciency % (n) = output power input power ×100% (7) Figure 11a shows the measured transfer efficiency at different loads (RL). The transfer distances in centimeters are plotted on the x-axis, and the transfer efficiencies at RL as a percentage are plotted on the y-axis. The transfer efficiency was 27.1%, 26.26%, 28.01%, and 13.54% at 5 cm. However, it gradually decreased at distances over 5 cm. In addition, the transfer efficiency was 2.32%, 3.09%, 2.36%, and 0.85% at 12 cm. whereas, the transfer efficiency at 20 cm was 0.14%, 0.16%, 0.14%, and 0.06% at 40, 50, 70, and 200 Ω, respectively. Figure Figure 11c, indicates the measured transfer power on the Rxc through different resistive loads. The transfer distances in centimeters are plotted on the x-axis, and the transfer power on the Rxc at RL in percentage are plotted on the y-axis. The transfer power was 9.1, 13.3, 12.3, and 13 W at 5 cm. However, it gradually decreased at distances over 5 cm. In addition, the transfer efficiency was 0.56, 0.76, 0.84, and 1 W at 12 cm. at 40, 50, 70, and 200 Ω, respectively.

Correlation between Performance Metrics
The Table 3 illustrates parameters indicate low transfer distances that achieve high transfer power and efficiency. High indicates high transfer distance with low transfer power and efficiency. The maximum transfer distance between the transmitter and receiver side was 25 cm. Resistive loads of 40, 50, and 70 Ω were used to measure transfer power and efficiency. Therefore, the amount of input/output power measured to determine transfer efficiency for the system at RL. In Table 3, the transfer power and efficiency were 1.386, 1.71, and 2.08 W as well as 19.8%, 20.02%, and 21.14% at 7 cm, respectively. These values gradually decreased at a distances of over 7 cm. In addition, the transfer power and efficiency were 0.009, 0.014, and 0.017 W as well as 0.14%, 0.16%, and 0.14% at 20 cm, respectively.

Correlation between Performance Metrics
The Table 3 illustrates parameters indicate low transfer distances that achieve high transfer power and efficiency. High indicates high transfer distance with low transfer power and efficiency. The maximum transfer distance between the transmitter and receiver side was 25 cm. Resistive loads of 40, 50, and 70 Ω were used to measure transfer power and efficiency. Therefore, the amount of input/output power measured to determine transfer efficiency for the system at RL. In Table 3, the transfer power and efficiency were 1.386, 1.71, and 2.08 W as well as 19.8%, 20.02%, and 21.14% at 7 cm, respectively. These values gradually decreased at a distances of over 7 cm. In addition, the transfer power and efficiency were 0.009, 0.014, and 0.017 W as well as 0.14%, 0.16%, and 0.14% at 20 cm, respectively. The output voltage signal of the Tx C was a sinusoid at the frequency of the oscillator circuit of 13.7 kHz, illustrated in Figure 12a. At the receiver side, Rx C detected a signal from Tx C over an air gap of 7 cm with the same frequency as in Tx C , shown in Figure 12b. Figure 12a,b show the frequency spectrum (red line) of the transmitter and receiver circuit as a single tone without noise or interference signals. At the receiver circuit, the bridge rectifier converted the signal from AC to DC. Consequently, the DC output voltage of 18.5 V recorded at 7 cm over a 50 Ω resistive load.

