New Library of Iodo-Quinoline Derivatives Obtained by an Alternative Synthetic Pathway and Their Antimicrobial Activity

6-Iodo-substituted carboxy-quinolines were obtained using a one-pot, three-component method with trifluoroacetic acid as a catalyst under acidic conditions. Iodo-aniline, pyruvic acid and 22 phenyl-substituted aldehydes (we varied the type and number of radicals) or O-heterocycles, resulting in different electronic effects, were the starting components. This approach offers advantages such as rapid response times, cost-effective catalysts, high product yields and efficient purification procedures. A comprehensive investigation was conducted to examine the impact of aldehyde structure on the synthesis pathway. A library of compounds was obtained and characterized by FT-IR, MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy and single-ray crystal diffractometry. Their antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis, K. pneumonie and C. parapsilosis was tested in vitro. The effect of iodo-quinoline derivatives on microbial adhesion, the initial stage of microbial biofilm development, was also investigated. This study suggests that carboxy-quinoline derivatives bearing an iodine atom are interesting scaffolds for the development of novel antimicrobial agents.


Introduction
Since the majority of therapeutic medications are generated from heterocyclic structures, the synthesis of biologically active heterocyclic scaffolds has continuously drawn great interest in medicinal chemistry.This feature was revealed by Vitaku et al. in a remarkable review in 2014 [1], which showed that 85% of FDA-approved small-molecule drugs contain nitrogen, with 59% of them including at least one azaheterocycle.These are very high percentages, far higher than the effect figures previously revealed for fluorine (15%) and sulfur (26%).It is interesting to note that although the average amount of nitrogen atoms per medication for all small-molecule pharmaceuticals is 2.3 N/drug, it is 35% higher for drugs that include a nitrogen heterocycle (3.1 N/drug).In this context, the quinoline nucleus is present in a wide variety of synthetic and natural azaheterocyclic products with intriguing biological characteristics [2].Although quinoline itself possesses few applications, many of its derivatives are useful in a variety of domains, including pharmaceuticals and advanced functional materials, one example being fluorescent probes containing a quinoline-based core [3,4].Quinoline-containing compounds have a well-established pharmacological value, starting with the famous chloroquine, used for decades to control and eradicate malaria.Other currently available drugs containing these privileged moieties are antimalarials (quinine, quinidine, mefloquine, amodiaquine, primaquine and so on), antiviral (saquinavir), antibacterial (fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, gatifloxacin and so on), antifungal-antiprotozoal (clioquinol) or anthelmintic (oxamn and vesnarinone) [5].Since the structural change of a favored moiety with therapeutic ability significantly alters its therapeutic value, the development of novel synthetic medicines based on the quinoline scaffold continues to be an active research topic.
The need to discover novel antimicrobial agents with better properties and fewer side effects is a continuous preoccupation in the medical community.When it comes to different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria species, the majority of quinoline compounds show good antimicrobial action, determined by the substitution of the heterocyclic pyridine ring rather than the aromatic moiety [6]; some examples in this sense are presented in Figure 1.Unfortunately, the widespread overuse of quinoline-based drugs led to an increased occurrence of antimicrobial resistance.As a result, several well-established synthetic techniques for creating novel, appropriately substituted quinoline scaffolds were developed over time: Combes, Skraup, Döbner-Von Miller, Conrad-Limpach, Pfitzinger, Friedländer and Povarov syntheses or the homogeneous metal-catalyzed hetero-annulation of acyclic precursors [7].
