Mouse Tryptase Gene Expression is Coordinately Regulated by GATA1 and GATA2 in Bone Marrow-Derived Mast Cells

Mast cell tryptases have crucial roles in allergic and inflammatory diseases. The mouse tryptase genes represent a cluster of loci on chromosome 16p3.3. While their functional studies have been extensively performed, transcriptional regulation of tryptase genes is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the molecular basis of the tryptase gene expression in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) of C57BL/6 mice and in MEDMC-BRC6 mast cells. The expression of the Tpsb2 and Tpsg1 genes, which reside at the 3′-end of the tryptase locus, is significantly decreased by the reduction of the GATA transcription factors GATA1 or GATA2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays have shown that the GATA factors bind at multiple regions within the locus, including 1.0 and 72.8 kb upstream of the Tpsb2 gene, and that GATA1 and GATA2 facilitate each other’s DNA binding activity to these regions. Deletion of the −72.8 kb region by genome editing significantly reduced the Tpsb2 and Tpsg1 mRNA levels in MEDMC-BRC6 cells. Furthermore, binding of CTCF and the cohesin subunit Rad21 was found upstream of the −72.8 kb region and was significantly reduced in the absence of GATA1. These results suggest that mouse tryptase gene expression is coordinately regulated by GATA1 and GATA2 in BMMCs.


Introduction
Mast cell tryptases are expressed abundantly and are the major component in secretory granules. In humans, elevated levels of tryptase in serum are associated with anaphylaxis [1] and systemic mastocytosis [2]. Mice lacking mast cell tryptase mMCP6 show impaired immunoprotective activity against bacteria [3] and parasite [4] infection, suggesting its important role in host defense.
The genes encoding mast cell tryptase form a cluster of loci on chromosome 16p3.3 and 17A3.3 in humans and mice, respectively. Human tryptase loci contain four genes expressed in mast cells: TPSG1, TPSB2, TPSAB1 and TPSD1. TPSG1 encodes γ-tryptase, the only membrane-anchored member of the family. In humans, there are three soluble tryptases-α-, β-(βI, βII and βIII) and δ-tryptase-that are transcribed from three genes, TPSB2, TPSAB1 and TPSD1. The βII and βIII isoforms are transcribed from the TPSB2 gene, whereas the α and βI isoforms are transcribed from the TPSAB1 gene. In mice, the transcripts from the Tpsg1, Tpsb2 and Tpsab1 genes are mTMT, mMCP6 and mMCP7, respectively. The mTMT is membrane-anchored, whereas mMCP6 and mMCP7 are soluble tryptases.
A strong linkage disequilibrium has been demonstrated between the TPSAB1 and TPSB2 genes, and the expression of these genes is polymorphic [5,6]. In mice, no murine counterpart of the human TPSD1 gene has been found. Although the overall structure and number of tryptase genes have