Voltage Signal Based on MRC
The output voltage signal of the TxC was a sinusoid at the frequency of the oscillator circuit of 13.7 kHz, illustrated in Figure 12a. At the receiver side, RxC detected a signal from TxC over an air gap of 7 cm with the same frequency as in TxC, shown in Figure 12b. Figure 12a,b show the frequency spectrum (red line) of the transmitter and receiver circuit as a single tone without noise or interference signals. At the receiver circuit, the bridge rectifier converted the signal from AC to DC. Consequently, the DC output voltage of 18.5 V recorded at 7 cm over a 50 Ω resistive load. For the second topology to supply the measurement unit at 20 cm, the output voltage signal of the TxC was a sinusoid and the frequency of the oscillator circuit was 13.6 kHz, illustrated in Figure  13a. At the receiver circuit, Rxc detected a signal from the TxC over an air gap of 20 cm at the same frequency, illustrated in Figure 13b. Figure 13a,b shows the frequency spectrum (red line) of the transmitter and receiver circuit as a single tone without noise or interference signals. At the receiver circuit, the bridge rectifier converted the signal from AC to DC. Consequently, the DC output voltage of 4.6 V recorded at 20 cm, shown in Figure 13c. For the second topology to supply the measurement unit at 20 cm, the output voltage signal of the Tx C was a sinusoid and the frequency of the oscillator circuit was 13.6 kHz, illustrated in Figure 13a. At the receiver circuit, Rxc detected a signal from the Tx C over an air gap of 20 cm at the same frequency, illustrated in Figure 13b. Figure 13a,b shows the frequency spectrum (red line) of the transmitter and receiver circuit as a single tone without noise or interference signals. At the receiver circuit, the bridge rectifier converted the signal from AC to DC. Consequently, the DC output voltage of 4.6 V recorded at 20 cm, shown in Figure 13c. For the second topology to supply the measurement unit at 20 cm, the output voltage signal of the TxC was a sinusoid and the frequency of the oscillator circuit was 13.6 kHz, illustrated in Figure  13a. At the receiver circuit, Rxc detected a signal from the TxC over an air gap of 20 cm at the same frequency, illustrated in Figure 13b. Figure 13a,b shows the frequency spectrum (red line) of the transmitter and receiver circuit as a single tone without noise or interference signals. At the receiver circuit, the bridge rectifier converted the signal from AC to DC. Consequently, the DC output voltage of 4.6 V recorded at 20 cm, shown in Figure 13c

Correlation between Performance Metrics
The Table 4 illustrates parameters: The indicated low transfer distances are with a high transfer power and efficiency. High indicates high transfer distances with low transfer power and efficiency. The maximum transfer distance between the transmitter and receiver side was 25 cm. Various loads were used, 25, 33, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 Ω to measure transfer power and efficiency over distance. Therefore, the amount of input to output power was determined to measure transfer efficiency for the system at RL.

Correlation between Performance Metrics
The Table 4 illustrates parameters: The indicated low transfer distances are with a high transfer power and efficiency. High indicates high transfer distances with low transfer power and efficiency. The maximum transfer distance between the transmitter and receiver side was 25 cm. Various loads were used, 25, 33, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 Ω to measure transfer power and efficiency over distance. Therefore, the amount of input to output power was determined to measure transfer efficiency for the system at RL. Table 4, illustrates transfer power and efficiency at distance. The transfer power and efficiency were 0.95, 2.13, 3.04, 4.8, 6.75, 6.6, and 7.2 W as well as 31.79%, 36.51%, 33.11%, 76.45%, 93.37%, 94.5%, and 92.1% at 5 cm, respectively. Efficiency gradually decreased at distances over 5 cm.

Voltage Signal Based on MRC
The output voltage signal of the Tx C was sinusoidal and the frequency of the oscillator circuit was 13.6 kHz, illustrated in Figure 15a. At the receiver side, Rx C detected a signal from Tx C over an air gap of 7 cm with the same frequency for Tx C , illustrated Figure 15b. Figure 15a,b shows the frequency spectrum (red line) of the transmitter and receiver circuit as a single tone without noise or interference signals. At the receiver circuit, the signal was converted from AC to DC by the bridge rectifier. Consequently, the DC output voltage was 20 V recorded at 7 cm over a 50 Ω resistive load.

