Pharmacologically Targeting the Fibroblast Growth Factor 14 Interaction Site on the Voltage-Gated Na+ Channel 1.6 Enables Isoform-Selective Modulation

Voltage-gated Na+ (Nav) channels are the primary molecular determinant of the action potential. Among the nine isoforms of the Nav channel α subunit that have been described (Nav1.1-Nav1.9), Nav1.1, Nav1.2, and Nav1.6 are the primary isoforms expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Crucially, these three CNS Nav channel isoforms display differential expression across neuronal cell types and diverge with respect to their subcellular distributions. Considering these differences in terms of their localization, the CNS Nav channel isoforms could represent promising targets for the development of targeted neuromodulators. However, current therapeutics that target Nav channels lack selectivity, which results in deleterious side effects due to modulation of off-target Nav channel isoforms. Among the structural components of the Nav channel α subunit that could be pharmacologically targeted to achieve isoform selectivity, the C-terminal domains (CTD) of Nav channels represent promising candidates on account of displaying appreciable amino acid sequence divergence that enables functionally unique protein–protein interactions (PPIs) with Nav channel auxiliary proteins. In medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a critical brain region of the mesocorticolimbic circuit, the PPI between the CTD of the Nav1.6 channel and its auxiliary protein fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) is central to the generation of electrical outputs, underscoring its potential value as a site for targeted neuromodulation. Focusing on this PPI, we previously developed a peptidomimetic derived from residues of FGF14 that have an interaction site on the CTD of the Nav1.6 channel. In this work, we show that whereas the compound displays dose-dependent effects on the activity of Nav1.6 channels in heterologous cells, the compound does not affect Nav1.1 or Nav1.2 channels at comparable concentrations. In addition, we show that the compound correspondingly modulates the action potential discharge and the transient Na+ of MSNs of the NAc. Overall, these results demonstrate that pharmacologically targeting the FGF14 interaction site on the CTD of the Nav1.6 channel is a strategy to achieve isoform-selective modulation, and, more broadly, that sites on the CTDs of Nav channels interacted with by auxiliary proteins could represent candidates for the development of targeted therapeutics.


Introduction
In excitable cells, voltage-gated Na + (Na v ) channels enable the initiation and propagation of the action potential [1,2]. Among the nine isoforms of the Na v channel α subunit (Na v 1.1-Na v 1.9) that have been described, Na v 1.1, Na v 1.2, and Na v 1.6 are the primary isoforms expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) [1]. In addition to displaying unique structure of the CTD of the Na v 1.5 channel in complex with calmodulin and FGF13 as a template [14]. Through assessment of the homology model, in tandem with biochemical and functional validation modules, we identified the Try158-Tyr159-Val160 motif on the β8/9 loop of FGF14 (FGF14 YYV ) as a "hot segment" [39] at the FGF14:Na v 1.6 PPI interface [15]. Crucially, these three residues of FGF14 have predicted interaction sites on the CTD of the Na v 1.6 channel. Based upon FGF14 YYV having this predicted interaction site on the CTD of the Na v 1.6 channel, we first sought to investigate if PW201, which is derived from the YYV motif of FGF14, similarly engaged with residues of the CTD of the Na v 1.6 channel.
To this end, we employed molecular modeling and docked PW201 with our previously reported homology model of the CTD of Na v 1.6 [15] (Figure 1A-C). Consistent with PW201's derivation from the YYV motif of the β8/9 loop of FGF14, the docking study of the compound showed that PW201 docks well with the Na v 1.6 CTD at the same site where the β8/9 loop of FGF14 interacts. In particular, PW201 forms H-bonds with Asp1833, Met1832, and Arg1891. In addition, the fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protecting group added to the N-terminus of the YYV scaffold to improve the compound's drug-like properties interacts with Arg1866, a residue of the CTD of the Na v 1.6 channel involved in an intramolecular salt bridge with Asp1846. Collectively considered, these molecular modeling studies provide insights into the putative binding mode of PW201 with the CTD of the Na v 1.6 channel, which has important implications for understanding its mechanism of action.