The Introduction of siRNA Targeting Either GATA1 or GATA2 into BMMCs Leads to a Significant Reduction in Mast Cell Tryptase Gene Expression
To precisely evaluate the contribution of GATA1 and GATA2 to mast cell protease gene expression, siRNA targeting either GATA1 or GATA2 was introduced into BMMCs, and the mRNA levels of mast cell protease genes were assessed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The introduction of GATA1 and GATA2 siRNAs led to a significant reduction in the corresponding GATA factor expression at both the mRNA and protein levels at 24 h after transfection ( Figure 1A,B). In our previous study, the persistent loss of GATA2 led to the dedifferentiation of BMMCs to immature myeloid-like cells with the induction of the myeloid transcription factor C/EBPα [18]. However, at 24 h after siRNA transduction, the C/EBPα mRNA level was not increased by GATA2 ablation ( Figure 1C). The MITF mRNA level was moderately but significantly reduced in both GATA1 and GATA2 knockdown cells ( Figure 1C). Because the mRNA levels of mast cell proteases at the steady state vary widely, we utilized our previously published RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data of control BMMCs [18] and checked the reads per kilobase million (RPKM) values of several mast cell proteases ( Figure 1D). This revealed that mRNA transcripts from the Cpa3 gene were the most abundant, followed by those from the Cma1 and Tpsb2 genes.
We then examined the mRNA levels of mast cell protease genes at 24 h after GATA1 or GATA2 siRNA transduction ( Figure 1E). Consistent with our previous observation in the conditional GATA2 knockout BMMCs [18], the downregulation of GATA2 resulted in a significant reduction in all mast cell protease genes compared to those transfected with the control siRNA ( Figure 1E). In contrast, the downregulation of GATA1 did not affect the expression of Cpa3 or protease genes located on chromosome 14 (Mcpt4, Mcpt8, Cma1 and Ctsg). In contrast, consistent with our previous findings for GATA1 knockout BMMCs [17], the expression of mast cell tryptases (Tpsb2 and Tpsg1) was significantly reduced in the GATA1 knockdown cells ( Figure 1E). These results support our previous conclusion that GATA2 plays a more important role than GATA1 in the regulation of the mast cell gene expression. GATA1 may have a unique role that cannot be compensated for by GATA2 in the regulation of mast cell tryptase genes. GATA2 knockout BMMCs [18], the downregulation of GATA2 resulted in a significant reduction in all mast cell protease genes compared to those transfected with the control siRNA ( Figure 1E). In contrast, the downregulation of GATA1 did not affect the expression of Cpa3 or protease genes located on chromosome 14 (Mcpt4, Mcpt8, Cma1 and Ctsg). In contrast, consistent with our previous findings for GATA1 knockout BMMCs [17], the expression of mast cell tryptases (Tpsb2 and Tpsg1) was significantly reduced in the GATA1 knockdown cells ( Figure 1E). These results support our previous conclusion that GATA2 plays a more important role than GATA1 in the regulation of the mast cell gene expression. GATA1 may have a unique role that cannot be compensated for by GATA2 in the regulation of mast cell tryptase genes.  [18]. (e) The results of qRT-PCR of mast cell proteases in the BMMCs transfected with the GATA1 or GATA2 siRNAs. The values from the control siRNA-transduced BMMCs were set at 1.0. The bottom bar indicates the localization of protease genes on mouse chromosome. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; n.s., not significant. n = 3.

Overexpression of MITF Failed to Restore the Reduced Tpsb2 Transcript Level in the GATA1/GATA2 Double-Knockdown BMMCs
Since the MITF mRNA level was reduced in the GATA factor knockdown cells ( Figure 1C), we considered that GATA factors might indirectly regulate the Tpsb2 gene expression through MITF. The mouse Mitf gene is transcribed into multiple RNA species by alternative splicing (Figure 2A). These variants differ in their amino termini and are expressed in cell type-specific manners [19]. RT-PCR using a forward primer specific to each alternative first exon and a common reverse primer  [18]. (e) The results of qRT-PCR of mast cell proteases in the BMMCs transfected with the GATA1 or GATA2 siRNAs. The values from the control siRNA-transduced BMMCs were set at 1.0. The bottom bar indicates the localization of protease genes on mouse chromosome. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; n.s., not significant. n = 3.