Voltage Signal Based on MRC
The output voltage signal of the TxC was sinusoidal and the frequency of the oscillator circuit was 13.6 kHz, illustrated in Figure 15a. At the receiver side, RxC detected a signal from TxC over an air gap of 7 cm with the same frequency for TxC, illustrated Figure 15b. Figure 15a,b shows the frequency spectrum (red line) of the transmitter and receiver circuit as a single tone without noise or interference signals. At the receiver circuit, the signal was converted from AC to DC by the bridge rectifier. Consequently, the DC output voltage was 20 V recorded at 7 cm over a 50 Ω resistive load. Spiral-spider topology for supplying a measurement unit at 20 cm, the output voltage signal of the TxC was a sinusoid and the frequency of the oscillator circuit was 13.7 kHz, illustrated in Figure  16a. At the receiver circuit, RxC detected a signal from the Txc over an air gap of 20 cm at 13.7 kHz frequency, illustrated in Figure 16b. Figure 16a,b shows the frequency spectrum (red line) of the transmitter and receiver circuit as a single tone without noise or interference signals. At the receiver circuit, the signal was converted from AC to DC by the bridge rectifier. Consequently, the DC output of 5 V recorded at 20 cm, shown in Figure 16c. Spiral-spider topology for supplying a measurement unit at 20 cm, the output voltage signal of the Tx C was a sinusoid and the frequency of the oscillator circuit was 13.7 kHz, illustrated in Figure 16a. At the receiver circuit, Rx C detected a signal from the Txc over an air gap of 20 cm at 13.7 kHz frequency, illustrated in Figure 16b. Figure 16a,b shows the frequency spectrum (red line) of the transmitter and receiver circuit as a single tone without noise or interference signals. At the receiver circuit, the signal was converted from AC to DC by the bridge rectifier. Consequently, the DC output of 5 V recorded at 20 cm, shown in Figure 16c. Figure 15. The voltage waveforms using third topology at 7 cm for: (a) transmitter coil and (b) receiver coil. Spiral-spider topology for supplying a measurement unit at 20 cm, the output voltage signal of the TxC was a sinusoid and the frequency of the oscillator circuit was 13.7 kHz, illustrated in Figure  16a. At the receiver circuit, RxC detected a signal from the Txc over an air gap of 20 cm at 13.7 kHz frequency, illustrated in Figure 16b. Figure 16a,b shows the frequency spectrum (red line) of the transmitter and receiver circuit as a single tone without noise or interference signals. At the receiver circuit, the signal was converted from AC to DC by the bridge rectifier. Consequently, the DC output of 5 V recorded at 20 cm, shown in Figure 16c. , indicates the measured transfer efficiency at RL. The transfer distance in centimeters is plotted on the x-axis and the transfer efficiency in percentage plotted on the y-axis. The transfer efficiency into 100 Ω was high compared with other resistive loads at distances 1-2 cm, ranging from 99.03% and 97.6%. The transfer efficiency into 300 Ω was high compared with other resistive loads at distances 3-7 cm, which ranged from 95.07%, 95%, 94.93%, 91.55% and 86.63%. The transfer efficiency into a 400 Ω load was high compared with other resistive loads at distances 8-25 cm, which ranged from 87.84%, 86.27%, 80%, 71.37%, 50.4%, 40%, 27.2%, 16.2%, 9.2%, 4%, 2.88%, 1.8%, 1.3%, 0.96%, 0.6%, 0.54%, 0.32% and 0.28%. Furthermore, the transfer efficiency into a 25 Ω load was low compared to other resistive loads at distances 1-25 cm, ranging from 92.44%, 85.03%, 82.55%, 53.26%, 40.33%, 29.41%, 17.54%, 9.07%, 3.73%, 2.13%, 1%, 0.53%, 0.28%, 0.27%, 0.22%, 0.18%, 0.18%, 0.13%, 0.0 6%, 0.05%, 0.05%, 0.04%, 0.04%, 0.04% and 0.03%. The remainder of the values fell between these values.  Figure 17a, indicates the measured transfer efficiency at RL. The transfer distance in centimeters is plotted on the x-axis and the transfer efficiency in percentage plotted on the y-axis. The transfer efficiency into 100 Ω was high compared with other resistive loads at distances 1-2 cm, ranging from 99.03% and 97.6%. The transfer efficiency into 300 Ω was high compared with other resistive loads at distances 3-7 cm, which ranged from 95.07%, 95%, 94.93%, 91.55% and 86.63%. The transfer efficiency into a 400 Ω load was high compared with other resistive loads at distances 8-25 cm, which ranged from 87.84%, 86.27%, 80%, 71.37%, 50.4%, 40%, 27.2%, 16.2%, 9.2%, 4%, 2.88%, 1.8%, 1.3%, 0.96%, 0.6%, 0.54%, 0.32% and 0.28%. Furthermore, the transfer efficiency into a 25 Ω load was low compared to other resistive loads at distances 1-25 cm, ranging from 92.44%, 85.03%, 82.55%, 53.26%, 40.33%, 29.41%, 17.54%, 9.07%, 3.73%, 2.13%, 1%, 0.53%, 0.28%, 0.27%, 0.22%, 0.18%, 0.18%, 0.13%, 0.06%, 0.05%, 0.05%, 0.04%, 0.04%, 0.04% and 0.03%. The remainder of the values fell between these values. Figure 17b, indicates the measured transfer power at different resistive loads. The transfer distance in centimeters is plotted on the x-axis, and the transfer power at RL in percent is plotted on the y-axis. which ranged from 69.3, 72, 73.8, 69.3 and 59.4 W. The transfer power into a 400 Ω load was high compared with other resistive loads at distances 10-25 cm, ranging from 40. 8, 36.4, 25.2, 20, 13.6, 8.1, 4.6, 2, 1.44, 0.9, 0.65, 0.48, 0.3, 0.27, 0.16 and 0.14 W. While the transfer power into a 25 Ω load was low compared with other resistive loads at distances 3-25 cm, ranging from 44, 24.5, 18.15, 13.5, 8.05, 4.08, 1.68, 0.96, 0.45, 0.24, 0.128, 0.12, 0.1, 0.08, 0.08, 0.06, 0.027, 0.024, 0.021, 0.02, 0.019, 0.016 and 0.014W. The rest of the values fell between these values.