PW201 Has Predicted
Interactions with the FGF14 YYV Interaction Site on the CTD of the Nav1. 6 Channel In our previous study [15], we developed a homology model of the PPI interface between FGF14 and the CTD of the Nav1.6 channel using the previously published crystal structure of the CTD of the Nav1.5 channel in complex with calmodulin and FGF13 as a template [14]. Through assessment of the homology model, in tandem with biochemical and functional validation modules, we identified the Try158-Tyr159-Val160 motif on the β8/9 loop of FGF14 (FGF14 YYV ) as a "hot segment" [39] at the FGF14:Nav1.6 PPI interface [15]. Crucially, these three residues of FGF14 have predicted interaction sites on the CTD of the Nav1.6 channel. Based upon FGF14 YYV having this predicted interaction site on the CTD of the Nav1.6 channel, we first sought to investigate if PW201, which is derived from the YYV motif of FGF14, similarly engaged with residues of the CTD of the Nav1.6 channel.
To this end, we employed molecular modeling and docked PW201 with our previously reported homology model of the CTD of Nav1.6 [15] (Figure 1A-C). Consistent with PW201's derivation from the YYV motif of the β8/9 loop of FGF14, the docking study of the compound showed that PW201 docks well with the Nav1.6 CTD at the same site where the β8/9 loop of FGF14 interacts. In particular, PW201 forms H-bonds with Asp1833, Met1832, and Arg1891. In addition, the fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) protecting group added to the N-terminus of the YYV scaffold to improve the compound's drug-like properties interacts with Arg1866, a residue of the CTD of the Nav1.6 channel involved in an intramolecular salt bridge with Asp1846. Collectively considered, these molecular modeling studies provide insights into the putative binding mode of PW201 with the CTD of the Nav1.6 channel, which has important implications for understanding its mechanism of action. with the homology model of the CTD of the Nav1.6 channel overlaid with FGF14. The Nav1.6 CTD is shown as blue ribbon and FGF14 as gray ribbon. Ligand is shown as a magenta stick and the YYV motif of the FGF14 β8/9 loop is highlighted in orange.

PW201 Dose-Dependently Suppresses Nav1.6 Channel-Mediated INa in Heterologous Cells
In our previous study [37], we showed that 20 µM PW201 suppressed Nav1.6mediated INa in heterologous cells, which is an effect similar to that observed due to co- with the homology model of the CTD of the Na v 1.6 channel overlaid with FGF14. The Na v 1.6 CTD is shown as blue ribbon and FGF14 as gray ribbon. Ligand is shown as a magenta stick and the YYV motif of the FGF14 β8/9 loop is highlighted in orange.

