(4-(Adamantan-1-yl)-1-(isopropyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methanol

(4-(Adamantan-1-yl)-1-(isopropyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methanol was prepared through a five-step process starting from commercially available 1-acetyladamantane. Each step proceeded in moderate-to-excellent yields and the overall yield across five steps was 28%. The compound was identified and characterized by 1H and 13C{1H} NMR, high-resolution mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. This compound and its derivatives have the potential to be used as precursors to the synthesis of biomimetic chelating ligands.


Introduction
The amino acid histidine plays a key role in bioinorganic chemistry due to the propensity of the imidazole moiety to act as a donor ligand to metal atoms.Prominent examples include hemoglobin, where the iron porphyrin oxygen carrier bears an axial histidine donor; methane monooxygenase, whose active site contains two iron centers both coordinated by Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded online.a histidine donor; a large group of zinc proteinases containing a tripodal tris (histidine) zinc binding site; and the protein calprotectin, which includes a hexahistidine metal binding site putatively used to sequester metal ions as an immune defense strategy [1][2][3][4][5].Because of this, imidazole groups are commonly incorporated into biomimetic model complexes designed to mimic the structure and/or function of metalloproteins [5][6][7][8].The design and optimization of chelating ligands for this purpose requires the ability to access functionalized imidazole-containing synthons containing substituents with different steric and electronic properties.Here, we report the synthesis of the new molecule (4-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(isopropyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methanol (5).This molecule, as well as its precursors 3 and 4, are potential starting materials for further elaboration into new chelating ligands.The bulky adamantyl group would be expected to provide a substantial steric shielding of a coordinated metal center-this steric shielding could promote the study of reaction pathways and reactive intermediates.

Results and Discussion
The synthesis of 5 requires five steps from commercially available 1-acetyladamantane and is shown in Scheme 1; the NMR spectra of the product and intermediates are provided in the Supplementary Material.The α-brominated ketone precursor 2 has been reported but was previously synthesized by different routes [9][10][11]; our approach is adapted from a procedure used for the synthesis of 1-bromo-3-methyl-2-butanone and has been successfully carried out on up to a 10 g scale [12].The next two steps (amination with isopropylamine and cyclization with formamide to give 3) are adapted from a reported synthesis of other closely related 1,4-disubstituted imidazoles [13].Intermediates 1 and 3 could be isolated and purified; however, neat samples of 2 decompose over the course of hours to days, and this compound should be used immediately for subsequent reactions without purification.The decomposition reaction is hypothesized to involve a self-condensation reaction to give a substituted dihydropyrazine; similar pathways have been observed for related aminoketone compounds [13].
The disubstituted imidazole 3 was further functionalized by lithiation with n-butyllithium followed by reaction with dimethylformamide as a C 1 source to introduce a formyl group in the 2-position, giving 4, followed by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride to give the title compound 5. Compound 5 has been fully characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C{ 1 H} NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and CHN combustion analysis; all data are consistent with the proposed structure.

General Synthesis
N-isopropylimidazole was purchased from Accela and 1-acetyladamatane was purchased from Thermo Scientific.All other starting materials, reagents, and solvents were purchased from standard chemical vendors and used without further purification unless described otherwise below.All reactions were carried out under an atmosphere of anhydrous nitrogen or argon gas; workups and characterization were carried out under air.
HRMS were performed on a Bruker micrOTOF-QII using electrospray ionization (ESI).Electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS) was performed on a Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010 Ultra using compounds introduced as methylene chloride solutions.Elemental analysis was carried out using an Elementar UNICUBE analyzer, which was standardized using sulfanilamide. 1 H NMR and 13 C{ 1 H} NMR spectra were measured on a Bruker Avance NMR system equipped with a 500 MHz or 300 MHz superconducting magnet.NMR spectra were referenced internally to the residual CHCl 3 (for 1 H NMR, 7.26 ppm) or CDCl 3 signal (for 13 C NMR, 77.16 ppm).

