Interaction of wild strains of Aspergilla with Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC15517 and aflatoxin production.

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by some competent mould strains of Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius. These compounds have been extensively studied with regards to their toxicity for animals and humans; they are able to induce liver cancer and may cause a wide range of adverse effects in living organisms. Aflatoxins are found as natural contaminants of food and feed; the main line of the strategy to control them is based on the prevention of the mould growth in raw vegetable or during its storage and monitoring of each crop batch. Mould growth is conditioned by many ecological factors, including biotic ones. Hazard characterization models for aflatoxins in crops must take into consideration biotic interactions between moulds and their potential effects on growth development. The aim of this work is to study the effect of the biotic interaction of 14 different wild strains of Aspergilla (different species), with a competent strain (Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC 15517) using an in vitro production model. The laboratory model used was a natural matrix (humidified cracked corn), on which each wild strain challenged the aflatoxin production of a producer strain. Cultures were incubated at 28 degrees C for 12 days and sampled at the 8(th) and 12(th). Aflatoxin detection and quantification was performed by HPLC using a procedure with a MRPL = 1 microg/kg. Results of those interactive cultures revealed both synergic and antagonistic effects on aflatoxin biosynthesis. Productivity increases were particularly evident on the 8(th) day of incubation with wild strains of A. flavipes (+ 70.4 %), A. versicolor (+ 54.9 %) and A. flavus 3 (+ 62.6 %). Antagonistic effects were found with A. niger (- 69.5%), A. fumigatus (- 47.6 %) and A. terreus (- 47.6 %) on the 12(th) day. The increased effects were more evident on the 8(th) of incubation and the decreases were more patent on the 12(th) day. Results show that the development of Aspergilla strains concomitantly with competent aflatoxin producing moulds has a significant influence on the natural biosynthesis pattern.

28ºC for 12 days and sampled at the 8 th and 12 th . Aflatoxin detection and quantification was performed by HPLC using a procedure with a MRPL = 1 μg/kg. Results of those interactive cultures revealed both synergic and antagonistic effects on aflatoxin biosynthesis. Productivity increases were particularly evident on the 8 th day of incubation with wild strains of A. flavipes (+ 70.4 % ), A. versicolor (+ 54.9 %) and A. flavus 3 (+ 62.6 %).

Introduction
Aflatoxins B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , and G 2 are biotoxins synthesized under appropriate ecological conditions by some competent mould strains belonging to the groups Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius. The ability of competent Aspergilla to produce aflatoxins depends on the individual metabolic systems, particularly to the primary metabolism of lipids and specified enzymes (synthetases) able to produce the secondary metabolites [1].
These secondary metabolites have been extensively studied since the earlier sixties, with regards to their toxicity towards animals and humans. Aflatoxins, especially B1, may induce liver cancer and can cause a wide diversity of adverse effects in living organisms, including mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic results [2][3][4]. The most constant effect is the depression of protein synthesis, including that of antibodies. The severity of the adverse effects is proportionate to the level/doses of the exposure.
Nowadays, aflatoxins are the most frequent hazard referred in food imported into the EC, according to the annual reports of Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed [5]. Aflatoxins are found as natural contaminants of a wide range of foods and feeds: cereals and other crops, dry fruits, and milk (ruminant's metabolize aflatoxins M1 and M2).
The main strategic line to control aflatoxins is based on the prevention of the mould growth in raw vegetables or during vegetative development, harvest, storage and transportation, through a adequate monitoring system applied to each crop batch. Mould growth is conditioned by many ecological factors, including physical-chemical factors and also biotic ones. Aflatoxin production levels are affected by many abiotic parameters like temperature, water availability, pH, osmotic pressure, oxi/reduction potential and chemical nature of nutrients.
The ecological conditions that are favourable to aflatoxin biosynthesis are also suitable for the growth of all the concomitant moulds that might colonize a specific crop. From this perspective it is important to understand under what condtions these developments of mycobiota may interfere with the normal biosynthesis of aflatoxins (biotic factors). The full knowledge of biosynthesis pathway will only became better understood when interactive and multi-factorial studies are performed. The aim of this work was to study the influence of biotic interactions, using an in vitro model, whereby 14 different wild strains of Aspergilla challenged an aflatoxin-producing strain of A. parasiticus (ATCC 15517).  [3].

"In vitro" aflatoxin production model
Each culture for aflatoxin production was performed by individually challenging the competent A. parasiticus reference strain. Each assay were carried out in four Erlenmeyer flasks, each containing sterilised cracked corn (50 g), and distilled water for an a W adjustment to 0.98 [6].
Autoclaved substrate was inoculated separately with spore suspensions: a) References were inoculated with spore suspension of A. parasiticus ATCC 15517 (2 mL), diluted to 50%; spores densities were estimated using an opacity gradient equivalent to 0.5 Macfarland. b) Interactive cultures of the two strains (A. parasiticus ATCC 15517 more each of the other Aspergilla isolates) were inoculated with 1 ml of each spore suspension.
The flasks that were inoculated with the reference and with the mixed strains were manually shaken daily during 5 min to obtain an adequate homogeneity. Incubations were performed at 28°C for 8 and 12 days, respectively, for two series of flask cultures [7].