PW201 Dose-Dependently Suppresses Na v 1.6 Channel-Mediated I Na in Heterologous Cells
In our previous study [37], we showed that 20 µM PW201 suppressed Na v 1.6-mediated I Na in heterologous cells, which is an effect similar to that observed due to co-expression of FGF14 with the Na v 1.6 channel in heterologous cells [12,15,24,38,40,41]. This effect is consistent with the compound's previously shown direct binding to the CTD of the Na v 1.6 channel [37]. Additionally, we previously showed that whereas PW201 modulated the peak I Na density mediated by Na v 1.6 channels in heterologous cells, the compound did not affect the voltage dependences of activation or steady-state inactivation [37]. Given these previously shown electrophysiological changes conferred by the compound on Na v 1.6-mediated I Na , we sought to assess the dose-dependency of PW201 s effects on Na v 1.6-mediated peak I Na density in HEK293 cells expressing the Na v 1.6 channel (HEK-Na v 1.6). To do so, HEK-Na v 1.6 cells were incubated for 30 min with either vehicle (0.1% DMSO; n = 6 cells) or one of seven concentrations of PW201 (range: 1-500 µM; n = 4-6 cells per concentration). After incubation, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology was employed, and cells were recorded from using the voltage-clamp protocol shown in Figure 2A. Recordings performed in HEK-Na v 1.6 cells treated with 0.1% DMSO elicited an average peak current density of −65.6 ± 4.7 pA/pF (n = 6 cells). The peak current of each recording was then divided by this average and reported as the percent peak current density ( Figure 2B,C). In Figure 2B, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of PW201 in terms of suppressing Na v 1.6-mediated peak I Na density was determined to be 15.1 µM. This finding is consistent with the bar graph representation of the data in Figure 2C, which shows that statistically significant inhibitory effects on Na v 1.6-mediated peak I Na density are observed at 15 µM but not at single-digit micromolar concentrations. With escalating concentrations, a plateau effect appears to be reached at 50 µM, as the currents from cells treated with 100 and 500 µM PW201 are similarly suppressed. Overall, these dose-dependency studies support the findings of our previous investigation [37] and demonstrate that through direct binding to the CTD of the Na v 1.6 channel, PW201 is able to dose-dependently affect the peak transient I Na density in heterologous cells in a fashion similar to that which is observed due to co-expression of FGF14 with the Na v 1.6 channel in heterologous cells. 500 µM; n = 4-6 cells per concentration). After incubation, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology was employed, and cells were recorded from using the voltage-clamp protocol shown in Figure 2A. Recordings performed in HEK-Nav1.6 cells treated with 0.1% DMSO elicited an average peak current density of −65.6 ± 4.7 pA/pF (n = 6 cells). The peak current of each recording was then divided by this average and reported as the percent peak current density ( Figure 2B,C). . The trace of the peak current from cells treated with 500 µM is not shown to avoid overlap of traces and clarity of representation. Cells were recorded from using the voltage-clamp protocol shown in the inset with a P4 leak cancellation protocol. (B) Percentage peak current density plotted as a function of the log concentration of the compound to characterize the dose-dependency of the effects of PW201 on this electrophysiological parameter. Percent peak current was calculated by dividing the peak current density of each recording by the average peak current density  Table 1). (F) Normalized current plotted as a function of the voltage to characterize the effects of DMSO (black) and 15 µM PW201 (blue) on the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation of I Na elicited by HEK-Na v 1.6 cells. Plotted data were fitted with the Boltzmann equation to determine V 1/2 of steady-state inactivation (see Table 1). Data shown are mean ± SEM. In (C,D), circles represent individual replicates. In (C), significance was assessed using a one-way ANOVA with post hoc Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. ns, not significant; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ****, p < 0.0001. In (D-F), significance was assessed using an unpaired t-test comparing cells treated with 0.1% DMSO or 15 µM (see Table 1).
Based on the dose-dependent effects of PW201 on peak I Na density observed in Figure 2A-C, we elected to further test the effects of 15 µM PW201 on other electrophysiological parameters, a concentration selected on the basis of it being near the calculated IC 50 value in Figure 2B. Consistent with our previous investigation, where 20 µM PW201 exerted no effects on the tau of fast inactivation, voltage dependence of activation, or voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation of I Na elicited by HEK-Na v 1.6 cells [37], treatment of HEK-Na v 1.6 cells with 15 µM PW201 similarly did not affect these parameters ( Figure 2D-F). As it pertains to the former, HEK-Na v 1.6 cells treated with 0.1% DMSO displayed a tau of fast inactivation value of 1.17 ± 0.08 ms, which was not significantly different than the tau of fast inactivation value of HEK-Na v 1.6 cells treated with 15 µM PW201 (1.21 ± 0.11 ms; n = 6 cells per group; p = 0.83; Figure 2D). As it relates to the voltage dependence of activation, HEK-Na v 1.6 cells treated with 0.1% DMSO or 15 µM PW201 displayed V 1/2 of activation values of −23.1 ± 0.72 mV or −21.8 ± 1.3, respectively (n = 6 per group; p = 0.41; Figure 2E). Lastly, as it relates to the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation, HEK-Na v 1.6 cells treated with 0.1% DMSO or 15 µM PW201 displayed V 1/2 of steady-state inactivation values of −59.7 ± 0.31 mV or −61.0 ± 1.3 mV, respectively (n = 6 per group; p = 0.35; Figure 2F). Collectively considered, the results of Figure 2 demonstrate that PW201 confers dose-dependent effects on the I Na amplitude, and that the effects of 15 µM PW201 on the I Na amplitude are not accompanied by changes in the kinetics or voltage dependences of activation or inactivation of Na v 1.6 channels.

