The miRNAs let-7b and miR-141 Coordinately Regulate Vitellogenesis by Modulating Methyl Farnesoate Degradation in the Swimming Crab Portunus trituberculatus

Methyl farnesoate (MF), a crucial sesquiterpenoid hormone, plays a pivotal role in the reproduction of female crustaceans, particularly in the vitellogenesis process. Despite extensive research on its functions, the molecular mechanisms that regulate MF levels during the vitellogenic phase remain largely elusive. This study investigates the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs), significant post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, in controlling MF levels in the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Through bioinformatic analysis, four miRNAs were identified as potential regulators targeting two genes encoding Carboxylesterases (CXEs), which are key enzymes in MF degradation. Dual luciferase reporter assays revealed that let-7b and miR-141 suppress CXE1 and CXE2 expression by directly binding to their 3′ UTRs. In vivo overexpression of let-7b and miR-141 significantly diminished CXE1 and CXE2 levels, consequently elevating hemolymph MF and enhancing vitellogenin expression. Spatiotemporal expression profile analysis showed that these two miRNAs and their targets exhibited generally opposite patterns during ovarian development. These findings demonstrate that let-7b and miR-141 collaboratively modulate MF levels by targeting CXEs, thus influencing vitellogenesis in P. trituberculatus. Additionally, we found that the expression of let-7b and miR-141 were suppressed by MF, constituting a regulatory loop for the regulation of MF levels. The findings contribute novel insights into miRNA-mediated ovarian development regulation in crustaceans and offer valuable information for developing innovative reproduction manipulation techniques for P. trituberculatus.


Introduction
Vitellogenesis is a critical event in female reproduction of oviparous animals [1].In decapod crustaceans, vitellogenesis is controlled by various endocrine regulators including neuropeptides, ecdysteroids, and methyl farnesoate (MF).Of these, MF is particularly significant in controlling vitellogenesis [2].MF is a sesquiterpenoid with a structural similarity to juvenile hormone (JH) III in insects, often considered its crustacean counterpart.Like JH III, there is accumulating evidence that MF serves as a potent gonadotropin in crustaceans [3,4].For instance, the levels of MF in the hemolymph have been positively linked to vitellogenesis in various decapod species [5,6].Moreover, increased MF levels, achieved through direct injection or dietary administration, have been shown to promote vitellogenin production and oocyte maturation [7][8][9].Given its pivotal role in the reproductive development of female crustaceans, extensive research has sought to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of MF levels.It is well established that the MF level is under the negative control of neuropeptides from the sinus gland/X-organ complex (SG/XO) in the eyestalk, termed mandibular organ inhibiting hormone (MOIH) [10].The MOIH appears to regulate MF by inhibiting the enzyme Farnesoic acid O-methyltransferase (FAMeT), which is responsible for the final step in MF biosynthesis [6].Recently, the Carboxylesterases (CXEs) responsible for degrading MF have been identified in several decapods [11][12][13].The expression of these enzymes correlates with vitellogenesis and can be stimulated by MF treatment in vivo, suggesting their involvement in vitellogenesis through the modulation of MF degradation.Despite advances in understanding MF metabolism regulation, the complete molecular mechanisms that govern MF levels during vitellogenesis in crustaceans remain to be fully elucidated.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a category of endogenous small non-coding RNAs that play a pivotal role in the regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level [14].In animals, miRNAs function by binding to the 3 ′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of target mRNAs, which leads to translational repression or mRNA degradation [15].These molecules are crucial in controlling a variety of physiological processes, including female reproduction [16].For example, in insects, specific miRNAs have been linked to the regulation of vitellogenesis.In the migratory locust Locusta migratoria, miR-2, miR-13, and miR-71 collectively regulate the notch signaling pathway to modulate vitellogenin mRNA expression, while let-7 and miR-278 influence vitellogenesis by targeting the juvenile hormone early-response gene Kruppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) [17,18].In the silkworm Bombyx mori, miR-2739 and a newly identified miRNA (novel-miR-167) are involved in regulating the vitellogenin receptor, which is essential for vitellogenin endocytosis in the ovary [19].In the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, miR-275 has been shown to directly affect vitellogenin expression [20].
With the advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies, the expression profiles of gonadal miRNAs have been extensively characterized in several decapods, such as Scylla paramamosain [21,22], Portunus trituberculatus [23], Eriocheir sinensis [24], Macrobrachium rosenbergii [25], Fenneropenaeus merguiensis [26], and Penaeus monodon [27].In silico target prediction of the identified miRNAs implied that miRNAs may be involved in diverse aspects of crustacean gonadal development, such as vitellogenesis, endocrine regulation, and meiosis.Recent functional analyses of ovarian miRNAs confirmed their important roles in the ovarian development of crustaceans.In the mud crab Scylla paramamosain, miR-277 has been observed to regulate the vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone (VIH) within the eyestalks [28] and is implicated in the regulation of genes in the ERK pathway [29].Additionally, our previous research on P. trituberculatus revealed that miR-9 can influence vitellogenesis by modulating the expression of foxl2 [30].To date, the roles of miRNAs in the regulation of MF level are still unknown in crustaceans.
The swimming crab P. trituberculatus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Portunidae) is an economically significant marine fishery species prevalent in the coastal regions of Korea, Japan, China, and Southeast Asia.Moreover, it constitutes an essential part of China's aquaculture, boasting an annual yield exceeding 100,000 tonnes [31].Nonetheless, the rapid expansion of aquaculture, coupled with a deficit in reproduction control techniques, has led to a scarcity of high-quality seed stock, hindering industry growth.Consequently, deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of ovarian development in this species is of paramount importance.Our preceding research indicated that some miRNAs with ovary-biased expression are predicted to target CXE2, which encodes an enzyme responsible for MF degradation [23].The results implied that miRNAs may play a role in regulating ovarian development by controlling the degradation of MF, the key hormone in vitellogenesis in P. trituberculatus.To test the hypothesis, we identified the miRNAs potentially regulating the enzymes responsible for MF degradation and established the regulatory relationship with in vitro and in vivo experiments.The results will further the understanding of miRNA-mediated mechanisms for ovarian development in crustaceans and provide valuable insights for devising novel reproduction management strategies for P. trituberculatus.