pharmaceuticals and advanced functional materials, one example being fluor containing a quinoline-based core [3,4].Quinoline-containing compounds established pharmacological value, starting with the famous chloroquine, use to control and eradicate malaria.Other currently available drugs containing th moieties are antimalarials (quinine, quinidine, mefloquine, amodiaquine, pr so on), antiviral (saquinavir), antibacterial (fluoroquinolones such as sparfloxacin, gatifloxacin and so on), antifungal-antiprotozoal (clioquinol) or (oxamn and vesnarinone) [5].Since the structural change of a favored therapeutic ability significantly alters its therapeutic value, the developm synthetic medicines based on the quinoline scaffold continues to be an active r The need to discover novel antimicrobial agents with better properties a effects is a continuous preoccupation in the medical community.When different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria species, the majority compounds show good antimicrobial action, determined by the substi heterocyclic pyridine ring rather than the aromatic moiety [6]; some example are presented in Figure 1.Unfortunately, the widespread overuse of qu drugs led to an increased occurrence of antimicrobial resistance.As a result established synthetic techniques for creating novel, appropriately substitu scaffolds were developed over time: Combes, Skraup, Döbner-Von Mi Limpach, Pfitzinger, Friedländer and Povarov syntheses or the homoge catalyzed hetero-annulation of acyclic precursors [7].One of the most significant groups of quinoline derivatives is quinoline acids, which are used as active ingredients in commercial antioxidants and of therapeutic uses [8].In order to obtain physiologically active carboxy-q widely used reactions are Doebner synthesis (uses activated substitu aldehydes and pyruvic acid) and Pfitzinger condensation (the reaction of is methylidene carbonyl compounds) [9].These classic synthetic approache limited sources of precursors, harsh reaction conditions, low yields or se difficult operations.Thus, modified approaches of these classical synthes great value, especially if they can be more efficient and easy to operate at a l In light of this, keeping with our quest for physiologically active hybrid molecules [10,11], as part of our concern for microbial active compounds [12 present the synthesis of a library of novel iodine carboxy-quinoline derivati One of the most significant groups of quinoline derivatives is quinoline-4-carboxylic acids, which are used as active ingredients in commercial antioxidants and have a range of therapeutic uses [8].In order to obtain physiologically active carboxy-quinolines, the widely used reactions are Doebner synthesis (uses activated substituted amines, aldehydes and pyruvic acid) and Pfitzinger condensation (the reaction of isatins with α-methylidene carbonyl compounds) [9].These classic synthetic approaches suffer from limited sources of precursors, harsh reaction conditions, low yields or selectivity and difficult operations.Thus, modified approaches of these classical syntheses are still of great value, especially if they can be more efficient and easy to operate at a lower cost.
In light of this, keeping with our quest for physiologically active hybrid heterocyclic molecules [10,11], as part of our concern for microbial active compounds [12][13][14][15], we present the synthesis of a library of novel iodine carboxy-quinoline derivatives as well as the resulting by-products.For this series of compounds, we looked at the influence of the electronic effects of the starting components and structure, and we evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity.

Chemistry
Povidone-iodine is a topical antiseptic medication used for wound therapy and infection prevention.It is a chemical compound of polyvinylpyrrolidone and triiodide [16].Carboxy-quinolines substituted in position 5 with withdrawing radicals are mainly obtained through the Pfitzinger condensation of an appropriate isatin and α-methylidene carbonyl compounds in the presence of potassium hydroxide in aqueous ethanol under reflux followed by neutralization.In our previous study [16], we found that using the Doebner reaction conditions (ethanol, TFA as a catalyst and reflux for 12 h), we obtained pyrrole-2-one derivatives along with a few by-products.In this investigation, we changed the solvent conditions with acetic acid while keeping the other conditions constant.As a result, we successfully obtained quinoline derivatives.In addition to the desired quinoline derivatives, we separated from the reaction mixtures either pyrrole-2-ones, furan derivatives or methyl carboxy-quinoline as the major product, as presented in Figure 2. Based on these findings, we concluded that the main factors influencing the reaction pathways were the electronic effects and position of substituents in the starting aldehydes [17].
Molecules 2024, 29, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 24 present the synthesis of a library of novel iodine carboxy-quinoline derivatives as well as the resulting by-products.For this series of compounds, we looked at the influence of the electronic effects of the starting components and structure, and we evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity.