Profiling the Selectivity of PW201 for the Na v 1.6 Channel
Having shown previously [37] and demonstrated the dose-dependency ( Figure 2) of the effects of PW201 on the transient I Na of Na v 1.6 channels in heterologous cells, we next sought to characterize if these effects of PW201 were selective among CNS Na v channel isoforms. To do so, HEK293 cells stably expressing either Na v 1.1 (HEK-Na v 1.1) [24,38,42] or Na v 1.2 (HEK-Na v 1.2) [24,38,43] channels were incubated for 30 min with either 0.1% DMSO or 15 µM PW201, a concentration of the ligand selected on the basis of its IC 50 value for Na v 1.6 determined in Figure 2B. After incubation, the effects of vehicle and PW201 treatment on Na v 1.1 and Na v 1.2 channels were assessed using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings ( Figure 3).
As mentioned above, co-expression of FGF14 with the Na v 1.6 channel in heterologous cells results in a suppression of Na v 1.6-mediated I Na [12,15,24,38,40,41], similar to the suppression of peak transient I Na conferred by treatment of HEK-Na v 1.6 cells with PW201. Notably, co-expression of FGF14 with the Na v 1.1 channel [18] and the Na v 1.2 channel [12] in heterologous cells has similarly been shown to suppress Na v 1.1-and Na v 1.2-mediated peak transient I Na . Despite these conserved modulatory effects of co-expression of FGF14 with Na v 1.1, Na v 1.2, and Na v 1.6 channels on peak I Na density in heterologous cells, treatment of only HEK-Na v 1.6 cells with PW201 results in a suppression of peak I Na density, whereas this parameter is unaffected in HEK-Na v 1.1 ( Figure 3A-C) and HEK-Na v 1.2 ( Figure 3I-K) cells treated with 15 µM PW201. Lending further credence to PW201 s isoform-selective effects on the Na v 1.6 channel, PW201 exerted no modulatory effects on tau of fast inactivation, the voltage dependence of activation, or the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation of Na v 1.1 ( Figure 3D-H) or Na v 1.2 (Figure L-P) channels stably expressed in heterologous systems.

PW201 Potentiates the Excitability of MSNs of the NAc through Na v Channel Modulation
Having shown that PW201 modulates Na v 1.6-mediated I Na , but not Na v 1.1-or Na v 1.2mediated I Na , in heterologous cells (Figures 2 and 3, respectively), we next sought to characterize how these collective modulatory effects might alter the activity of MSNs of the NAc. MSNs represent a promising cellular target to be affected by such a ligand as previous studies have shown that FGF14 and Na v 1.6 channels are enriched in these cells [24]. To test the effects of PW201 on intact MSNs of the NAc, acute brain slice preparations containing the NAc were incubated with either 0.01% DMSO or 15 µM PW201 for 30 min, after which either whole-cell current-clamp ( Figure  isoforms. To do so, HEK293 cells stably expressing either Nav1.1 (HEK-Nav1.1) [24,38,42] or Nav1.2 (HEK-Nav1.2) [24,38,43] channels were incubated for 30 min with either 0.1% DMSO or 15 µM PW201, a concentration of the ligand selected on the basis of its IC50 value for Nav1.6 determined in Figure 2B. After incubation, the effects of vehicle and PW201 treatment on Nav1.1 and Nav1.2 channels were assessed using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings ( Figure 3).    Table 2.
As an additional test to ensure that the effects on the action potential discharge of MSNs of the NAc conferred by PW201 were mediated by changes in Na v channel activity, whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings of I Na were performed in intact MSNs in the acute brain slice preparation using the voltage-clamp protocol shown in Figure 4F. To circumvent space clamp issues that preclude recording of fast gating I Na in brain slices using conventional voltage-clamp protocols, we employed a two-pulse step protocol described by Milescu et al. [48] and employed by others [49,50]. This protocol uses a depolarizing pre-pulse step to inactivate Na v channels distant from the recording electrode that is followed shortly afterward with a second step to record Na v channels close to the recording pipette. Using this protocol, we reliably resolved well-clamped I Na of intact MSNs in the acute brain slice preparation. MSNs treated with 0.01% DMSO displayed an average peak I Na density of −53.0 ± 9.6 pA/pF (n = 6), whereas MSNs treated with 15 µM PW201 displayed a significantly increased peak I Na density of −100.2 ± 15.2 pA/pF (n = 8; p < 0.05; Figure 4F-H). This effect provides strong evidence that the compound's potentiation of action potential discharge of MSNs of the NAc is mediated by changes in the activity of their constituent Na v channels.
In addition to assessing the effects of PW201 on the amplitude of I Na of MSNs, the effects of the compound on the voltage dependence of activation ( Figure 4I) and the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation ( Figure 4J) of I Na of MSNs were also investigated. Consistent with the results shown in Figure 2 demonstrating that 15 µM PW201 modulates the amplitude of Na v 1.6-mediated I Na in heterologous cells without affecting the voltage dependences of activation ( Figure 2E) or steady-state inactivation ( Figure 2F), treatment of acute brain slice preparations containing the NAc with 15 µM PW201 affected neither the voltage dependence of activation ( Figure 4I) nor the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation ( Figure 4J) of the I Na of MSNs compared to treatment with 0.01% DMSO. Specifically, MSNs treated with 0.01% DMSO displayed an I Na with a V 1/2 of activation value of −35.4 ± 2.3 mV (n = 6), which was not significantly different than MSNs treated with 15 µM PW201 (−38.7 ± 2.0 mV; n = 8; p = 0.3037; Figure 4I). As it relates to inactivation, the V 1/2 of steady-state inactivation of I Na of MSNs treated with 0.01% DMSO was −69.6 ± 1.5 mV (n = 6), which was not significantly different from the V 1/2 of steady-state inactivation value observed for MSNs treated with 15 µM PW201 (−68.0 ± 2.5 mV; n = 8; p = 0.6224; Figure 4J). Overall, the results of these recordings performed in MSNs, coupled with the recordings performed in HEK-Na v 1.6 cells, demonstrate that PW201 affects the I Na amplitude without affecting the voltage dependences of activation or steady-state inactivation of I Na .