In Silico Prediction of the miRNAs Targeting CXEs
To predict the miRNAs targeting CXEs, the predominant MF degradative enzymes, we used two algorithms, RNAhybrid [32] and miRanda [33].In total, four miRNAs were predicted to bind to the 3 ′ UTR of CXE1 and CXE2.Among them, three miRNAs were identified by both of these two algorithms, including let-7b vs. miRNA-mediated mechanisms for ovarian development in crustaceans and provide valuable insights for devising novel reproduction management strategies for P. trituberculatus.

In Silico Prediction of the miRNAs Targeting CXEs
To predict the miRNAs targeting CXEs, the predominant MF degradative enzymes, we used two algorithms, RNAhybrid [32] and miRanda [33].In total, four miRNAs were predicted to bind to the 3′ UTR of CXE1 and CXE2.Among them, three miRNAs were identified by both of these two algorithms, including let-7b vs. CXE1: RNAhybrid mfe:   Panel (D) illustrates the assay findings for miR-141 and CXE2, while Panel (F) displays the results for miR-92b and CXE2.Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA with subsequent Tukey's multiple comparison tests.Distinct letters above values denote significant differences (p < 0.05).In these assays, HEK293T cells were co-transfected with either miRNA mimics or control mimics, along with pmirGLO vectors that contain either the wild-type (WT) (blue letters) or mutant (MT) (red letters) miRNA binding sites.Seed sequences were indicated in green.The data are shown as mean ± SD, n = 3.

In Vitro Validation of the Interaction between the miRNAs and Their Target Genes
To verify the binding of the predicted miRNAs to CXEs in vitro, the dual luciferase reporter assay was performed by co-transfection of miRNA mimics and recombinant pmirGLO vectors with the wild and mutant 3 ′ UTR containing the predicted miRNA binding sites into HEK293T cells.When let-7b mimics were co-transfected with the vector containing wild 3 ′ UTR of CXE1, the relative luciferase activity decreased compared to the negative control (Figure 1C).A similar trend was observed with miR-141 mimics and the wild-type 3 ′ UTR of CXE2, where luciferase activity was notably diminished when compared with both the negative control and mutant sequence transfections (Figure 1D).In contrast, no significant activity reduction was detected with other miRNA mimic-vector combinations targeting the wild-type 3 ′ UTRs of the respective genes (Figure 1E,F).These findings provide compelling evidence that let-7b and miR-141 specifically bind to the 3 ′ UTRs of CXE1 and CXE2, respectively, substantiating their direct regulatory role.

Expression Profile Analyses of the miRNAs and CXEs, and Variation of Hemolymph MF during Ovarian Development
To reveal the correlation between the expression patterns of the miRNAs (let-7b and miR-141) and corresponding their target genes (CXE1 and CXE2), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted using miRNAs isolated from hepatopancreas and ovary tissues of the female crabs at five different ovarian stages, including the previtellogenic stage (stage I), endogenous vitellogenic stage (stage II), exogenous vitellogenic stage (stage III), near-mature stage (stage IV), and mature stage (stage V). (Figure 2A-F).The results indicated significant fluctuations in the expression levels of both miRNAs and their target genes across different stages (p < 0.05).Specifically, let-7b expression surged during stage II, then significantly declined during stage III, and remained low subsequently.Conversely, CXE1 expression was minimal at stage II and peaked at stage III.Spearman correlation analysis showed that the expression of let-7b and CXE1 was negatively correlated (r = −0.40;p < 0.05).The expression of miR-141 in both hepatopancreas and ovary tissues showed the highest expression at II and then exhibited a downward trend at later developmental stages, which was similar to the expression pattern of let-7b.As for miR-141, its expression in the hepatopancreas increased gradually during ovarian development and reached the highest level at stage IV, and its level in the ovary was the lowest at stage II and the highest at stage IV.Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation in the expression between miR-141 and CXE2 in both hepatopancreas and ovary tissues (hepatopancreas, r = −0.40,p < 0.05; ovary, r = −0.43;p < 0.05).
reporter assay was performed by co-transfection of miRNA mimics and recombinant pmirGLO vectors with the wild and mutant 3′ UTR containing the predicted miRNA binding sites into HEK293T cells.When let-7b mimics were co-transfected with the vector containing wild 3′ UTR of CXE1, the relative luciferase activity decreased compared to the negative control (Figure 1C).A similar trend was observed with miR-141 mimics and the wild-type 3′ UTR of CXE2, where luciferase activity was notably diminished when compared with both the negative control and mutant sequence transfections (Figure 1D).In contrast, no significant activity reduction was detected with other miRNA mimic-vector combinations targeting the wild-type 3′ UTRs of the respective genes (Figure 1E,F).These findings provide compelling evidence that let-7b and miR-141 specifically bind to the 3′ UTRs of CXE1 and CXE2, respectively, substantiating their direct regulatory role.