Overexpression of MITF Failed to Restore the Reduced Tpsb2 Transcript Level in the GATA1/GATA2 Double-Knockdown BMMCs
Since the MITF mRNA level was reduced in the GATA factor knockdown cells ( Figure 1C), we considered that GATA factors might indirectly regulate the Tpsb2 gene expression through MITF. The mouse Mitf gene is transcribed into multiple RNA species by alternative splicing (Figure 2A). These variants differ in their amino termini and are expressed in cell type-specific manners [19]. RT-PCR using a forward primer specific to each alternative first exon and a common reverse primer set at exon 2 revealed that MITF-A and MITF-MC, transcribed from exons 1a and 1mc, respectively, are expressed in BMMCs ( Figure 2B). The mRNA levels of both MITF-A and MITF-MC were reduced in GATA1 or GATA2 knockdown BMMCs, although the reduction of MITF-MC mRNA in the GATA1 knockdown cells was not statistically significant ( Figure 2C). Simultaneous knockdown of GATA1 and GATA2 in BMMCs (GATA1/GATA2 KD BMMCs) further decreased the MITF-A and MITF-MC mRNA levels, indicating that GATA1 and GATA2 coordinately regulate the Mitf gene expression ( Figure 2C). To examine whether or not GATA factors regulate the Tpsb2 gene expression through MITF, MITF-A or MITF-MC cDNA was overexpressed into the GATA1/GATA2 KD BMMCs, and the transcript level of Tpsb2 gene was examined by qRT-PCR. To this end, the expression plasmids were constructed by using the bicystronic pIRES2 DsRed-Express2 vector, and MITF-A and MITF-MC protein expression was confirmed by Western blot analysis in 293T cells ( Figure 2D). These plasmids were co-transfected with the GATA1 and GATA2 siRNAs, and the cells expressing DsRed were sorted for the analysis. This revealed that the overexpression of neither MITF-A nor MITF-MC cDNA affected the Tpsb2 transcript level in the GATA1/GATA2 KD BMMCs ( Figure 2E). These results suggest that GATA1 and GATA2 activate the Tpsb2 gene expression independent of MITF. set at exon 2 revealed that MITF-A and MITF-MC, transcribed from exons 1a and 1mc, respectively, are expressed in BMMCs ( Figure 2B). The mRNA levels of both MITF-A and MITF-MC were reduced in GATA1 or GATA2 knockdown BMMCs, although the reduction of MITF-MC mRNA in the GATA1 knockdown cells was not statistically significant ( Figure 2C). Simultaneous knockdown of GATA1 and GATA2 in BMMCs (GATA1/GATA2 KD BMMCs) further decreased the MITF-A and MITF-MC mRNA levels, indicating that GATA1 and GATA2 coordinately regulate the Mitf gene expression ( Figure 2C). To examine whether or not GATA factors regulate the Tpsb2 gene expression through MITF, MITF-A or MITF-MC cDNA was overexpressed into the GATA1/GATA2 KD BMMCs, and the transcript level of Tpsb2 gene was examined by qRT-PCR. To this end, the expression plasmids were constructed by using the bicystronic pIRES2 DsRed-Express2 vector, and MITF-A and MITF-MC protein expression was confirmed by Western blot analysis in 293T cells ( Figure 2D). These plasmids were co-transfected with the GATA1 and GATA2 siRNAs, and the cells expressing DsRed were sorted for the analysis. This revealed that the overexpression of neither MITF-A nor MITF-MC cDNA affected the Tpsb2 transcript level in the GATA1/GATA2 KD BMMCs ( Figure 2E). These results suggest that GATA1 and GATA2 activate the Tpsb2 gene expression independent of MITF.

GATA1 and GATA2 Bind to Three Genomic Regions Upstream of the Tpsb2 Gene
To identify cis-acting elements required for the GATA factor-mediated mast cell tryptase gene regulation, we used publicly available ChIP-seq data for GATA2 binding and two histone modifications (H3K27Ac and H3K4me1) that are known to be associated with active enhancers [20,21]. As shown in Figure 3A, several GATA2 binding peaks were observed at the tryptase gene locus on mouse Chr.17A3.3. Some of these peaks were found to overlap with the H3K27Ac and