Discussion
PPIs between the pore-forming α subunit of Na v channels and auxiliary proteins regulate channel gating and trafficking [12,17,18,21,22,24,51,52]. Translationally, perturbation of these PPIs gives rise to neural circuity aberrations that are associated with neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders [33,34], underscoring their role as critical sites for neuromodulation. Despite representing novel pharmacological targets for neuromodulation, such PPIs have historically proven difficult to appreciably modulate using conventional small molecules [53][54][55][56]. As this challenge largely arises from the large size of PPI interfaces making it difficult to identify druggable motifs that could confer functionally relevant modulation of the intermolecular interaction, efforts to map PPI interfaces using chemical probes, such as those employed in the present investigation, are a necessary pre-requisite for the development of small molecule modulators of PPIs.
In our previous work [37], we showed that PW201 modulated FGF14:Na v 1.6 complex assembly, displayed direct binding to the CTD of the Na v 1.6 channel, modulated Na v 1.6mediated I Na in heterologous cells, and docked well with residues that are similarly interacted with by the β8/9 loop of FGF14. In the present work, we expanded upon those findings and showed that whereas PW201 modulated Na v 1.6-mediated I Na in heterologous cells in a dose-dependent manner with an IC 50 of 15 µM (Figure 2), the ligand displayed no effects on Na v 1.1 or Na v 1.2 channels in heterologous cells when similarly tested at 15 µM (Figure 3). These findings could suggest that the ligand binding site of PW201 on the CTD of the Na v 1.6 channel is not conserved among the Na v 1.1 or Na v 1.2 channels; however, extensive structural and biophysical studies are required to unequivocally substantiate such a hypothesis. Nevertheless, these findings, coupled with the molecular modeling of PW201 shown in Figure 1, could help guide future rational design efforts seeking to develop isoform-selective small molecule modulators of the Na v 1.6 channel.
In addition to demonstrating isoform-selective effects of PW201 on Na v 1.6 channels in heterologous cells, we also assessed the effects of PW201 on the I Na and intrinsic excitability of MSNs of the NAc. MSNs represent the principal cell type of the NAc [57,58], are highly vulnerable to neurodegeneration [59], and are enriched with FGF14 and the Na v 1.6 channel [24]. In current-clamp and voltage-clamp recordings, PW201 was shown to potentiate the action potential discharge (Figure 4A-E) and increase the I Na amplitude of MSNs of the NAc ( Figure 4F-H), respectively. Importantly, changes in Na v channel conductance, such as those conferred by PW201, have previously been shown to increase neuronal excitability and confer changes in the instantaneous firing frequencies of neurons [44][45][46][47]. Coupled with the findings observed in heterologous cells, these results demonstrate that pharmacological manipulation of the Na v 1.6 channel achieved through targeting its PPI site with FGF14 can alter the activity of cells in clinically relevant brain regions, underscoring the potential translational value of the target for neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases.
One seemingly paradoxical effect of PW201 is that whereas the ligand suppresses Na v 1.6-mediated I Na in heterologous cells, the compound increases the I Na of MSNs in the acute brain slice preparation. However, the opposite effects of FGF14, the protein from which PW201 is derived, in heterologous cells versus neurons is widely recognized [12,17,24]. Specifically, co-expression of FGF14 with the Na v 1.6 channel in heterologous systems has previously been shown to suppress Na v 1.6-mediated I Na [12,15,24,38,40,41,60,61], whereas over-expression of FGF14 in neurons has been shown to increase I Na [17]. As such, these opposite effects observed for PW201 in heterologous cells versus in neurons are unsurprising and provide supporting evidence for the compound functioning as a partial pharmacological mimic of FGF14.
Although PW201 is anticipated to not be blood-brain barrier permeable due to its high molecular weight and total polar surface area, the findings of the present investigation will inform rational design efforts to develop isoform-selective small molecule modulators of the Na v 1.6 channel macromolecular complex. Such neuromodulators that exert their effects through targeting of PPI interfaces within the CNS will represent an entirely novel class of neurotherapeutics and will demonstrate that PPIs represent hundreds of viable and unexplored targets for CNS drug development.

