Role of miR-96/EVI1/miR-449a Axis in the Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Migration and Tumor Sphere Formation

The Wnt signaling pathway is one of the major signaling pathways used by cancer stem cells (CSC). Ecotropic Viral Integration Site 1 (EVI1) has recently been shown to regulate oncogenic development of tumor cells by interacting with multiple signaling pathways, including the Wnt signaling. In the present study, we found that the Wnt modulator ICG-001 could inhibit the expression of EVI1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. Results from loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies revealed that EVI1 expression positively regulated both NPC cell migration and growth of CSC-enriched tumor spheres. Subsequent studies indicated ICG-001 inhibited EVI1 expression via upregulated expression of miR-96. Results from EVI1 3′UTR luciferase reporter assay confirmed that EVI1 is a direct target of miR-96. Further mechanistic studies revealed that ICG-001, overexpression of miR-96, or knockdown of EVI1 expression could restore the expression of miR-449a. The suppressive effect of miR-449a on the cell migration and tumor sphere formation was confirmed in NPC cells. Taken together, the miR-96/EVI1/miR-449a axis is a novel pathway involved in ICG-001-mediated inhibition of NPC cell migration and growth of the tumor spheres.


Introduction
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a type of epithelial malignancy in the region of the nasopharynx, has a high frequency of occurrence in southern China. A previous large-scale genome-wide association study in 1583 NPC patients showed that Ecotropic Viral Integration Site 1 (EVI1) and Myelodysplastic Syndrome 1 (MDS1-EVI1) is one of the susceptibility loci in NPC [1,2]. Recently, high EVI1 expression and C17 cells (B). The cells were treated with ICG-001 (10 µM) or an appropriately diluted DMSO (vehicle control). Representative images are presented. Signal intensities were determined by quantitative densitometry and expressed as fold change of EVI1 normalized to β-actin. Values are presented as mean ± SD of at least four independent experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared with vehicle control.

Effect of EVI1 on the Migration and Growth of NPC Tumor Spheres
The functional activity of EVI1 in NPC cells was subsequently examined by loss-of-function (using EVI1 siRNA) and gain-of-function (overexpression using pEFzeo-EVI1 vector) studies. The effect of siRNA silencing and EVI1 overexpression was first confirmed by Western blot. Results in Figure 2A indicated that siRNA and pEFzeo-EVI1 could reduce and overexpress, respectively, in C666-1 NPC cells (full blot images were shown in Supplementary File). In Figure 2B, the migration of NPC cells was significantly reduced in cells after transfection with EVI1 siRNA. In contrast, overexpression of EVI1 resulted in a significant increase in cell migration. A similar approach was also used to examine the impact of EVI1 expression on the formation of tumor spheres. Results from the spheroid size profile analysis ( Figure 2C) showed that both the size and number of NPC tumor spheres were reduced in cells after EVI1 siRNA treatment. In contrast, the size and number of NPC tumor spheres increased after overexpression of pEFzeo-EVI1. . The cells were treated with ICG-001 (10 µM) or an appropriately diluted DMSO (vehicle control). Representative images are presented. Signal intensities were determined by quantitative densitometry and expressed as fold change of EVI1 normalized to β-actin. Values are presented as mean ± SD of at least four independent experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared with vehicle control.

Effect of EVI1 on the Migration and Growth of NPC Tumor Spheres
The functional activity of EVI1 in NPC cells was subsequently examined by loss-of-function (using EVI1 siRNA) and gain-of-function (overexpression using pEFzeo-EVI1 vector) studies. The effect of siRNA silencing and EVI1 overexpression was first confirmed by Western blot. Results in Figure 2A indicated that siRNA and pEFzeo-EVI1 could reduce and overexpress, respectively, in C666-1 NPC cells (full blot images were shown in Supplementary File). In Figure 2B, the migration of NPC cells was significantly reduced in cells after transfection with EVI1 siRNA. In contrast, overexpression of EVI1 resulted in a significant increase in cell migration. A similar approach was also used to examine the impact of EVI1 expression on the formation of tumor spheres. Results from the spheroid size profile analysis ( Figure 2C) showed that both the size and number of NPC tumor spheres were reduced in cells after EVI1 siRNA treatment. In contrast, the size and number of NPC tumor spheres increased after overexpression of pEFzeo-EVI1. Representative bright-field images (upper panel), total number (middle panel) and size distribution of tumor spheres (lower panel) are presented. At least three independent experiments were carried out. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001 compared with the corresponding control.