GATA1 and GATA2 Bind to Three Genomic Regions Upstream of the Tpsb2 Gene
To identify cis-acting elements required for the GATA factor-mediated mast cell tryptase gene regulation, we used publicly available ChIP-seq data for GATA2 binding and two histone modifications (H3K27Ac and H3K4me1) that are known to be associated with active enhancers [20,21]. As shown in Figure 3A, several GATA2 binding peaks were observed at the tryptase gene locus on mouse Chr.17A3.3. Some of these peaks were found to overlap with the H3K27Ac and H3K4me1 marks, suggesting that these regions might contribute to the GATA factor-mediated tryptase gene expression. This locus contains six genes (Prss34, Prss28, Prss29, Tpsab1, Tpsb2 and Tpsg1) within a region of less than 80 kb. We evaluated the mRNA levels of these genes by qRT-PCR in BMMCs and quantified the relative expression level to that of KIT ( Figure 3B). The Tpsb2 gene was found to be expressed the most abundantly, whereas the Tpsg1 transcript was detected at a much lower level. Transcripts from the Prss34, Prss28, Prss29 and Tpsab1 genes were undetectable in BMMCs. We named the GATA2 binding peaks of the ChIP-seq data after the distance from the Tpsb2 gene transcription start site ( Figure 3A). Region A, which was bound by GATA1 in our previous report [17], was renamed as the −72.8 kb region in the present study ( Figure 3A).  To examine whether or not these GATA2 binding regions were also bound by GATA1, qChIP-PCR was performed using either GATA1 or GATA2 antibody ( Figure 3C). The −3.9 and −27.7 kb regions of the Gata2 gene were amplified as positive and negative controls for GATA factor binding, respectively [22]. We found that the −72.8, −63.4 and −1.1 kb regions were bound by GATA2, and their percent input values were similar to that of the Gata2 −3.9 kb region. GATA1 binding was observed at similar regions, although the percent input values were smaller than that of the Gata2 −3.9 kb region. The DNA binding of both GATA1 and GATA2 was weak or undetectable at the −67.9, −34.0 and +2.6 kb regions. Although additional peaks of GATA2 binding were observed at −84.3, −20.7 and −13.5 kb in the ChIP-seq data ( Figure 3A), the PCR products were not observed despite the use of two different primer sets.
The −72.8 and −1.1 kb regions are localized near the 5 and 3 ends of the tryptase gene cluster, respectively ( Figure 3A). Both regions are bound by the GATA factors and overlap with the ChIP-seq marks for H3K27Ac and H3K4me1. These observations prompted us to examine whether or not the expression of the genes localized outside of the tryptase gene cluster was also influenced by GATA factors.
Contrary to our hypothesis, the mRNA level of the 5 -neighboring Ube2i gene encoding the SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 was not changed in BMMCs treated with either GATA1 or GATA2 siRNA ( Figure 3D). In contrast, that of Cacna1h, the 3 neighboring gene of Tpsg1 encoding a voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel, was significantly decreased in the GATA1 or GATA2 knockdown BMMCs ( Figure 3D). These data suggest that the expression of Cacna1h, but not Ube2i, is regulated by the GATA factors. It is also possible that −72.8 kb region may function as a unidirectional regulatory domain, and the GATA factor binding to this region might affect the expression of downstream (Tpsb2, Tpsg1 and Cacna1h), but not upstream (Ube2i), genes. Alternatively, although this region is bound by the GATA factors, this region may not have a significant role in gene regulation.

The GATA2 Binding Activity to the −72.8 kb Region is Reduced by GATA1 Ablation
To further examine the DNA binding specificity of GATA1 and GATA2 to the −72.8 and −1.1 kb regions, we utilized BMMCs prepared from conditional knockout mice of GATA1 (G1KO) and GATA2 (G2KO) and examined whether or not GATA1 and GATA2 affect each other's DNA binding activity to these regions. These mice express Rosa26CreER T2 gene and their gene recombination is induced by the 4-OHT treatment in BMMCs [17,18]. We previously observed that the Cre-loxP-mediated gene recombination of the GATA1 flox allele takes time, and this is possibly due to the long distance between the two loxP sites (approximately 6.8 kb) [17]. In contrast, the recombination of the GATA2 flox allele, which only excises exon 5 encoding the DNA binding domain, occurs rapidly [18]. The Kit −114 kb region was examined as a positive locus for GATA factor binding [17]. The GATA factor binding to the −72.8 and −1.1 kb upstream regions was significantly reduced in the corresponding gene knockout BMMCs, while the residual GATA1 protein might affect the DNA binding activity ( Figure 4A,B). Interestingly, the GATA2 binding to the −72.8 and −1.1 kb regions were significantly reduced in the G1KO BMMCs ( Figure 4B). In particular, the reduction of GATA2 binding to the −72.8 kb region in the G1KO BMMCs was comparable to that of the G2KO BMMCs. These results indicate that GATA1 is required for the maximal binding activity of GATA2 to the −72.8 and −1.1 kb regions. In contrast to GATA1, GATA2 ablation did not affect the GATA1 binding to the −72.8 kb region ( Figure 4A). In contrast, the GATA1 binding activity to the −1.1 kb region was reduced in the G2KO BMMCs, and the percent input value was even less than that in the G1KO BMMCs ( Figure 4A). Such cross regulation of the DNA binding activity was not observed at the Kit −114 kb region. (Figure 4A,B).
Taken together, these results indicate that GATA1 and GATA2 affect each other's binding activity to the −72.8 and −1.1 kb regions. In addition, GATA1 might have a critical role in GATA2 binding to the distal −72.8 kb region, whereas GATA2 might be required for GATA1 binding to the proximal −1.1 kb region. activity was not observed at the Kit −114 kb region. (Figure 4A,B).
Taken together, these results indicate that GATA1 and GATA2 affect each other's binding activity to the −72.8 and −1.1 kb regions. In addition, GATA1 might have a critical role in GATA2 binding to the distal −72.8 kb region, whereas GATA2 might be required for GATA1 binding to the proximal −1.1 kb region.