Molecular Docking
The molecular docking study was performed using Schrödinger Small-Molecule Drug Discovery Suite (Schrödinger, LLC, New York, NY, USA). The FGF14:Na v 1.6 homology model was built using the FGF13:Na v 1.5:CaM ternary complex crystal structure (PDB code: 4DCK) as a template [14]. The FGF14:Na v 1.6 CTD homology model was prepared with Schrödinger Protein Preparation Wizard using default settings. The SiteMap (Schrödinger, LLC) calculation was performed, and a potential binding site was identified on the PPI interface of FGF14 and the CTD of the Na v 1.6 channel. The docking was performed on the CTD of Na v 1.6 after removing the FGF14 chain structure. The grid center was chosen on the Na v 1.6 CTD at the previously identified binding site with a grid box sized in 24 Å covering the PPI surface on the Na v 1.6 CTD. The 3D structure of PW201 was created using Schrödinger Maestro and a low-energy conformation was generated using LigPrep. Docking was then employed with Glide using the SP precision. Docked poses were incorporated into Schrödinger Maestro for a ligand-receptor interactions visualization. The top docked pose of PW201 was superimposed with the FGF14:Na v 1.6 CTD complex homology model for an overlay analysis.

Chemicals
The synthetic route, as well as the chemical properties, of PW201 were previously described [37]. Lyophilized PW201 powder (purity > 95%) was reconstituted in 100% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) to achieve stock concentrations of 50 mM, which were frozen and stored at −20 • C until being thawed and further diluted for experimental purposes.

Cell Culture
HEK293 cells were maintained in a 1:1 mixture of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) with 1 g/L glucose and F-12 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) that was further supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 units/mL of penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin (Invitrogen). Cells were maintained at 37 • C. The HEK293 cells stably expressing hNa v 1.1 [42], hNa v 1.2 [43], and hNa v 1.6 [15,24,40,41] channels have previously been described. These cells were maintained according to general cell culture protocols, with the caveat that 500 µg/mL of G418 (Invitrogen) was used to maintain stable hNa v 1.2 and hNa v 1.6 expression and 80 µg/mL of G418 was used to maintain stable expression of hNa v 1.1.

Animals
C57/BL6J mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME, USA). Mice were housed in the University of Texas Medical Branch vivarium, which operates in compliance with the United States Department of Agriculture Animal Welfare Act, the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved protocols.