Synthesis of 1-(Adamantan-1-yl)-2-bromoethanone (1)
The synthesis was adapted from a procedure previously reported for the preparation of the related compound 1-bromo-3-methyl-2-butanone [12].To a round-bottomed flask with a stir bar, 10.0 g (0.0561 mol) of 1-acetyladamantane was added along with dry methanol and was placed under inert gas on a Schlenk line.The flask was placed in an ice/salt bath and cooled to −10 °C.To the stirred solution, 2.88 mL (0.0561 mol, 1 eq.) of bromine was rapidly injected with a syringe.This was left to stir for 2 h while ensuring that the reaction temperature never exceeded 10 °C.After this two-hour period of cold stirring, 30 mL of deionized water were added and the flask was removed from the ice bath and left to stir overnight at room temperature.Potassium carbonate was added until the solution became colorless, followed by 100 mL of saturated aqueous sodium chloride.The product was extracted three times with 75 mL diethyl ether and the organic layers were combined and dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered, followed by removal of the solvent by rotary evaporation.Cold methanol was added to the resulting oily residue, causing a white solid product to precipitate.The precipitate was collected via filtration and washed with cold methanol, and dried, affording a white crystalline product (9.2 g, 63.7%). 1

Synthesis of 4-(Adamantan-1-yl)-1-isopropylimidazole (3)
This process was adapted from the previously reported synthesis of the related compound 1,4-diisopropylimidazole [13,14].To a 500 mL three-neck round-bottomed flask equipped with a stir bar, 35 mL of formamide was added.An air-cooled reflux condenser was affixed to the center neck, a thermometer was inserted in one neck, and the third neck was equipped with an addition funnel containing 4.02 g (0.0171 mol) of 1-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-(isopropylamino)ethanone (2) suspended in 20 mL of ethyl acetate.A gas inlet adaptor on top of the addition funnel was used to introduce an inert gas (nitrogen or argon).The top of the reflux condenser was left open to allow the inert gas flow to flush out water vapor; the gas flow rate was adjusted so that, once the reaction was begun, water vapor exhausted from the top of the condenser at a slow but steady rate.The formamide was heated to 180° C and the 1-(adamantan-1-yl)-2-(isopropylamino)ethanone solution was added dropwise over 30 min; stirring was then continued at 180 °C for 3 h before the reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature.About 70 mL of DI water was added, followed by 20 mL of 15% aqueous NaOH.The product was extracted with twice with approximately 75 mL of toluene, and the combined toluene extracts were washed with water and brine, then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered.The toluene was evaporated, leaving a dark yellow oil which was further purified by elution through a silica column using EtOAc as the eluent (R f = 0.38) (3.25 g, 78%). 1 H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3, 25 °C): δ 7.43 (s, 1H), 6.60 (s, 1H), 4.25 (spt, J = 6.7 Hz, 1H), 2.04 (m, 3H), 1.91 (m, 6H), 1.76 (m, 6H), 1.46 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 6H) ppm; 13 C{ 1 H} NMR (126 MHz, CDCl 3 , 25 °C): δ 152.9, 134.1, 109.9, 48.9, 42.5, 37.0, 28.

Synthesis of 4-(Adamantan-1-yl)-1-isopropylimidazole-2-carbaldehyde (4)
This synthesis was adapted from previously reported procedures used to access related substituted imidazole-2-carbaldehyde compounds [15,16].Compound 3 (1.53g, 0.00626 mol, 1 eq.) was dissolved in a Schlenk flask with 100 mL dry THF and placed under inert gas on the Schlenk line.This flask was added to a dry ice/isopropanol bath at −78 °C.n-Butyllithium (6.3 mL, 0.01 mol, 1.5 eq.) was added dropwise, and the flask was allowed to stir at −78 °C for 1.5 h.Anhydrous DMF (0.8 g, 0011 mol, 1.75 eq.) was then added to the stirred solution, where it was allowed to stir for 4 h at −78 °C, and then allowed to continue to stir while slowly warming to room temperature overnight.Next, 50 mL of DI water was added to the reaction flask and the mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel, where the mixture was extracted with diethyl ether (3 × 40 mL).The organic layers were combined and washed with water and then brine, before drying with anhydrous sodium sulfate.The sodium sulfate was removed by filtration and the organic layer was evaporated, revealing a yellow oil of crude product (1.17 g, 90%).The crude product can be crystallized from cold diethyl ether but was generally used without further purification for the next step. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl 3 , 25 °C) δ 9.79 (s, 1H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 5.44 (m, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 2.08 (bs, 3H), 1.94 (d, J = 2.6 Hz, 6H), 1.78 (bs, 6H), 1.44 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 6H) ppm. 13