The −72.8 kb Upstream Region of the Tpsb2 Gene is Indispensable for the Expression of the Tpsb2 and Tpsg1 Genes in MEDMC-BRC6 Murine Mast Cells
To determine whether or not the −72.8 kb region contributes to the Tpsb2 and Tpsg1 gene expression, this region was deleted using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in MEDMC-BRC6 (BRC6) murine mast cells [23]. qRT-PCR analyses showed that transcripts from Tpsb2 and Tpsg1 were significantly decreased in the GATA1 or GATA2 knockdown cells ( Figure 5A) and increased in the cells transfected with an expression plasmid encoding either GATA1 or GATA2 cDNA ( Figure  5B). These results suggest that the expression of these genes was dependent on the GATA factors in BRC6 cells, as observed in BMMCs.  To determine whether or not the −72.8 kb region contributes to the Tpsb2 and Tpsg1 gene expression, this region was deleted using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in MEDMC-BRC6 (BRC6) murine mast cells [23]. qRT-PCR analyses showed that transcripts from Tpsb2 and Tpsg1 were significantly decreased in the GATA1 or GATA2 knockdown cells ( Figure 5A) and increased in the cells transfected with an expression plasmid encoding either GATA1 or GATA2 cDNA ( Figure 5B). These results suggest that the expression of these genes was dependent on the GATA factors in BRC6 cells, as observed in BMMCs.
Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, the −72.8 kb region was deleted and replaced with a homologously recombined PGK-gb2-neo gene cassette. As a result, we obtained 6 homozygous clones (∆−72.8 kb) that were used for the qRT-PCR analysis ( Figure 5C). The G418 resistant clones in the absence of the −72.8 kb deletion were examined as wild-type controls. The GATA1 and GATA2 mRNA levels were unaffected by the −72.8 kb deletion. Notably, both the Tpsb2 and Tpsg1 transcript levels were significantly reduced in the ∆−72.8 kb clones. In contrast, the −72.8 kb deletion did not markedly affect either the Cpa3 or Mcpt4 transcript levels, denying any non-specific effects on the mast cell phenotype in the ∆−72.8 kb clones. Interestingly, the transcript level of Cacna1h, but not Ube2i, was significantly lower in the ∆−72.8 kb clones than in the wild-type clones, as was observed in the GATA factor knockdown BMMCs ( Figure 5C). Taken together, these data suggest that the −72.8 kb region is required for the expression of far downstream Tpsb2, Tpsg1 and Cacna1h genes, whereas it is dispensable for the upstream Ube2i gene expression. non-specific effects on the mast cell phenotype in the Δ−72.8 kb clones. Interestingly, the transcript level of Cacna1h, but not Ube2i, was significantly lower in the Δ−72.8 kb clones than in the wild-type clones, as was observed in the GATA factor knockdown BMMCs ( Figure 5C). Taken together, these data suggest that the −72.8 kb region is required for the expression of far downstream Tpsb2, Tpsg1 and Cacna1h genes, whereas it is dispensable for the upstream Ube2i gene expression.