Correlation between Performance Metrics
The Table 5 illustrates parameters, indicate low transfer distances achieving a high value for transfer power and efficiency. High indicates high transfer distances achieving low transfer power and efficiency. The maximum transfer distance between the transmitter and receiver side was 25 cm. We used various loads 25,33,50,100,200,300, and 400 Ω to measure transfer power and efficiency at distance. The amount of input vs output power was determined to measure transfer efficiency for the system at RL. The transfer power and efficiency were 5.4, 10.08, 12.5, 16, 10, 7, and 5 W as well as 40.33%, 65.45%, 83.04%, 76.05%, 87.27%, 94.93%, and 89.23% at 5 cm, respectively. Both measures gradually decreased at distances over 5 cm.

Correlation between Performance Metrics
The Table 5 illustrates parameters, indicate low transfer distances achieving a high value for transfer power and efficiency. High indicates high transfer distances achieving low transfer power and efficiency. The maximum transfer distance between the transmitter and receiver side was 25 cm. We used various loads 25,33,50,100,200,300, and 400 Ω to measure transfer power and efficiency at distance. The amount of input vs output power was determined to measure transfer efficiency for the system at RL. The transfer power and efficiency were 5.4, 10.08, 12.5, 16, 10, 7, and 5 W as well

Comparison among Topologies
This subsection presents a comparison among topologies at RL of transfer power and efficiency. We compare topologies into loads of 40 and 200 Ω. The transfer distance in centimeters is plotted on the x-axis and the transfer power at RL in watts is plotted on the y-axis. Figure 18a,b, indicates the measured transfer power at RL. Figure 18a illustrates that the transfer power for the spiral-spider topology is the best other topology according to transfer power into a 40 Ω load. Transfer power at 5 cm was 10.08, 3.12, and 2.136 W for spiral-spider, spiral-spiral, and spider-spider, respectively. While, it was 1, 0.3, and 0.4 W at 10 cm for spiral-spider, spiral-spiral, and spider-spider, respectively. Figure 18b, indicates the measured transfer power at RL, the transfer power for the spiral-spider topology is the best other topology at 200 Ω. The spiral-spider is higher efficiency than other topologies at 3-25 cm. This Figure illustrates transfer of power into a 200 Ω load, it was 22, 17.05, and 12.6 W at 1 cm for spiral-spiral, spiral-spider, and spider-spider, respectively. In addition, it was 9.9, 6.75, and 5.27 W at 5 cm. Furthermore, it was 2, 1.2, and 0.5 W at 5 cm for spiral-spider, spider-spider, and spiral-spiral, respectively. Figure 19a,b, indicates the measured transfer efficiency into 40 and 200 Ω. Transfer distance in centimeters is plotted on the x-axis, and the transfer efficiency at 40 Ω load in percent is plotted on the y-axis. Figure 19a, indicates the measured transfer efficiency into 40 Ω. The spiral-spider topology is the best compared with other topologies at 1-25 cm, it was 93%, 65.45%, and 2% at 3, 5, and 11 cm, respectively. Figure 19b, indicates the measured transfer efficiency at 200 Ω. The spiral-spider topology is the best compared with another topology at 1-25 cm, it was 93%, 65.45%, and 2% at 3, 5, and 11 cm, respectively. Figure 19b, indicates the measured transfer efficiency at 200 Ω. The spider-spider topology is best compared with other topologies at 1-8 cm, it was 96% and 94% at 3 and 5 cm, respectively. The spiral-spider topology is the best compared with other topologies at 9-25 cm, it was 55% and 4% at 10 and 15 cm, respectively. The spiral-spiral topology is the lower transfer efficiency at 40 and 200 Ω compared with other topologies at 1-25 cm. There are several reasons for this in terms of low transfer power and the amount of the coil value for both the transmitter and receiver.