ICG-001-Mediated Downregulation of EVI1 Is Regulated by miR-96
miR-96 has previously been implicated in EVI1-mediated growth control of pancreatic cancer [24]. In NPC, the expression of miR-96 had been reported to be downregulated in CSC-enriched tumor spheres [25]. In our preliminary bioinformatic analysis of the 3′UTR mRNA from TargetScan, putative binding sites of miR-96 were found in the 3′UTR of EVI1 mRNA. We first examined whether ICG-001 could restore the expression of miR-96 in NPC cells. Results from Figure 3A show that ICG-001 could upregulate miR-96 from day 3 to day 7 after treatment. According to the TargetScan prediction, there are two putative miR-96 target sites (857-879 and 1077-1099) at the 3′UTR. A vector containing these sequences was then used in an EVI1 luciferase reporter assay. Results from Figure  3B clearly show that miR-96 could inhibit the 3′-UTR activity, indicating that EVI1 is a target of miR-  miR-96 has previously been implicated in EVI1-mediated growth control of pancreatic cancer [24]. In NPC, the expression of miR-96 had been reported to be downregulated in CSC-enriched tumor spheres [25]. In our preliminary bioinformatic analysis of the 3 UTR mRNA from TargetScan, putative binding sites of miR-96 were found in the 3 UTR of EVI1 mRNA. We first examined whether ICG-001 could restore the expression of miR-96 in NPC cells. Results from Figure 3A show that ICG-001 could upregulate miR-96 from day 3 to day 7 after treatment. According to the TargetScan prediction, there are two putative miR-96 target sites (857-879 and 1077-1099) at the 3 UTR. A vector containing these sequences was then used in an EVI1 luciferase reporter assay. Results from Figure 3B clearly show that miR-96 could inhibit the 3 -UTR activity, indicating that EVI1 is a target of miR-96. The impact of miR-96 expression on EVI1 was further examined by transfection of NPC cells with precursor miR-96 (pre-miR-96). Results in Figure 3C show that the protein expression of EVI1 was reduced (full blot images were shown in Supplementary file). In the control experiments, transfection of the cells with miR-96 inhibitor (anti-miR-96) could increase the expression of EVI1. To further confirm that the miR-96/EVI1 axis is involved in NPC cell migration and growth of tumor spheres, cells were transfected with pre-miR-96 or anti-miR-96. Results from the gain-of-function (pre-miR-96 transfection) studies indicate that overexpression of miR-96 could significantly inhibit both the tumor cell migration ( Figure 4A) and growth of tumor spheres ( Figure 4B,C). In the control experiment, anti-miR-96 could increase the migration and growth of tumor spheres. Transfection efficiency of the miR-96 precursor and miR-96 inhibitor are shown in Supplementary Figure S1. Taken together, ICG-001 could inhibit the formation of tumor spheres and migration of NPC cells, at least partially via the miR-96/EVI1 axis.  Figure 3C show that the protein expression of EVI1 was reduced (full blot images were shown in Supplementary file). In the control experiments, transfection of the cells with miR-96 inhibitor (anti-miR-96) could increase the expression of EVI1. To further confirm that the miR-96/EVI1 axis is involved in NPC cell migration and growth of tumor spheres, cells were transfected with pre-miR-96 or anti-miR-96. Results from the gain-of-function (pre-miR-96 transfection) studies indicate that overexpression of miR-96 could significantly inhibit both the tumor cell migration ( Figure 4A) and growth of tumor spheres ( Figure 4B,C). In the control experiment, anti-miR-96 could increase the migration and growth of tumor spheres. Transfection efficiency of the miR-96 precursor and miR-96 inhibitor are shown in Supplementary Figure 1. Taken together, ICG-001 could inhibit the formation of tumor spheres and migration of NPC cells, at least partially via the miR-96/EVI1 axis.

Effects of EVI1 Downregulation on the Expression of miR-449a
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that miR-449a is an important tumor suppressor [26]. A previous mechanistic study showed that miR-449a is a direct target of the transcriptional repressor EVI1 [27]. Two previous independent miRNA profile analyses on NPC tissues showed that the expression of miR-449a was downregulated when compared with normal nasopharyngeal epithelial samples [18] or adjacent normal nasopharynx tissues [16]. Since EVI1 has been reported to be overexpressed and associated with pathogenesis of NPC [3], we hypothesized that knockdown of EVI1 expression might increase the expression of miR-449a in NPC cells. Results in Figure 5A showed that knockdown of EVI1 could increase the expression level of miR-449a in NPC cells. In contrast, the expression of miR-449a could be reduced after EVI1 overexpression. In addition, treatment of NPC cells with ICG-001 also restored the expression of miR-449a ( Figure 5B). Since miR-96 was found to be the upstream regulator of EVI1, we hypothesized that the expression of miR-449a should be affected by miR-96. Figure 5C clearly shows that transfection of cells with pre-miR-96 could significantly increase the expression of miR-449a, and the expression was reduced by anti-miR-96.