Expression Profile Analyses of the miRNAs and CXEs, and Variation of Hemolymph MF during Ovarian Development
To reveal the correlation between the expression patterns of the miRNAs (let-7b and miR-141) and corresponding their target genes (CXE1 and CXE2), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted using miRNAs isolated from hepatopancreas and ovary tissues of the female crabs at five different ovarian stages, including the previtellogenic stage (stage I), endogenous vitellogenic stage (stage II), exogenous vitellogenic stage (stage III), near-mature stage (stage IV), and mature stage (stage V). (Figure 2A-F).The results indicated significant fluctuations in the expression levels of both miRNAs and their target genes across different stages (p < 0.05).Specifically, let-7b expression surged during stage II, then significantly declined during stage III, and remained low subsequently.Conversely, CXE1 expression was minimal at stage II and peaked at stage III.Spearman correlation analysis showed that the expression of let-7b and CXE1 was negatively correlated (r = −0.40;p < 0.05).The expression of miR-141 in both hepatopancreas and ovary tissues showed the highest expression at II and then exhibited a downward trend at later developmental stages, which was similar to the expression pattern of let-7b.As for miR-141, its expression in the hepatopancreas increased gradually during ovarian development and reached the highest level at stage IV, and its level in the ovary was the lowest at stage II and the highest at stage IV.Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation in the expression between miR-141 and CXE2 in both hepatopancreas and ovary tissues (hepatopancreas, r = −0.40,p < 0.05; ovary, r = −0.43;p < 0.05).
The levels of hemolymph MF changed significantly at different vitellogenic stages (p < 0.05) (Figure 2G).The MF titer was low at stage I and stage II, then increased obviously at stage III, and remained at a high level at stage IV and stage V.The levels of hemolymph MF changed significantly at different vitellogenic stages (p < 0.05) (Figure 2G).The MF titer was low at stage I and stage II, then increased obviously at stage III, and remained at a high level at stage IV and stage V.

Effects of the miRNAs Overexpression on Target Gene Expression, MF Level, and Responsive Genes
To determine the interaction between the miRNAs (let-7b and miR-141) and CXEs in vivo, miRNA agomir was injected into female crabs to mimic the overexpression of the miRNAs (Figure 3).The administration of let-7b and miR-141 agomirs independently resulted in a substantial upregulation of let-7b, with an 85.16-fold increase in the hepatopancreas (p < 0.05), and miR-141, which exhibited a 128.55-fold increase in the hepatopancreas (p < 0.05) and a 57.16-fold increase in the ovary (p < 0.05).Correspondingly, the expression of CXE1 was reduced by 44.15% in the hepatopancreas, and CXE2 levels decreased by 30.26% in the hepatopancreas (p < 0.05) and 47.38% in the ovary (p < 0.05).Upon co-injection of let-7b and miR-141 agomirs, there was an upsurge in let-7b expression by 60.23-fold and miR-141 expression by 149.67-fold in the hepatopancreas (p < 0.05), with a 30.23-fold increase in miR-141 in the ovary.Concurrently, CXE1 expression in the hepatopancreas was attenuated by 57.61%, and CXE2 expression declined by 47.28% and 38.06% in the hepatopancreas and ovary, respectively.These results corroborate the regulatory role of let-7b and miR-141 on CXE1 and CXE2 expression within the swimming crab.(A-C) chart the expression patterns of let-7b in the hepatopancreas (A), miR-141 in the hepatopancreas (B), and miR-141 in the ovary (C).Panels (D-F) detail the relative expression of CXE1 in the hepatopancreas (D), CXE2 in the hepatopancreas (E), and CXE2 in the ovary (F).Panel (G) quantifies the hemolymph MF concentrations across various stages of ovarian development (G).Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA with subsequent Tukey's multiple comparison tests.Distinct letters above values denote significant differences (p < 0.05).Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), n = 5.

