Combined Extraction Processes of Lipid from Chlorella vulgaris Microalgae: Microwave Prior to Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Microalgae Cultivation and Harvest
2.2. Treatment Operations
2.2.1. Microwave Pretreatment
2.2.2. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction
2.3. Analytical Procedures and Assessments
2.3.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.3.2. Gas Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Preliminary Study
3.2. Fatty Acid Composition
3.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Operating Conditions | Yield (%) | |
---|---|---|
MW/SC-CO2a | SC-CO2b | |
280 atm/70 °C c | 4.86 ± 0.15 | 3.90 ± 0.12 |
280 atm/40 °C d | 4.73 ± 0.14 | 1.81 ± 0.05 |
200 atm/70 °C e | 2.20 ± 0.07 | - |
Name a | Fatty Acids b | MW/SCCO2 c (mg for 100 mg of oils) | SCCO2 d (mg for 100 mg of oils) |
---|---|---|---|
Lauric acid | C12:0 | 0.084 ± 0.05 | 0.083 ± 0.04 |
Myristic acid | C14:0 | 0.797 ± 0.26 | 0.815 ± 0.20 |
Pentadecylic acid | C15:0 | 0.452 ± 0.12 | 0.454 ± 0.11 |
Palmitic acid | C16:0 | 26.598 ± 1.66 | 23.284 ± 1.71 |
Palmitoleic acid | C16:1 | 1.761 ± 0.07 | 1.779 ± 0.06 |
Palmitolenic acid | C16:2 | 1.011 ± 0.11 | 0.698 ± 0.13 |
Hiragonic acid | C16:3 | 5.532 ± 0.48 | 1.145 ± 0.05 |
Margaric acid | C17:0 | 3.943 ± 0.15 | 3.017 ± 0.14 |
Stearic acid | C18:0 | 2.061 ± 0.17 | 2.211 ± 0.21 |
Oleic acid | C18:1 | 27.296 ± 1.84 | 25.939 ± 1.05 |
Linoleic acid | C18:2 | 10.402 ± 0.22 | 10.013 ± 0.19 |
Linolenic acid | C18:3 | 16.163 ± 0.79 | 12.684 ± 0.64 |
Moroctic acid | C18:4 | 2.106 ± 0.22 | 15.149 ± 0.20 |
Arachidic acid | C20:0 | 0.590 ± 0.11 | 2.239 ± 0.44 |
Behenic acid | C22:0 | 1.204 ± 0.04 | 0.487 ± 0.02 |
∑ SFAs e | 35.729 | 32.590 | |
∑ MUFAs f | 29.057 | 27.718 | |
∑ PUFAs g | 35.214 | 39.689 |
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Dejoye, C.; Vian, M.A.; Lumia, G.; Bouscarle, C.; Charton, F.; Chemat, F. Combined Extraction Processes of Lipid from Chlorella vulgaris Microalgae: Microwave Prior to Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 9332-9341. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12129332
Dejoye C, Vian MA, Lumia G, Bouscarle C, Charton F, Chemat F. Combined Extraction Processes of Lipid from Chlorella vulgaris Microalgae: Microwave Prior to Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2011; 12(12):9332-9341. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12129332
Chicago/Turabian StyleDejoye, Céline, Maryline Abert Vian, Guy Lumia, Christian Bouscarle, Frederic Charton, and Farid Chemat. 2011. "Combined Extraction Processes of Lipid from Chlorella vulgaris Microalgae: Microwave Prior to Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12, no. 12: 9332-9341. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12129332