General
Borosilicate glass pipettes (Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA, USA) with resistance of 1.5-3 MΩ were fabricated using a PC-100 vertical Micropipette Puller (Narishige International Inc., East Meadow, NY, USA). Recordings were obtained using an Axopatch 200B amplifier (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Membrane capacitance and series resistance were estimated using the dial settings on the amplifier, and capacitive transients and series resistances were compensated by 70-80%. Data acquisition and filtering occurred at 20 and 5 kHz, respectively, before digitization and storage. Clampex 9 software (Molecular Devices) was used to set experimental parameters, and electrophysiological equipment was interfaced to this software using a Digidata 1200 analog-digital interface (Molecular Devices). Analysis of electrophysiological data was performed using Clampfit 11 software (Molecular Devices) and GraphPad Prism 8 software (La Jolla, CA, USA). Results were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Except where otherwise noted, statistical significance was determined using a Student's t-test comparing cells treated with vehicle (DMSO) or PW201, with p < 0.05 being considered statistically significant.

Whole-Cell Voltage-Clamp Recordings
Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in heterologous cell systems were performed as previously described [37,38]. Briefly, cells cultured as described in Section 4.3 were dissociated using TrypLE (Gibco, Waltham, MA, USA) and re-plated onto glass cover slips. After allowing cells at least 2-3 h to adhere, cover slips were transferred to a recording chamber. The recording chamber was filled with an extracellular recording solution comprised of the following salts: 140 mM NaCl; 3 mM KCl; 1 mM MgCl 2 ; 1 mM CaCl 2 ; 10 mM HEPES; and 10 mM glucose (final pH = 7.3; all salts purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). For control recordings, DMSO was added to the extracellular solution to reach a final concentration of 0.1%. For recordings to characterize the effects of PW201, the compound was added to the extracellular solution to reach the desired final concentration. Cover slips were incubated for 30 min in either vehicle only or PW201 containing extracellular solutions prior to the start of recordings. For voltageclamp recordings, recording pipettes were filled with an intracellular solution comprised of the following salts: 130 mM CH 3 O 3 SCs; 1 mM EGTA; 10 mM NaCl; and 10 mM HEPES (pH = 7.3; all salts purchased from Sigma-Aldrich). After GΩ seal formation and entry into the whole-cell configuration, two voltage-clamp protocols were employed. The currentvoltage (IV) protocol entailed voltage steps from −100 to +60 mV from a holding potential of −70 mV. The voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation protocol entailed a pairedpulse protocol during which, from the holding potential, cells were stepped to varying test potentials between −100 mV and +20 mV prior to a test pulse to −20 mV.

Voltage-Clamp Data Analysis
Current densities were obtained by dividing the Na + current (I Na ) amplitude by the membrane capacitance (C m ). Current-voltage relationships were then assessed by plotting the current density as a function of the applied voltage. Tau of fast inactivation was calculated by fitting the decay phase of currents at the −10 mV voltage step with a one-term exponential function. To assess the voltage dependence of activation, conductance (G Na ) was first calculated using the following equation: where I Na is the current amplitude at voltage V m , and E rev is the Na + reversal potential. Activation curves were then generated by plotting normalized G Na as a function of the test potential. Data were then fitted with the Boltzmann equation to determine V 1/2 of activation using the following equation: where G Na,max is the maximum conductance, V a is the membrane potential of half-maximal activation, E m is the membrane voltage, and k is the slope factor. For steady-state inactivation, the normalized current amplitude (I Na /I Na,max ) at the test potential was plotted as a function of the pre-pulse potential (V m ) and fitted using the Boltzmann equation: where V h is the potential of half-maximal inactivation, E m is the membrane voltage, and k is the slope factor.

Acute Brain Slice Preparation
Whole-cell current-clamp and whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed in acutely pre-prepared coronal brain slices containing the NAc from mice described in Section 4.4 that were 33-50 days old. For brain slice preparation, mice were anesthetized using isoflurane (Baxter, Deerfield, IL, USA) and quickly decapitated. After decapitation, brains were dissected and 300 µM coronal slices containing the NAc were prepared with a vibratome (Leica Biosystems, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA) in a continuously oxygenated (mixture of 95% O 2 /5% CO 2 ) and chilled tris-based artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) containing the following salts: 72 mM Tris-HCL; 18 mM Tris-Base; 1.2 mM NaH 2 PO 4 ; 2.5 mM KCl; 20 mM HEPES; 20 mM sucrose; 25 mM NaHCO 3 ; 25 mM glucose; 10 mM MgSO 4 ; 3 mM Na pyruvate; 5 mM Na ascorbate; and 0.5 mM CaCl 2 (pH = 7.4 and osmolarity = 300-310 mOsm; all salts purchased from Sigma-Aldrich). Prepared slices were first transferred to a continuously oxygenated and 31 • C recovery chamber containing fresh trisbased aCSF for 15 min. After 15 min, slices were transferred to a continuously oxygenated and 31 • C chamber containing standard aCSF, which was comprised of the following salts: 123.9 mM NaCl; 3.1 mM KCl; 10 mM glucose; 1 mM MgCl 2 ; 2 mM CaCl 2 ; 24 mM NaHCO 3 ; and 1.16 mM NaH 2 PO 4 (pH = 7.4 and osmolarity = 300-310 mOsm; all salts were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich). After at least 30 min of recovery in standard aCSF, slices were incubated for 30 min in a chamber containing continuously oxygenated and 31 • C standard aCSF treated with either 0.01% DMSO or 15 µM PW201 before recording.