Effects of the miRNAs Overexpression on Target Gene Expression, MF Level, and Responsive Genes
To determine the interaction between the miRNAs (let-7b and miR-141) and CXEs in vivo, miRNA agomir was injected into female crabs to mimic the overexpression of the miRNAs (Figure 3).The administration of let-7b and miR-141 agomirs independently resulted in a substantial upregulation of let-7b, with an 85.16-fold increase in the hepatopancreas (p < 0.05), and miR-141, which exhibited a 128.55-fold increase in the hepatopancreas (p < 0.05) and a 57.16-fold increase in the ovary (p < 0.05).Correspondingly, the expression of CXE1 was reduced by 44.15% in the hepatopancreas, and CXE2 levels decreased by 30.26% in the hepatopancreas (p < 0.05) and 47.38% in the ovary (p < 0.05).Upon co-injection of let-7b and miR-141 agomirs, there was an upsurge in let-7b expression by 60.23-fold and miR-141 expression by 149.67-fold in the hepatopancreas (p < 0.05), with a 30.23-fold increase in miR-141 in the ovary.Concurrently, CXE1 expression in the hepatopancreas was attenuated by 57.61%, and CXE2 expression declined by 47.28% and 38.06% in the hepatopancreas and ovary, respectively.These results corroborate the regulatory role of let-7b and miR-141 on CXE1 and CXE2 expression within the swimming crab.To further elucidate the functions of the miRNAs in vitellogenesis, we analyzed the hemolymph MF level and expression of vitellogenin and Kr-h1, an important gene responsive to MF signaling [34] (Figure 4C).Injection of let-7b agomir led to a significant increase in MF levels in the hemolymph, accompanied by elevated expression of vitellogenin in the hepatopancreas.Administration of miR-141 agomir alone resulted in a slight, nonsignificant rise in MF levels, with no notable change in Kr-h1 and vitellogenin expression in either the hepatopancreas or ovary.However, co-injection with let-7b and miR-141 agomirs induced a marked increase in MF levels, significantly surpassing both the control and the let-7b agomir-only groups.In tandem with MF levels, Kr-h1 and vitellogenin expressions were significantly higher in the co-injection group compared to the control.By contrast, the expression of Kr-h1 and vitellogenin in ovarian tissues did not exhibit significant changes.These observations suggest that let-7b and miR-141 have a synergistic effect on the regulation of MF degradation and consequently influence MF-mediated vitellogenesis.To further elucidate the functions of the miRNAs in vitellogenesis, we analyzed the hemolymph MF level and expression of vitellogenin and Kr-h1, an important gene responsive to MF signaling [34] (Figure 4C).Injection of let-7b agomir led to a significant increase in MF levels in the hemolymph, accompanied by elevated expression of vitellogenin in the hepatopancreas.Administration of miR-141 agomir alone resulted in a slight, non-significant rise in MF levels, with no notable change in Kr-h1 and vitellogenin expression in either the hepatopancreas or ovary.However, co-injection with let-7b and miR-141 agomirs induced a marked increase in MF levels, significantly surpassing both the control and the let-7b agomir-only groups.In tandem with MF levels, Kr-h1 and vitellogenin expressions were significantly higher in the co-injection group compared to the control.By contrast, the expression of Kr-h1 and vitellogenin in ovarian tissues did not exhibit significant changes.These observations suggest that let-7b and miR-141 have a synergistic effect on the regulation of MF degradation and consequently influence MF-mediated vitellogenesis.

Effects of MF Injection on the Expression of the miRNAs and Their Targets
After MF administration, significant alterations were observed in the expression levels of let-7b, miR-141, CXE1, and CXE2 within the hepatopancreas tissue (p < 0.05) (Figure 5).Notably, no significant changes in the expression of miR-141 and CXE2 were detected in the ovary.Subsequent to the injection, a marked reduction in the abundance of let-7b

Effects of MF Injection on the Expression of the miRNAs and Their Targets
After MF administration, significant alterations were observed in the expression levels of let-7b, miR-141, CXE1, and CXE2 within the hepatopancreas tissue (p < 0.05) (Figure 5).Notably, no significant changes in the expression of miR-141 and CXE2 were detected in the ovary.Subsequent to the injection, a marked reduction in the abundance of let-7b and miR-141 in the hepatopancreas was noted (p < 0.05).Conversely, the expression levels of their respective target genes, CXE1 and CXE2, were found to be elevated (p < 0.05).
and miR-141 in the hepatopancreas was noted (p < 0.05).Conversely, the expression levels of their respective target genes, CXE1 and CXE2, were found to be elevated (p < 0.05).Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t-test, with significance denoted by * p < 0.05, and ns indicates that there was not significant difference n = 3.