Effects of EVI1 Downregulation on the Expression of miR-449a
Increasing evidence has demonstrated that miR-449a is an important tumor suppressor [26]. A previous mechanistic study showed that miR-449a is a direct target of the transcriptional repressor EVI1 [27]. Two previous independent miRNA profile analyses on NPC tissues showed that the expression of miR-449a was downregulated when compared with normal nasopharyngeal epithelial samples [18] or adjacent normal nasopharynx tissues [16]. Since EVI1 has been reported to be overexpressed and associated with pathogenesis of NPC [3], we hypothesized that knockdown of EVI1 expression might increase the expression of miR-449a in NPC cells. Results in Figure 5A showed that knockdown of EVI1 could increase the expression level of miR-449a in NPC cells. In contrast, the expression of miR-449a could be reduced after EVI1 overexpression. In addition, treatment of NPC cells with ICG-001 also restored the expression of miR-449a ( Figure 5B). Since miR-96 was found to be the upstream regulator of EVI1, we hypothesized that the expression of miR-449a should be affected by miR-96. Figure 5C clearly shows that transfection of cells with pre-miR-96 could significantly increase the expression of miR-449a, and the expression was reduced by anti-miR-96.

Functional Activity of miR-449a
In the subsequent functional studies, the impact of miR-449a overexpression on the NPC cell migration and also the formation of tumor spheres was examined. MiR-449a was overexpressed by transfecting the NPC cells with pre-miR-449a, and the transfection efficiency is shown in Supplementary Figure 2. Results in Figure 6A show that the migration of NPC cells was significantly reduced after pre-miR-449a transfection. Results from the spheroid size profiling study also showed that the size of tumor spheres was reduced ( Figure 6B, C). Finally, to reconfirm that both miR-96 and miR-449a are under the control of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, we examined whether knockdown of βcatenin or the co-activator CBP could phenocopy the effect of ICG-001-mediated restoration of miR-96 and miR-449a in NPC cells. Results show that treatment of cells with siRNA for β-catenin ( Figure  7A) or siRNA for CBP ( Figure 7B) resulted in the upregulation of expression of miR-96 and miR-449a, and the effect was accompanied by the inhibition of tumor cell migration and the formation of tumor spheres ( Figure 7C,D). Taken together, the miR-96/EVI1/miR449a axis is involved in ICG-001mediated inhibition of NPC cell migration and spheroid formation.

Functional Activity of miR-449a
In the subsequent functional studies, the impact of miR-449a overexpression on the NPC cell migration and also the formation of tumor spheres was examined. MiR-449a was overexpressed by transfecting the NPC cells with pre-miR-449a, and the transfection efficiency is shown in Supplementary Figure S2. Results in Figure 6A show that the migration of NPC cells was significantly reduced after pre-miR-449a transfection. Results from the spheroid size profiling study also showed that the size of tumor spheres was reduced ( Figure 6B,C). Finally, to reconfirm that both miR-96 and miR-449a are under the control of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, we examined whether knockdown of β-catenin or the co-activator CBP could phenocopy the effect of ICG-001-mediated restoration of miR-96 and miR-449a in NPC cells. Results show that treatment of cells with siRNA for β-catenin ( Figure 7A) or siRNA for CBP ( Figure 7B) resulted in the upregulation of expression of miR-96 and miR-449a, and the effect was accompanied by the inhibition of tumor cell migration and the formation of tumor spheres ( Figure 7C,D). Taken together, the miR-96/EVI1/miR449a axis is involved in ICG-001-mediated inhibition of NPC cell migration and spheroid formation.