Whole-Cell Current-Clamp Recordings
After incubating for 30 min in either 0.01% DMSO or 15 µM PW201, slices were transferred to a recording chamber perfused with continuously oxygenated and heated standard aCSF. Somatic recordings of MSNs were then performed using electrodes filled with an internal solution comprised of the following salts: 145 mM K-gluconate; 2 mM MgCl 2 ; 0.1 mM EGTA; 2.5 mM Na 2 ATP; 0.25 mM Na 2 GTP; 5 mM phosphocreatine; and 10 mM HEPES (pH = 7.2 and osmolarity = 290 mOsm; all salts were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich). After GΩ formation and entry into the whole-cell configuration, the amplifier was switched to I = 0 mode for approximately 1 min to determine the resting membrane potential before switching to current-clamp mode to assess intrinsic excitability. During this 1 min interval in I = 0 mode, the following cocktail of synaptic blockers was perfused to halt changes in excitability driven by synaptic activity: 20 µM bicuculine; 20 µM NBQX; and 100 µM AP5 (synaptic blockers purchased from Tocris, Bristol, UK). To assess intrinsic excitability, evoked APs were measured in response to a range of current injections from −20 to +150 pA. Current steps were 800 ms in duration, and the change in the injected current between steps was 10 pA.

Current-Clamp Data Analysis
The maximum number of APs was determined by quantifying the maximum number of APs an MSN fired at any current step during the evoked protocol. The average instantaneous firing frequency was determined by calculating the mean value of the instantaneous firing frequency between APs at a given current step. The current threshold (I thr ) was defined as the current step at which at least one AP was evoked. Voltage threshold (V thr ) was defined as the voltage at which the first-order derivative of the rising phase of the AP exceeded 10 mV/ms [62]. The maximum rise and maximum decay of APs were defined as the maximal derivative value (dV/dt) of the depolarizing and repolarizing phases of the AP, respectively [63].

Ex Vivo Whole-Cell Voltage-Clamp Recordings of I Na
The extracellular solution used for current-clamp recordings was also used to record I Na of MSNs ex vivo, with the caveat that the superfusing solution was supplemented with 120 µM CdCl 2 (Sigma-Aldrich) to block Ca 2+ currents. The intracellular solution to record I Na of MSN ex vivo contained the following salts (in mM): 100 mM Cs-gluconate (Hello Bio Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA); 10 mM tetraethylammonium chloride; 5 mM 4-aminopyridine; 10 mM EGTA; 1 mM CaCl 2 ; 10 mM HEPES; 4 mM Mg-ATP; 0.3 mM Na 3 -GTP; 4 mM Na 2 -phosphocreatine; and 4 mM NaCl (pH = 7.4 and osmolarity = 285 ± 5 mOsm/L; CsOH used to adjust pH and osmolarity; all salts except Cs-gluconate purchased from Sigma-Aldrich). After GΩ formation and entry into the whole-cell configuration, the same cocktail of synaptic blockers as used for the current-clamp recordings was perfused to block synaptic currents. Transient I Na was elicited using the voltage-clamp protocol shown in Figure 4F and as described elsewhere [48][49][50]. I Na density was calculated by normalizing the I Na response by C m .

Institutional Review Board Statement:
The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the United States Department of Agriculture Animal Welfare Act, the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, and UTMB Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved protocols (protocol code: 0904029D; approved 01/2019).

Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: Data included in this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.