Discussion
The process of vitellogenesis is a pivotal event in the development of oocytes in oviparous animals.In arthropods, miRNAs, the key post-transcriptional regulators that exert biological functions through inducing degradation or translational repression of their target mRNAs, have been demonstrated to play critical roles in regulating vitellogenin production and accumulation [35].Research on insects has revealed that miRNAs can affect vitellogenesis by directly regulating the expression of vitellogenin and its receptor, and by regulating important genes in reproductive signaling pathways, such as notch, kr-h1, and foxo [17,18,36,37].However, there have been only limited reports regarding the functions of miRNAs in the vitellogenesis of crustaceans.Sheng et al. reported that miR-34 is involved in the regulation of both vitellogenin and vitellogenin receptors in S. paramamosain [38].In our previous research, we found that miR-9 regulates vitellogenin expression by targeting foxl2 in P. trituberculatus [30].The current study extends these findings by showing that let-7b and miR-141 exhibit dynamic expression patterns during different vitellogenic stages in P. trituberculatus.Intriguingly, overexpression of let-7b, as well as a combined overexpression of let-7b and miR-141, results in a significant increase in vitellogenin expression in the hepatopancreas but does not significantly alter vitellogenin levels in the ovary.These findings underscore the regulatory impact of these miRNAs on exogenous vitellogenesis in the swimming crab, highlighting their potential role in reproductive biology.

Discussion
The process of vitellogenesis is a pivotal event in the development of oocytes in oviparous animals.In arthropods, miRNAs, the key post-transcriptional regulators that exert biological functions through inducing degradation or translational repression of their target mRNAs, have been demonstrated to play critical roles in regulating vitellogenin production and accumulation [35].Research on insects has revealed that miRNAs can affect vitellogenesis by directly regulating the expression of vitellogenin and its receptor, and by regulating important genes in reproductive signaling pathways, such as notch, kr-h1, and foxo [17,18,36,37].However, there have been only limited reports regarding the functions of miRNAs in the vitellogenesis of crustaceans.Sheng et al. reported that miR-34 is involved in the regulation of both vitellogenin and vitellogenin receptors in S. paramamosain [38].In our previous research, we found that miR-9 regulates vitellogenin expression by targeting foxl2 in P. trituberculatus [30].The current study extends these findings by showing that let-7b and miR-141 exhibit dynamic expression patterns during different vitellogenic stages in P. trituberculatus.Intriguingly, overexpression of let-7b, as well as a combined overexpression of let-7b and miR-141, results in a significant increase in vitellogenin expression in the hepatopancreas but does not significantly alter vitellogenin levels in the ovary.These findings underscore the regulatory impact of these miRNAs on exogenous vitellogenesis in the swimming crab, highlighting their potential role in reproductive biology.
Acting as an equivalent of JH III, MF orchestrates several physiological processes that are instrumental in ensuring reproductive success in crustaceans, including vitellogenesis [39].It has been well documented that miRNAs are involved in the regulation of JH III levels in insects.For instance, the miRNA bantam regulates the expression of juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase gene (JHAMT), which encodes a rate-determining enzyme in JH III biosynthesis and overexpression of bantam represses JHAMT expression as well as JH III titer in the fly in Drosophila melanogaster [40].Additionally, let-7 is required for the coordination of the biosynthesis of JH III; the biosynthesis of JH III was influenced by the disruption and overexpression of let-7 in the silkworm B. mori [41].In B. mori, miR-2766 was also predicted to regulate juvenile hormone esterase, which is responsible for JH III degradation [42].These findings indicate that miRNAs can regulate JH III levels through both biosynthetic and degradative pathways in insects.In crustaceans, the regulation of MF levels is believed to be controlled by both catabolic and anabolic pathways.Recent research indicates that miR-34 modulates FAMeT, the rate-limiting enzyme for MF biosynthesis, in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain.Our current study focused on the miRNA's role in MF degradation.[43].Using dual luciferase reporter assay, we found that let-7b and miR-141 target the 3 ′ UTR of CXE1 and CXE2, which are the genes encoding degradative enzymes of MF.Forced expression of let-7b and miR-141 with agomir significantly reduces the expression of CXE1 and CXE2, leading to elevated levels of hemolymph MF.Based on these in vitro and in vivo results, we demonstrate that let-7b and miR-141 play a significant role in modulating MF levels in P. trituberculatus by targeting the degradative enzymes for MF.To the best of our knowledge, this is the first to report that miRNA can regulate MF levels by its degradative pathway.
In insects, it has been established that multiple miRNAs often work in concert to regulate the same target gene, thereby modulating vitellogenesis.In B. mori, miR-2739 and novel-miR-167 collaboratively adjust vitellogenin receptor expression to optimize it for ovarian development [19].Likewise, in L. migratoria, clustered miR-2, miR-13a, miR-13b, and miR-71 repress notch, critically contributing to JH-dependent vitellogenesis and oogenesis [18].Another study in L. migratoria revealed that let-7 and miR-278 regulate JH-early responsive gene Kr-h1, participating in JH-stimulated vitellogenesis and egg production [17].After co-injection of let-7b and miR-141 agomirs, we observed a significantly higher hemolymph methyl farnesoate (MF) level compared to injections of either agomir let-7b or agomir miR-141 alone.Correspondingly, vitellogenin expression was notably higher in the co-injection group than in groups receiving single miRNA agomirs.These results indicate that let-7b and miR-141 synergistically modulate the orthologous genes in the same pathway (MF degradation), which in turn regulates the MF-stimulated vitellogenesis in the swimming crab.This hypothesis is further supported by the miRNA expression profile during ovarian development.Both miRNAs show a marked decrease in the hepatopancreas and ovary tissues, which are the major tissues for MF degradation at the exogenous vitellogenic stage.This reduction in miRNA expression may facilitate elevated levels of CXEs expression, allowing for precise control of MF levels and consequently vitellogenesis.
Interestingly, the expression of let-7b and miR-141 in the hepatopancreas was downregulated after exogenous MF injection, which was opposite to CXEs expression.These results suggest that a high level of MF represses let-7b and miR-141 expression, and induces CXEs expression, to maintain the proper level of MF, which is essential for ovarian development in P. trituberculatus.Similar regulatory loops have also been reported for miRNAs and hormones such as JH and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in insects.In L. migratoria, let-7 and miR-278 regulate the JH-responsive gene Kr-h1, and their expression was repressed by JH, constituting a regulatory loop of JH signaling [17].In D. melanogaster, miR-14 binds to EcR, while 20E represses miR-14 expression, which results in enhanced EcR levels and amplified 20E signaling [44].Similarly, in B. mori, miR-281 is a regulator of EcR-B, and its expression is suppressed by 20E [45].Those regulatory loops may represent the adaption of hormone-modulated gene regulation during the evolution of arthropod reproduction.
In conclusion, our work revealed the significant roles of let-7b and miR-141 in the regulation of MF levels and vitellogenesis in P. trituberculatus.The results of both in vivo and in vitro experiments clearly showed that let-7b and miR-141 can directly regulate the expression of CXE1 and CXE2, the genes encoding MF degradative enzymes, at the post-transcriptional level.Using an agomir-based overexpression assay, we confirmed that these two miRNAs can cooperatively modulate MF levels by targeting CXE1 and CXE2.Furthermore, we found that let-7b and miR-141 are repressed by MF, which may constitute a regulatory loop of MF regulation.The findings of this study provide the first functional evidence that miRNAs can regulate the level of the important reproductive hormone, MF, by controlling its degradation.These findings extend the understanding of miRNA-mediated female reproduction regulation in crustaceans and could be pivotal for aquaculture practices, offering novel avenues for reproduction manipulation of P. trituberculatus.