Discussion
Wnt/β-catenin is one of the major CSC-associated signaling pathways. In general, there are multiple mechanisms contributing to the dysregulation of the Wnt signaling in tumor cells. For example, loss-of-function mutation of Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC), gain-of-function mutation of β-catenin, overexpression of the Wnt receptor/ligands, and the reduced expression of the Wnt-negative regulators. In NPC, a previous genomic landscape study revealed that the mutation rate of NPC is relatively low, and significant mutation of APC or β-catenin was not observed [28]. However, both the host cell and EBV viral factor-mediated inhibition of expression or silencing of the Wnt-negative regulators appear to contribute to the dysregulation of Wnt signaling in NPC. These include (i) epigenetic silencing of some major negative Wnt regulators (e.g., methylation of WNT Inhibitory Factor 1 (WIF-1) and APC genes) [29,30]; (ii) phosphorylated inactivation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta (GSK3β) [31]; (iii) dysregulation of the expression of miRNA for the Wnt pathway [16,17]; (iv) targeting of the negative Wnt regulators (e.g., WIF1, APC, Nemo Like Kinase (NLK)) by the EBV-encoded miRNAs [32]; (v) activation of β-catenin via epigenetic silencing of the receptor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Like Orphan Receptor 2 (ROR2) (a negative regulator) in the non-canonical Wnt pathway [33] and (vi) the high level of expression of the β-catenin coactivator CBP [34,35]. In view of the widespread dysregulated expression of the Wnt-regulated signaling molecules in NPC, we hypothesized that selective pharmacological intervention at the distal end of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, namely the interaction between β-catenin and the co-activator CBP by the CBP antagonist ICG-001 [19,20], might be a novel strategy to control the growth and migration of NPC cells. We are especially interested in the role of cellular miRNA in ICG-001-mediated anti-tumor activity.
The miRNAs are known to regulate a wide range of biological process. These include self-renewal, cell growth and differentiation, and cell migration [36,37]. In NPC, dysregulation of miRNA for the Wnt pathway has been well documented [16,17]. Especially the expression of miR-449a was found to be downregulated from stages I to IV and also metastatic NPC [18]. Downregulated expression of miR-96 was also observed in the CSC-enriched NPC tumor spheres [25]. The observation of downregulated expression of miR-96 [25] and high expression of EVI1 in NPC [3] is worthy of discussion. It has previously been demonstrated in pancreatic cancer that miR-96 could suppress the expression of EVI1 via the binding with EVI1 3 UTR, and EVI1 could transcriptionally suppress the expression of miR-96 through binding with the EVI1 potential binding site around miR-96 (24). The balance between EVI1 and miR-96 and the EVI1/miR-96/KRAS axis appears to play an important role in regulating the growth of pancreatic tumor cells. In NPC, we confirmed that miR-96 could downregulate the expression of EVI1 (Figure 3). Similar reciprocal regulation between miR-96 and EVI1, namely the effect of EVI1 on the expression of miR-96, was also observed in NPC (Supplementary Figure S3). In the present study, we further demonstrate that this reciprocal regulation could be interrupted by increasing the expression of miR-96 and, hence, reducing the EVI1 expression with the CBP antagonist ICG-001.
In the subsequent functional study, we found that EVI1/miR-449a axis is involved in the regulation of spheroid growth and also the migration of NPC cells. Although the mechanism of miR-449a-mediated inhibition was not further examined in the present study, Li and co-workers had previously demonstrated that miR-449a could regulate glycolysis and inhibit the growth of NPC cells by targeting lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) [38]. Apart from LDHA, miR-449a had also been shown to inhibit the growth of endometrial cancer, osteosarcoma, breast cancer, glioma and non-small-cell lung cancer cells by targeting the steroid receptor coactivator [39], Enhancer Of Zeste 2 Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (EZH2) [40], Pleomorphic adenoma gene like-2 [41], Notch Receptor 1 (Notch1) [42] and High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) [43], respectively. In NPC, EZH2 has been shown to be overexpressed in biopsy samples [44] and has been functionally implicated in the control of cell growth and cell migration [45,46]. We previously demonstrated that ICG-001 could downregulate the protein expression of EZH2 in NPC cells [22]. Taken together, the tumor-suppressive activity of miR-449a in NPC cells might be attributed to the inhibition of expression of multiple cell growth regulators, such as LDHA and EZH2.