Extraction and immunoaffinity column chromatography
Extraction and immunoafinity column clean step was performed according to the method described by Stroka and Anklam [8]. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile-water solution (85/15) (V/V). The extracted was filtered and diluted (5 mL) with phosphate buffer saline (PBS, 95 mL). Filtrate was passed through an immunoaffinity column (Afla B G.1003, VICAM) and AFS were eluted with 1.25 mL and washed with water (1.75 mL). Eluate was collected and directly used for the HPLC analysis.

Results and Discussion
A. parasiticus ATCC 15517 was used as the reference aflatoxin producing strain. The global productivity of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 was 25.8 mg/kg on the 8 th day and 42.0 mg/kg on the 12 th day (Table 1). The model used for in vitro production revealed a higher level of aflatoxins on the 12 th day of incubation, 68.0 mg of aflatoxins/kg of humidified cracked corn ( Table 3). The specificity of the interaction to a synergic or an antagonistic effect was confirmed for both incubation periods, with the exception of A. flavus 1 and A. glaucus, that were shown to be synergic on the 8 th of incubation and slightly antagonist by the 12 th (Table 4). This may signify that there is a specific tendency in the interaction effects of Aspergilla strains when they develop concomitantly with a competent aflatoxin producing one, in a particular matrix.
The tendency towards the antagonistic effects seems to be more evident on the 12 th day of incubation and the synergic effect was higher, in percentage terms, on the 8 th day of incubation (Tables  2 and 3).
The results of the interaction effects of the wild Aspergillus strains concerning the production level of each of the four aflatoxins by A. parasiticus (ATCC 15517), showed special differences with aflatoxin B1, always being present at the highest level, and G2, being the lowest one (Tables 2 and 3).
Synergic activities were detected with strains of A. candidus, A. clavatus, A. flavus, A. flavipes, A. versicolor and A. restritus, for both incubation periods. The increase of production may be greater then 50% of the reference productivity (3 strains, Table 3). The strains that were revealed to have higher synergistic effects were: A. flavus 3 (+ 62.6%), A. flavipes (+70.4%) and A. versicolor (+ 54.9 %), for the first incubation period. The intermediate metabolic mechanism that may explain this behaviour has not been completely elucidated, although it may be a consequence of some possible intermediate metabolites that can be used by the competent strain to synthesize aflatoxins. The synergism may result from the capacity of the non-toxigenic strains to produce ethylene, or acetate, metabolites that are useful precursors in the biogenesis of aflatoxins [9]. Badii et al. [10] reported that precursor metabolites of aflatoxin biosynthesis may justify the synergism between interactive cultures. Another possibility is related to the fact that the non toxigenic strains can also produce sterigmatocystin and Omethylsterigmatocystin, chemical precursors of the aflatoxins [11].  Investigations [11] have demonstrated that when these precursors are added to a culture medium in which a toxigenic strain is developing, the level of productivity may increase 3-to 25-fold, compared to reference strain. Synergism may also result from a better efficiency of the competent strain to use the nutrients of the matrix when its metabolism is complementary to that of the challenged strain; the non-toxinogenic strains may have the ability to metabolize each of the nutrients by a different pathway having, for example, a more acentuated proteolitic activity than the toxinogenic strain.
The antagonistic effects were especially evident in the interactive cultures with A. terreus (-47.6%), A. fumigatus (-47.6%) and A. niger (-69.5%), and more marked on the 12 th of incubation ( Table 4). The decrease of the production was more noticeable for the aflatoxin B1 fraction (Table 3).
Explanations for the antagonistic effects have not been completely elucidated yet, but it may be due to the higher capacity of the challenger strain to more quickly metabolize essential nutrients of the matrix to promote biodegradation of the previously formed aflatoxins. This second hypothesis is in accordance with the fact that antagonist effects were more evident after the longer period of incubation (12 days). A reasonable explanation would invoke the ability of some Aspergilla, especially A. niger, to produce organic acids, like citric acid, which leads to a fast pH decrease of the substrate (pH= 3.1 to 3.7), promoting, through this route, an inhibition of growth of the competent aflatoxin producing strain [12].   The antagonistic effects of A. terreus are probably related to a fast utilization of nutrients, instead of any specific aflatoxin biodegradation capacity, since the decrease in productivity of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 is proportional. Concerning A. fumigatus, the substrate conditions were unfavorable for its development, as its optimal growing conditions temperature is above 25º C. The present study shows that the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway is clearly influenced by the interaction with other moulds that may co-colonize the crops were aflatoxin production occurs. Co-existence and growth of mycobiota on a particular substrate allows for different results in the levels of aflatoxin production capacity of the competent strains. Taking this in consideration, risk assessors should consider biotic interactions when developing models for the characterization of this hazard.