GATA1 Regulates the CTCF and Rad21 Binding Activity to the Tryptase Gene Locus
Our data showed that the −72.8 kb region functions as a unidirectional regulatory region for the Tpsb2 and Tpsg1 genes, and the GATA2 binding activity to this region is regulated, at least in part, by GATA1. Based on these findings, we surmised that there might be boundary regions that separate the −72.8 kb region and the upstream Ube2i gene. Because CTCF is often found in the chromatin domain boundaries [24], we utilized a published ChIP-seq dataset for CTCF binding in BMMCs [20] to visualize the CTCF binding peaks at the tryptase gene locus ( Figure 6A). We found three CTCF binding peaks between the −72.8 kb region and the Ube2i gene. Additional CTCF binding peaks were observed at −32.4, −2.4 and +7.6 kb upstream of the Tpsb2 gene.

GATA1 Regulates the CTCF and Rad21 Binding Activity to the Tryptase Gene Locus
Our data showed that the −72.8 kb region functions as a unidirectional regulatory region for the Tpsb2 and Tpsg1 genes, and the GATA2 binding activity to this region is regulated, at least in part, by GATA1. Based on these findings, we surmised that there might be boundary regions that separate the −72.8 kb region and the upstream Ube2i gene. Because CTCF is often found in the chromatin domain boundaries [24], we utilized a published ChIP-seq dataset for CTCF binding in BMMCs [20] to visualize the CTCF binding peaks at the tryptase gene locus ( Figure 6A). We found three CTCF binding peaks between the −72.8 kb region and the Ube2i gene. Additional CTCF binding peaks were observed at −32.4, −2.4 and +7.6 kb upstream of the Tpsb2 gene.
CTCF often shares DNA binding sites with cohesion, and the CTCF/cohesin complex plays central roles for creating the chromatin boundaries and the loop formation [25]. Our ChIP analysis revealed that the −81.3, −75.9 and −2.4 kb regions ( Figure 6A) are bound by both CTCF and the cohesion subunit Rad21 in BMMCs ( Figure 6B,C). Surprisingly, the CTCF binding activities at the −81.3, −75.9 and −2.4 kb regions were significantly decreased in the GATA1, but not GATA2, knockout BMMCs ( Figure 6B). The Rad21 binding activity to the −81.3 and −75.9 regions was also reduced by GATA1, but not GATA2, ablation, although the reduction at the −2.4 kb region was unaffected in both mice. In summary, these results suggest that GATA1, but not GATA2, can facilitate the CTCF/Rad21 binding to the 5 -boundary regions of the tryptase locus. −81.3, −75.9 and −2.4 kb regions were significantly decreased in the GATA1, but not GATA2, knockout BMMCs ( Figure 6B). The Rad21 binding activity to the −81.3 and −75.9 regions was also reduced by GATA1, but not GATA2, ablation, although the reduction at the −2.4 kb region was unaffected in both mice. In summary, these results suggest that GATA1, but not GATA2, can facilitate the CTCF/Rad21 binding to the 5′-boundary regions of the tryptase locus.  The results were obtained from four independent assays. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; n.s., not significant. n = 4.