Animals
The female P. trituberculatus used in this research were obtained from Haifeng Company, Weifang, China.To obtain crabs at different ovarian development stages, five individuals at 3 to 10 months of age were collected monthly and transferred to the laboratory where they were reared at the temperature of 23-26 • C and a salinity of 31-32 for 10 days.Before sacrifice, the crabs were placed in an ice bath until anesthetized.Then, one portion of the ovary was dissected, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 • C. The rest of the portion was fixed in Bouin's solution for histological examination.Based on the external features (size, morphology, and color) and histological configuration, ovarian development stages were classified into five stages.According to the stage classification, three replicates were selected for each stage.

Bioinformatic Prediction of the miRNAs Targeting CXEs
Two genes encoding CXEs, which are important MF degradative enzymes, have been identified in P. trituberculatus, namely, CXE1 and CXE2 [46].To predict the miRNAs putatively targeting CXEs, we used RNAhybrid and miRanda programs with the miRNAs we identified in the swimming crab, which showed differential expression either between the ovary and testis or at different ovarian developmental stages.

Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay
In vitro target validation was performed with dual luciferase reporter assay.cDNA fragments with wild-type and mutant miRNA binding sites were artificially synthesized by General Biol Co., Ltd.(Hefei, China), cloned into pmirGLO dual luciferase reporter vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), and confirmed by sequencing.The constructed vectors, miRNA mimics, or the negative control were then transfected into HEK293T cells using Exfect 2000 Transfection Reagent (Vazyme Biotech Co., Ltd., Nanjing, China).After 48 h, firefly and Renilla luciferase activities were determined using the dual luciferase reporter assay system (Promega, USA).The firefly luciferase signal was normalized to the Renilla luciferase signal.All experiments were performed in three replicates.

miRNA Agomir
To study the function of the miRNAs in vivo, chemically modified agomirs were used to mimic the overexpression of the miRNAs.For the treatment group, each crab was injected with 200 µL of agomir at the concentration of 200 µM.For the control group, each individual was injected with an equal amount of scrambled agomir.All the injections were administered at the base of the coxa of the third walking leg.At 96 h post-injection, the crabs were anesthetized on ice and sacrificed, the hepatopancreas and ovary were collected and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, and the hemolymph was extracted from the sinuses at the base of the third walking leg with a syringe and used for quantification of hemolymph MF.