it was 1, 0.3, and 0.4 W at 10 cm for spiral-spider, spiral-spiral, and spider-spider, respectively. Figure  18b, indicates the measured transfer power at RL, the transfer power for the spiral-spider topology is the best other topology at 200 Ω. The spiral-spider is higher efficiency than other topologies at 3-25 cm. This Figure illustrates transfer of power into a 200 Ω load, it was 22, 17.05, and 12.6 W at 1 cm for spiral-spiral, spiral-spider, and spider-spider, respectively. In addition, it was 9.9, 6.75, and 5.27 W at 5 cm. Furthermore, it was 2, 1.2, and 0.5 W at 5 cm for spiral-spider, spider-spider, and spiral-spiral, respectively.   Figure 19a, indicates the measured transfer efficiency into 40 Ω. The spiral-spider topology is the best compared with other topologies at 1-25 cm, it was 93%, 65.45%, and 2% at 3, 5, and 11 cm, respectively. Figure 19b, indicates the measured transfer efficiency at 200 Ω. The spiral-spider topology is the best compared with another topology at 1-25 cm, it was 93%, 65.45%, and 2% at 3, 5, and 11 cm, respectively. Figure 19b, indicates the measured transfer efficiency at 200 Ω. The spider-spider topology is best compared with other topologies at 1-8 cm, it was 96% and 94% at 3 and 5 cm, respectively. The spiral-spider topology is the best compared with other topologies at 9-25 cm, it was 55% and 4% at 10 and 15 cm, respectively. The spiral-spiral topology is the lower transfer efficiency at 40 and 200 Ω The transfer distance in centimeters is plotted on the x-axis, and the transfer power on RxC at RL in watts plotted on the y-axis. Figure 20a,b, indicates the measured transfer power on RxC into 40 and 200 Ω. Figure 20a, indicates the measured transfer power on RxC into 40 Ω. The spider-spider topology is the best compared with other topologies at 1-4 cm, it was 68.2 W at 3 cm. Also, the spiralspider topology is effective compared with the other topologies at 5-25 cm, it was 36 and 0.2 W at 5 and 15 cm, respectively. Figure 20b, indicates the measured transfer power on RxC into a 200 Ω load, the spider-spider topology performed the best compared with other topologies at 1-6 cm, it was 90.2 and 111 W at 2 and 5 cm, respectively. Transfer power for spider-spider and spiral-spider topologies The transfer distance in centimeters is plotted on the x-axis, and the transfer power on RxC at RL in watts plotted on the y-axis. Figure 20a,b, indicates the measured transfer power on RxC into 40 and 200 Ω. Figure 20a, indicates the measured transfer power on RxC into 40 Ω. The spider-spider topology is the best compared with other topologies at 1-4 cm, it was 68.2 W at 3 cm. Also, the spiral-spider topology is effective compared with the other topologies at 5-25 cm, it was 36 and 0.2 W at 5 and 15 cm, respectively. Figure 20b, indicates the measured transfer power on RxC into a 200 Ω load, the spider-spider topology performed the best compared with other topologies at 1-6 cm, it was 90.2 and 111 W at 2 and 5 cm, respectively. Transfer power for spider-spider and spiral-spider topologies were almost equal at 7-25 cm, it was 30.8 and 30 at 10 cm for these topologies, respectively. Spiral-spider behavior this shape for a specific reason is that the amount of transfer power between coils is low due to the extra load on the oscillator, which affects the low energy entering the oscillator and affects the value of self-induction and mutual induction.