Discussion
In the present study, we investigated the regulation of mouse tryptase gene expression by GATA factors. Our data suggest that the genes encoding mast cell tryptase on mouse chromosome 17A3.3 are coordinately regulated by GATA factors. Within the mouse tryptase gene locus spanning approximately 75 kb, only two genes (Tpsb2 and Tpsg1) were found to be expressed in the BMMCs of C57BL/6 mice. These genes reside next to each other in the 3 -end of the locus. To our surprise, deletion of the −72.8 kb region that resides in the 5 -end of the locus severely affected the expression of Tpsb2 and Tpsg1 genes. The −72.8 kb region contains seven classical GATA recognition sequences, (A/T)GATAA, and two of them match the chromatin occupancy sequence for GATA1, (C/G)(A/T)GATAA(G/A/C)(G/A/C), that was reported in previous ChIP-seq studies [26][27][28]. Of note, deletion of this region affected the expression of the 3 -neighboring Cacna1h gene but not the 5 -neighboring Ube2i gene. Similar results were also obtained in BMMCs treated with either GATA1 or GATA2 siRNA. The expression of the Ube2i gene encoding the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 is not mast cell-specific, and its transcript is detected in a variety of tissues [29]. Taken together, these results suggest a possibility that the gene regulatory function of the −72.8 kb region is dependent on the GATA factors and is unidirectional. Further studies that evaluate the expression of other neighboring genes are needed for understanding the function of the −72.8 kb region.
Recently, a chromosome conformation capture (3C) assay and related Hi-C technique reveal that the three-dimensional structure of chromosomes is dynamically regulated, depending on the cell type, stage of development and extracellular condition [30,31]. Eukaryotic chromatin is organized into compartments composed of topologically associating domains (TADs) that are further divided into smaller units termed subTADs [32][33][34][35]. TADs and subTADs are critical chromosome structural domains in the regulation of the long-range gene expression. CTCF and cohesion have been shown to play crucial roles in the formation of TADs and subTADs, and their binding sites are often found at the boundary region of TADs [24]. In the mouse tryptase locus, three binding peaks of CTCF residing between the Ube2i gene and the −72.8 kb region were found by the ChIP-seq data, and two of them were bound by CTCF and Rad21 in our ChIP analyses. Considering the unidirectional effect of the −72.8 kb region, we speculate that these regions might function as a barrier to prevent the GATA factor-dependent, mast cell-specific gene activation of the Ube2i gene. The 3C and Hi-C analyses in combination with deletion of the CTCF or GATA factor binding regions may help clarify the 3D chromosome architecture of the tryptase locus. In addition, whether or not the −72.8 kb region resides in close proximity to the Tpsb2 and Tpsg1 promoters due to chromatin looping should be clarified.
Our data indicate that GATA1 plays specific roles that cannot be compensated for by GATA2 in the regulation of mast cell tryptase genes. The ChIP analyses showed that GATA1 ablation significantly reduced the GATA2 binding to the distal −72.8 kb region. Given that deletion of the −72.8 kb region affects the expression of Tpsb2 and Tpsg1, GATA1 might be required for the GATA2-mediated activation of the −72.8 kb region. Notably, ablation of GATA1, but not GATA2, affected the CTCF and Rad21 binding to the −81.3 and −75.9 kb regions. Thus, it is possible that GATA1 facilitates the recruitment of CTCF and cohesin to the 5 -region of the tryptase locus and thereby promotes the formation of active chromatin structure. Interestingly, GATA2 ablation attenuated the GATA1 binding to the proximal −1.1 kb region, whereas the binding to the −72.8 kb was not affected. Thus, GATA2 might have a dominant role in activating the Tpsb2 and Tpsg1 promoters.
In erythroid and megakaryocytic cells, the genome-wide DNA binding of GATA1 and GATA2 has been comprehensively studied by ChIP-seq analyses [26][27][28]36,37]. These studies showed that numerous cell type-specific genes were commonly regulated by both factors. Although these studies defined several unique target genes of either GATA1 or GATA2, the difference between the overlapping and specific target gene regulation has not been clearly defined. GATA1 and its cofactor FOG-1 were shown to be required for looping the β-globin locus control region to the active β-globin promoter [38]. Subsequently, several factors that interact with GATA1, such as Ldb1 [39], BRG1 [40] and SCL/TAL1 [41], have shown to play crucial roles for the chromatin looping formation. These findings suggest that GATA1 might interact with a specific partner to promote the formation of active chromatin structure in mast cells. Further investigations will be needed in order to define the functional differences between GATA1 and GATA2 in mast cell-specific gene regulation.
An earlier study showed that the expression of tryptase genes in vivo is restricted to a particular cell type or tissue, and each individual gene has a different expression profile [9]. These data seem to be inconsistent with the present data. In this study, we used BMMCs and the mast cell line BRC6, which are not fully differentiated compared to highly differentiated peripheral tissue mast cells. The coordinated gene expression regulation of the entire tryptase locus, that has been shown in this study, might be restricted to immature mast cells. Alternatively, only when the structure of the entire locus is activated can a local gene regulatory system of an individual gene be formed during differentiation. BMMCs can be differentiated to connective tissue-type mast cells by culturing with Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts [42]. This system can be used to determine whether or not the coordinated gene regulation of the tryptase locus is differentiation stage-dependent.