Hemolymph MF Quantification
Preparation of the hemolymph samples and detection of MF by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) were performed as described by Xie et al. [6], with minor modifications.Briefly, 1 mL hemolymph sample was added into a tube containing 1.0 mL of acetonitrile and 1.0 mL of 0.9% NaCl, and then 100 ng of methyl nonadecylate (CNW, Frankfurt, Germany) was added as an internal standard.After 5 min of vortex mixing and 10 min of ultrasonic cleaning, 1 mL of hexane was added to the mixture, followed by centrifugation at 1700× g for 10 min.The upper phase was collected, and the remaining mixture was extracted again with 1 mL of hexane, after which the upper phases from both extractions were combined and evaporated under reduced pressure.The dried residue was dissolved in 0.1 mL of hexane.All the samples were analyzed by GC-MS with Agilent 7890A-7000B (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA).GC conditions were as follows: a 30 m × 0.25 mm × µM DB-1; a temperature range of 150 • C (1 min hold) to 250 • C at a rate of 20 • C per min; and subsequent holding for 10 min.Mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of 69, 114, 121 and 74, 87, 312 were selected to detect the MF and methyl nonadecylate, respectively.The concentration of MF in each sample was calculated according to an MF standard curve, which was drawn from a series of standard solutions (1 mL) comprising a constant weight of IS (100 ng) admixed with standard MF (Echelon, Salt Lake City, UT, USA), whose weight was 5, 20, 50, 100, and 200 ng.

MF Treatment
To analyze the response of the miRNAs and their targets to MF administration, the female crabs were injected with exogenous MF (Echelon, Salt Lake City, UT, USA).The individuals in the treatment group were injected with 100 µL at the concentration of 60 ng/µL, while the crabs in the control group were injected with 100 µL crustacean saline.The injections were given at the base of the coxa of the third walking leg.After 96 h, the crabs were anesthetized and dissected to collect hepatopancreas and ovary tissues for subsequent analysis.

RNA Extraction and qRT-PCR
Total RNA from selected tissues was extracted using TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol.Briefly, ~60 mg hepatopancreas or ovary samples were homogenized in TRIzol Reagent.The homogenates were incubated at room temperature for 5 min, and then chloroform was added, followed by vigorous shaking and a centrifugation step at 12,000× g for 15 min at 4 • C. The aqueous phase was carefully transferred to a new tube, and RNA was precipitated with isopropyl alcohol.After a 10 min incubation at room temperature, the samples were centrifuged at 12,000× g for 10 min at 4 • C. The RNA pellet was washed once with 75% ethanol, followed by centrifugation at 7500× g for 5 min at 4 • C. The RNA pellet was air-dried for 5 min and redissolved in RNasefree water.The quality and concentration of RNA were assessed using a spectrophotometer, and the integrity was verified through gel electrophoresis.For mRNA, cDNA was used to reverse transcribe with the FastKing RT Super Mix (Tiangen, Tianjin, China).qRT-PCR was performed with SuperReal PreMix Plus Kit (Tiangen, China) on Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions.The reaction system was 20 µL, containing 10.0 µL 2 × SuperReal PreMix Plus, 0.4 µL ROX Reference Dye, 0.6 µL forward and reverse primers (10 µM), 7.4 µL RNA-free water, and 1.0 µL cDNA template.The program for qPCR was as follows: 95 • C for 15 min at the initial denaturation step, 40 cycles at 95 • C for 10 s, and 60 • C for 30 s.For miRNA, cDNA was synthesized using miRcute miRNA first-strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Tiangen, China), and qRT-PCR was performed with miRcute Plus miRNA qRT-PCR Kit (Tiangen, China).The reaction system was 20 µL, containing 10.0 µL 2 × miRcute plus miRNA Premix (SYBR&ROX), 0.4 µL forward and reverse primers (10 µM), 8.2 µL RNA-free water, and 1.0 µL miRNA first-strand cDNA.The program for miRNA qRT-PCR was 95 • C for 15 min at the initial action step, 40 cycles at 94 • C for 20 s, and 60 • C for 34 s.The relative expression levels were calculated using the 2 −∆∆Ct method with β-actin and U6 as the internal controls of mRNA and miRNA, respectively.Primers used for qRT-PCR are listed in Table 1.