Apart from the miR-449a, we have previously demonstrated that ICG-001 could also inhibit the growth of CSC-enriched NPC tumor spheroids via miR-145/SOX2 axis [22] and the NPC cell migration via miR-150/CD44 axis [23]. Figure 8 summarizes the hypothetical mode of action of ICG-001 on NPC cells. The implication of restoration of multiple miRNAs with anti-tumor activities in NPC cells is worthy of further discussion. Underexpression of miRNAs with tumor-suppressive properties is a general phenomenon in tumor cells [47]. For this reason, tumor-suppressive miRNAs are frequently considered as potential therapeutic agents in cancer treatment. Many tumor-suppressive miRNAs, including miR-449a and miR-145, have been implicated as the candidate therapeutic agents [26,48,49]. When compared with the use of a single species of tumor-suppressive miRNA, modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the subsequent increased expression of multiple tumor-suppressive miRNAs and, hence, inhibition of multiple growth controlling regulators may be a novel approach in the treatment of NPC. of cell growth and cell migration [45,46]. We previously demonstrated that ICG-001 could downregulate the protein expression of EZH2 in NPC cells [22]. Taken together, the tumorsuppressive activity of miR-449a in NPC cells might be attributed to the inhibition of expression of multiple cell growth regulators, such as LDHA and EZH2. Apart from the miR-449a, we have previously demonstrated that ICG-001 could also inhibit the growth of CSC-enriched NPC tumor spheroids via miR-145/SOX2 axis [22] and the NPC cell migration via miR-150/CD44 axis [23]. Figure 8 summarizes the hypothetical mode of action of ICG-001 on NPC cells. The implication of restoration of multiple miRNAs with anti-tumor activities in NPC cells is worthy of further discussion. Underexpression of miRNAs with tumor-suppressive properties is a general phenomenon in tumor cells [47]. For this reason, tumor-suppressive miRNAs are frequently considered as potential therapeutic agents in cancer treatment. Many tumorsuppressive miRNAs, including miR-449a and miR-145, have been implicated as the candidate therapeutic agents [26,48,49]. When compared with the use of a single species of tumor-suppressive miRNA, modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the subsequent increased expression of multiple tumor-suppressive miRNAs and, hence, inhibition of multiple growth controlling regulators may be a novel approach in the treatment of NPC. The significance of ICG-001-mediated downregulation of EVI1 expression in NPC is worthy of further discussion. EVI1 is a well-known oncogenic protein in various cancers. Previous network analysis showed that EVI1 could interact with several signaling pathways including Wnt, TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor Beta) and Ras (Rat sarcoma) [21]. Lu and co-workers found that EVI1 could promote the CSC properties of EBV-negative NPC cells via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway [3]. However, the function of EVI1 in the EBV-positive NPC cell lines was not further examined. It is now clear that NPC is an EBV-associated malignancy. Study of the functional role of EVI1 in EBV-positive cells is very clinically relevant. In the present study, we established the interplay between miR-96, EVI1 and miR-449a in ICG-001-treated EBV-positive cells. In the mechanistic studies, we further demonstrated that EVI1 would regulate NPC cell migration and tumor sphere formation via miR-449a. This observation further supports the previous findings that miR-449a can function as a tumor suppressor to inhibit tumor cell migration, invasion and proliferation in other tumor cell types [39][40][41]50,51]. Apart from the regulation of miR-449a expression, previous global The significance of ICG-001-mediated downregulation of EVI1 expression in NPC is worthy of further discussion. EVI1 is a well-known oncogenic protein in various cancers. Previous network analysis showed that EVI1 could interact with several signaling pathways including Wnt, TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor Beta) and Ras (Rat sarcoma) [21]. Lu and co-workers found that EVI1 could promote the CSC properties of EBV-negative NPC cells via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway [3]. However, the function of EVI1 in the EBV-positive NPC cell lines was not further examined. It is now clear that NPC is an EBV-associated malignancy. Study of the functional role of EVI1 in EBV-positive cells is very clinically relevant. In the present study, we established the interplay between miR-96, EVI1 and miR-449a in ICG-001-treated EBV-positive cells. In the mechanistic studies, we further demonstrated that EVI1 would regulate NPC cell migration and tumor sphere formation via miR-449a. This observation further supports the previous findings that miR-449a can function as a tumor suppressor to inhibit tumor cell migration, invasion and proliferation in other tumor cell types [39][40][41]50,51]. Apart from the regulation of miR-449a expression, previous global pathway analysis showed that EVI1 could bind to 78% of genes involved in the regulation of the Jak-Stat signaling [52]. In NPC, Zhang and co-workers demonstrated that interlukin 6/ signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (IL6/Stat3) signaling may enhance the growth and tumorigenicity of EBV-positive tumor cells via the upregulation of the EBV LMP-1 viral protein [53]. Taken together, EVI1 can not only regulate the growth of NPC via the downregulation of expression of miR-449a but may also regulate the growth of NPC cells via the regulation of expression of Stat3 and LMP-1 viral protein. In conclusion, pharmacological intervention in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling with the CBP/β-catenin antagonist ICG-001 could inhibit tumor cell growth and migration, at least partially, via the miR-96/EVI1/miR-449a axis.