Transfection of Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) or Plasmid DNA
The siRNA duplexes for mouse GATA1 and GATA2 were purchased from Invitrogen. The control siRNA was purchased from Sigma. In the knockdown experiments, BMMCs (2.0 × 106 cells) were transfected with 200 pmol of siRNA by electroporation using an Amaxa Nucleofector (Lonza, Basel, Switzerland). Cells were harvested 24 h after transfection and used for the analyses. In the co-expression experiments shown in Figure 2, we generated MITF-A and MITF-MC cDNAs by PCR and cloned them into a bicistronic expression plasmid pIRES2 DsRed-Express2 Vector (Takara Bio USA, Mountain View, CA, USA). BMMCs (2.0 × 10 6 cells) were transfected with 200 pmol of siRNA and 2.5 µg of plasmid DNA by electroporation, and the cells expressing DsRed were sorted using a FACSJazz cell sorter (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) at 24 h after transfection. In the plasmid transfection experiments shown in Figure 5B, we used the pEF-BOS [45] expression plasmids GATA1 and GATA2 [46], and pmaxGFP vector (Lonza). pEF plasmids (4 µg; GATA1, GATA2, or empty vector) and 1 µg of pmaxGFP were co-transfected into BRC6 cells by electroporation. At 24 h after transfection, GFP-positive cells were sorted using the cell sorter and used for the analyses.

Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR)
Total RNA was isolated from cells using a NucleoSpin RNA II (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany). The reverse transcription reactions were performed using a ReverTra Ace qPCR RT Kit (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed using the Go Taq qPCR Master Mix (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) and an Mx3000P real-time PCR system (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA), as described previously [47]. The results were normalized to the transcript from the polymerase (RNA) II (DNA directed) polypeptide A (Polr2a) gene. The primer sequences used for PCR are shown in Table A1.

Western Blotting
The whole lysates were prepared as previously described (ref). The samples were resolved by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the Western blot analyses were performed as described previously [47]

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing
To delete the −72.8 kb region using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we used two Cas9 expression plasmids: pSpCas9(BB)-2A-GFP (PX458) and pSpCas9(BB)-2A-Puro (PX459) V2.0. These plasmids were a gift from Feng Zhang (Addgene plasmid #48139 and #48138) [48]. Single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) targeting the 5 and 3 end of the −72.8 kb region were designed using CRISPRdirect (https://crispr.dbcls.jp). The sgRNA target sequences were synthesized as DNA oligonucleotides, and a pair of annealed oligonucleotides was inserted into either PX458 or PX459 using the golden gate method. To prepare a targeting vector for homologous recombination, the 5 and 3 homology arms were amplified by PCR. The resulting 5 (1.1 kb) and 3 (1 kb) arms and the PGK-gb2-neo template (Gene Bridges, Heidelberg, Germany) were cloned into a pBluescript KS vector (Agilent Technologies). BRC6 cells were co-transfected with 2 µg each of PX458 and PX459 vectors harboring the 5 and 3 gRNAs, respectively, and 1 µg of the targeting plasmid by electroporation using NEPA21 (Nepa Gene, Chiba, Japan). At 24 h after electroporation, the cells were cultured with 1.0 µg/mL of puromycin for another 24 h, and subsequently, the GFP-positive cells were sorted using a FACSJazz cell sorter into 96-well plates. At 24 h after sorting, G418 was added at a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL, and the cells were cultured for 10 days. The genomic deletion was examined by PCR using genomic DNA isolated with PBND buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 0.1 mg/mL Gelatin, 0.45% NP-40, 0.45% Tween20 and 20 mg/mL Proteinase K). For homozygous deletion mutants, deletion of the −72.8 kb region was further confirmed by DNA sequencing. The sgRNA target sequences and PCR primers used for the arms are shown in Table A3.

Statistical Analyses
Comparisons between two groups were made using Student's t-test. Data are presented as the means ± standard deviation. For all of the analyses, statistical significance was defined as a p-value < 0.05.