Statistical Analysis
All data are shown as the mean ± SD.Statistical analyses were performed using Student's t-test or one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) after checking for normality and homogeneity of variance in the data.If significant differences were found, Tukey's post-hoc test was used to identify the differences.The correlation between the expression of all the tested miRNAs and the genes was performed using Spearman correlation analysis.The statistically significant level was set as p < 0.05.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Assessment of miRNA-target interactions via dual luciferase reporter assay.Panel (A) shows the binding sites of let-7b and miR-92b in CXE1 3′ UTR.Panel (B) shows the binding sites of miR-981 and miR-141 in CXE2 3′ UTR.Panel (C) presents the dual luciferase reporter assay results for the interaction between let-7b and CXE1.Panel (E) shows the assay for miR-92b and CXE1 interactions.Panel (D) illustrates the assay findings for miR-141 and CXE2, while Panel (F) displays the results for miR-92b and CXE2.Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA with subsequent Tukey's multiple comparison tests.Distinct letters above values denote significant differences (p < 0.05).In these assays, HEK293T cells were co-transfected with either miRNA mimics or control mimics, along with pmirGLO vectors that contain either the wild-type (WT) (blue letters) or mutant (MT) (red letters) miRNA binding sites.Seed sequences were indicated in green.The data are shown as mean ± SD, n = 3.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Assessment of miRNA-target interactions via dual luciferase reporter assay.Panel (A) shows the binding sites of let-7b and miR-92b in CXE1 3 ′ UTR.Panel (B) shows the binding sites of miR-981 and miR-141 in CXE2 3 ′ UTR.Panel (C) presents the dual luciferase reporter assay results for the interaction between let-7b and CXE1.Panel (E) shows the assay for miR-92b and CXE1 interactions.Panel (D) illustrates the assay findings for miR-141 and CXE2, while Panel (F) displays the results for miR-92b and CXE2.Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA with subsequent Tukey's multiple comparison tests.Distinct letters above values denote significant differences (p < 0.05).In these assays, HEK293T cells were co-transfected with either miRNA mimics or control mimics, along with pmirGLO vectors that contain either the wild-type (WT) (blue letters) or mutant (MT) (red letters) miRNA binding sites.Seed sequences were indicated in green.The data are shown as mean ± SD, n = 3.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Temporal expression profiles of miRNAs (let-7b and miR-141), their target genes, and hemolymph MF levels during ovarian maturation.Panels (A-C) chart the expression patterns of let-7b in the hepatopancreas (A), miR-141 in the hepatopancreas (B), and miR-141 in the ovary (C).Panels (D-F) detail the relative expression of CXE1 in the hepatopancreas (D), CXE2 in the hepatopancreas (E), and CXE2 in the ovary (F).Panel (G) quantifies the hemolymph MF concentrations across various stages of ovarian development (G).Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA with subsequent Tukey's multiple comparison tests.Distinct letters above values denote significant differences (p < 0.05).Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), n = 5.

Figure 2 .
Figure2.Temporal expression profiles of miRNAs (let-7b and miR-141), their target genes, and hemolymph MF levels during ovarian maturation.Panels (A-C) chart the expression patterns of let-7b in the hepatopancreas (A), miR-141 in the hepatopancreas (B), and miR-141 in the ovary (C).Panels (D-F) detail the relative expression of CXE1 in the hepatopancreas (D), CXE2 in the hepatopancreas (E), and CXE2 in the ovary (F).Panel (G) quantifies the hemolymph MF concentrations across various stages of ovarian development (G).Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA with subsequent Tukey's multiple comparison tests.Distinct letters above values denote significant differences (p < 0.05).Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), n = 5.

Figure 3 .Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Impact of overexpressing let-7b and miR-141 on target gene expression.Panels (A-C) depict the expression levels of let-7b in the hepatopancreas (A), miR-141 in the hepatopancreas (B), and miR-141 in the ovary (C) subsequent to agomir injection.Panels (D-F) illustrate the expression levels of CXE1 in the hepatopancreas (D), CXE2 in the hepatopancreas (E), and CXE2 in the ovary (F) after

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Variations in hemolymph MF levels and gene expression post let-7b and miR-141 overexpression.(A) MF concentration in the hemolymph following agomir administration.(B) Quantified Kr-h1 levels.(C,D) Vitellogenin expression profiles in the hepatopancreas (C) and ovary (D).Data are expressed as mean ± SD.Statistical differences were determined via one-way ANOVA and subsequent Tukey's multiple comparison test.Distinct letters above values denote significant differences (p < 0.05).n = 5.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Variations in hemolymph MF levels and gene expression post let-7b and miR-141 overexpression.(A) MF concentration in the hemolymph following agomir administration.(B) Quantified Kr-h1 levels.(C,D) Vitellogenin expression profiles in the hepatopancreas (C) and ovary (D).Data are expressed as mean ± SD.Statistical differences were determined via one-way ANOVA and subsequent Tukey's multiple comparison test.Distinct letters above values denote significant differences (p < 0.05).n = 5.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Expression levels of miRNAs and their target genes after MF injection.(A) Expression profile of let-7b in the hepatopancreas.(B) miR-141 levels in the hepatopancreas.(C) miR-141 expression in the ovary.(D) CXE1 abundance in the hepatopancreas.(E) CXE2 levels in the hepatopancreas, and (F) CXE2 expression in the ovary following MF administration.The data are presented as the mean ± SD.Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t-test, with significance denoted by * p < 0.05, and ns indicates that there was not significant difference n = 3.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Expression levels of miRNAs and their target genes after MF injection.(A) Expression profile of let-7b in the hepatopancreas.(B) miR-141 levels in the hepatopancreas.(C) miR-141 expression in the ovary.(D) CXE1 abundance in the hepatopancreas.(E) CXE2 levels in the hepatopancreas, and (F) CXE2 expression in the ovary following MF administration.The data are presented as the mean ± SD.Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t-test, with significance denoted by * p < 0.05, and ns indicates that there was not significant difference n = 3.

Table 1 .
The primers used for qRT-PCR.