Comparison with Previous Work
The table compares the performance metrics of the previous studies in terms of transfer power, efficiency and distance concerning the present study. Considering transfer power of previous work: we found transfer power of 11 W at 2 cm, whereas it was 4.48 W in [19], with a transfer power of 8.4 W at 3 cm, it was 0.00024 W in [18]. In addition, transfer power was 5.332 W at 6 cm, while it was 1 W in [14] and 4 W in [19]. Transfer power was 1.87 W at 10 cm and 0.001 W in [13] and 0.0004 W in [15]. We found transfer efficiency was 95.5% at 3 cm, whereas it was 93.1% in [9], 0.76% in [18], and 76% in [19]. We found transfer efficiency of 94.48% at 6 cm, while it was 7% in [14] and 66% in [19]. Furthermore, the transfer efficiency was 93.37% at 7 cm, while it was 0.71% in [10] and 60% in [19]. We found transfer efficiency of 86.01% at 9 cm, with 22.3% reported in [12] and 57% in [19]. The transfer efficiency was 60.55% at 10 cm, while it was 5.24% in [13] and 55% in [19]. Table 6 summarizes a previous studies and compare their performance metrics in terms of objective, operating frequencies, implementation environment, application, transfer distance, transfer efficiency, and transfer power.

Comparison with Previous Work
The table compares the performance metrics of the previous studies in terms of transfer power, efficiency and distance concerning the present study. Considering transfer power of previous work: we found transfer power of 11 W at 2 cm, whereas it was 4.48 W in [19], with a transfer power of 8.4 W at 3 cm, it was 0.00024 W in [18]. In addition, transfer power was 5.332 W at 6 cm, while it was 1 W in [14] and 4 W in [19]. Transfer power was 1.87 W at 10 cm and 0.001 W in [13] and 0.0004 W in [15]. We found transfer efficiency was 95.5% at 3 cm, whereas it was 93.1% in [9], 0.76% in [18], and 76% in [19]. We found transfer efficiency of 94.48% at 6 cm, while it was 7% in [14] and 66% in [19]. Furthermore, the transfer efficiency was 93.37% at 7 cm, while it was 0.71% in [10] and 60% in [19]. We found transfer efficiency of 86.01% at 9 cm, with 22.3% reported in [12] and 57% in [19]. The transfer efficiency was 60.55% at 10 cm, while it was 5.24% in [13] and 55% in [19]. Table 6 summarizes a previous studies and compare their performance metrics in terms of objective, operating frequencies, implementation environment, application, transfer distance, transfer efficiency, and transfer power.

Conclusions
This paper introduces the design and implementation of an MRC for efficiently supplying power to medical devices such as heart rate sensors over substantial distances. The MRC system was tested on transfer distances of 1-25 cm with different topologies. The WPT system contained three units: power unit, measurement unit, and monitoring unit. The measurement unit for this system included a heart rate sensor, Arduino Nano microcontroller, and an nRF24L01 wireless protocol for heart rate data transmission. The WPT system was experimentally tested for different coil topology: spiral-spiral, spider-spider, and spiral-spider. The experiments were conducted at different transfer distances between the transmitter and receiver coils (borne by the patient). The first topology at 7 cm had 21.14% and 2.079 W transfer efficiency and power, respectively, into a 50 Ω load. We observed that the measurement unit of the system could function properly without failure at a distance of >9 cm for the first topology. However, we recommend using the system at distances of <9 cm to avoid system failure or damage. The second topology at 7 cm had 87.05% efficiency and 4 W power transfer, respectively, into a 400 Ω load. We observed that the measurement unit of the system could function properly at 20 cm with the second topology if the voltage regulator was removed to recover the intrinsic voltage drop of the device. At 7 cm, the third topology had 86.15% and 5 W transfer efficiency and power, respectively, at 400 Ω. We observed that the measurement unit of the system could function properly without failure at >20 cm with the third coil topology if the voltage regulator was removed to recover the intrinsic voltage drop of the device. Transfer power, transfer efficiency, transfer distance, and voltage generated by the proposed system were superior to that of previous studies. Future work will focus on design and implement a system with an integrated antenna in a printed spiral and spider coils to reduce the size and weight of the implantable device. In addition, a standalone microcontroller can be used to reduce the power consumption of the measurement system. Moreover, use of a simulation program to study the parameters and coil values for both those received and transmitted.