Cell Culture and Chemicals
The EBV-positive (C666-1 and C17) and EBV-negative (HONE-1) NPC cell lines were cultured as previously described [22,23]. C666-1 and HONE-1 cell lines were authenticated by and obtained from the Hong Kong NPC AoE Cell Line Repository. C17 cell line was obtained from Professor Pierre Busson, Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France. A stock solution of ICG-001 (20 mM) was prepared in DMSO.

Cell Transfection
NPC cells were transfected with siRNA or miRNA as previously described [22,23]. For the transfection of precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA) or miRNA inhibitor (anti-miR), the cells were transfected with 50 nM pre-miR-96 (Ambion; P/N: AM17100; ID: PM10422), pre-miR-449a (Ambion; P/N: AM17100; ID: PM11127), or miR-96 inhibitor (anti-miR-96) (Ambion; P/N:AM17000; ID: AM10422) for 72 h. The miRNA precursor negative control (Pre-control, ID: AM17110) and miRNA inhibitor negative control (Anti-control, ID: AM17010) were obtained from Ambion. After transfection, the cells were collected for the subsequent analysis. Regarding the EVI1 plasmid transfection, 400 ng expression plasmid containing EVI1 cDNA (pEFzeo-EVI1) was transfected into NPC cells as described above. The same amount of the empty vector (pEFzeo) was used in the control experiment. The cells were then collected 24 h after transfection for the subsequent analysis.

3'UTR miRNA Luciferase Reporter Assay
Bioinformatics software TargetScan Human (Release 7.1: June 2016) [54] was initially used for the prediction of potential targets of miR-96. To validate the target of miR-96, 10 ng of Evi1 3 UTR luciferase reporter (OriGene Technologies, Rockville, MD, USA; CAT#: SC214441) along with the 100 nM miR-96 mimic (Pre-miR-96) or miRNA mimic control (Pre-control) were transfected into C666-1 cells using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) for 72 h. The luciferase activity was determined according to the manufacturer's instruction. Briefly, the signal of red fluorescent protein (RFP) transcribed by the vector was captured under a fluorescent microscope. The total intensity of the RFP was then measured using MetaMorph software v1.5 (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) The cells were then lysed using passive reporter lysis buffer provided by Luciferase Assay System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). Luciferase activities were measured using Luciferase Assay System with a microplate luminometer and normalized to the signals of RFP.

Western Blotting Analysis
Treated NPC cells were lysed in lysis buffer (250 mM Tris, pH 8; 1% NP-40 and 150 mM NaCl) containing 1% phosphatase inhibitors cocktail Set II (Calbiochem, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) and 0.25% protease inhibitors cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich). The lysate was centrifuged at 14,000 rpm (10 min, 4 • C). Supernatant was collected, and the protein concentration was determined by DC Protein Assay Kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). Protein denaturation was performed by boiling for 10 min in SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) sample buffer. Equal amounts of protein samples were then resolved in SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). After blocking with 5% non-fat dry milk, the membranes were incubated with anti-EVI1 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Cat no: 2593). The membrane was then washed and incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (Invitrogen, Cat. no.: 656120). Protein bands were detected using a chemiluminescent system (Lab Frontier, Anyang, Gyeonggi, Korea) and visualized on X-ray film. The β-actin was used as the internal control. Band intensities were analyzed by using ImageJ software v1.46r (National Institutes of Health, USA).

miRNA Expression Analysis
Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol Reagent (Ambion), according to manufacturer's instruction. TaqMan MicroRNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) was used in reverse transcription. Real-time PCR was subsequently performed in StepOnePlus Real-time PCR System using TaqMan 2X Universal PCR Master Mix (No AmpErase UNG) (Applied Biosystems). Specific primer probes for the miR-96 (Assay ID: 000186) and miR-449a (Assay ID: 001030) were from TaqMan MicroRNA Assays (Applied Biosystems, Cat. no.: 4427975). Small nuclear RNA RNU6B (U6) (Assay ID: 001093) was used as internal control. The relative expression of target transcripts was calculated by 2 −∆∆Ct method.

Statistics
Data were presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of at least three independent experiments. Statistical comparisons between two groups were determined by the Student t-test. Statistical significance was set as p < 0.05.