Chemistry
Povidone-iodine is a topical antiseptic medication used for wound therapy and infection prevention.It is a chemical compound of polyvinylpyrrolidone and triiodide [16].Carboxyquinolines substituted in position 5 with withdrawing radicals are mainly obtained through the Pfitzinger condensation of an appropriate isatin and α-methylidene carbonyl compounds in the presence of potassium hydroxide in aqueous ethanol under reflux followed by neutralization.In our previous study [16], we found that using the Doebner reaction conditions (ethanol, TFA as a catalyst and reflux for 12 h), we obtained pyrrole-2-one derivatives along with a few by-products.In this investigation, we changed the solvent conditions with acetic acid while keeping the other conditions constant.As a result, we successfully obtained quinoline derivatives.In addition to the desired quinoline derivatives, we separated from the reaction mixtures either pyrrole-2-ones, furan derivatives or methyl carboxy-quinoline as the major product, as presented in Figure 2. Based on these findings, we concluded that the main factors influencing the reaction pathways were the electronic effects and position of substituents in the starting aldehydes [17].Therefore, in the presence of an electron-withdrawing group at the para position of the aldehyde reactant (1c, d, f), the main product generated is carboxy-quinolines (4a-f), along with 6f or/and 8c, d, f as by-products.These additional structures are formed when the substituents are strongly deactivating, such as halogen and cyan groups.By Therefore, in the presence of an electron-withdrawing group at the para position of the aldehyde reactant (1c, d, f), the main product generated is carboxy-quinolines (4a-f), along with 6f or/and 8c, d, f as by-products.These additional structures are formed when the substituents are strongly deactivating, such as halogen and cyan groups.
By introducing an additional electron-withdrawing group and repositioning them to the meta, meta' locations, the pyrrole-2-one derivative 6g was exclusively obtained.Moving to the electron-donating group (weakly activating in the case of aldehydes 1v and 1x), we separated the same pyrrole-2-one derivatives (6v and 6x).In the case of the strongly activating electron-donating group, we obtained different results depending on the position and/or combination of substituents.Therefore, carboxy-quinolines were produced when the methoxy group was the lone substituent in the para position (4k) or when the para position was occupied by the hydroxy or methoxy group and the meta position was occupied by the hydroxy group (4s).When a sterically hindered group was used such as butoxy that occupied the para position, a pyrrole-2-one derivative and a quinoline methyl substituted as a secondary product were formed.Once the 1m reactant, containing two methoxy groups, was applied in the reaction, we did not achieve the intended formation of quinoline, but instead, the pyrrole derivative 6m was produced.When the number of methoxy substituents in the aldehyde reactant is increased to 3 (1n), it leads to carboxy-quinoline derivatives (5n) containing an ethylenic bridge between the quinolinic and aldehyde cores.Similar compounds (5o, 5p, 5r) were formed when the initial aldehyde had two substituents.During a particular experiment, the replacement of the para group with a hydroxyl group, which is a powerful electron donor, led to the formation of a derivative of the same type (5h).For oxygen heterocycle aldehydes 1t and 1u, we noticed that the inclusion of a phenyl core led to the stability of the structure, resulting in the formation of 4t quinoline.Specifically, derivative 1u mostly produced the chemical pyrrole-2-one 6u.A schematic representation of the electronic effect on the final compound's formation is presented in Figure 3, and a detailed table with the obtained products and by-products is presented in Table 1.
Molecules 2024, 29, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 24 introducing an additional electron-withdrawing group and repositioning them to the meta, meta' locations, the pyrrole-2-one derivative 6g was exclusively obtained.Moving to the electron-donating group (weakly activating in the case of aldehydes 1v and 1x), we separated the same pyrrole-2-one derivatives (6v and 6x).In the case of the strongly activating electron-donating group, we obtained different results depending on the position and/or combination of substituents.Therefore, carboxy-quinolines were produced when the methoxy group was the lone substituent in the para position (4k) or when the para position was occupied by the hydroxy or methoxy group and the meta position was occupied by the hydroxy group (4s).When a sterically hindered group was used such as butoxy that occupied the para position, a pyrrole-2-one derivative and a quinoline methyl substituted as a secondary product were formed.Once the 1m reactant, containing two methoxy groups, was applied in the reaction, we did not achieve the intended formation of quinoline, but instead, the pyrrole derivative 6m was produced.
When the number of methoxy substituents in the aldehyde reactant is increased to 3 (1n), it leads to carboxy-quinoline derivatives (5n) containing an ethylenic bridge between the quinolinic and aldehyde cores.Similar compounds (5o, 5p, 5r) were formed when the initial aldehyde had two substituents.During a particular experiment, the replacement of the para group with a hydroxyl group, which is a powerful electron donor, led to the formation of a derivative of the same type (5h).For oxygen heterocycle aldehydes 1t and 1u, we noticed that the inclusion of a phenyl core led to the stability of the structure, resulting in the formation of 4t quinoline.Specifically, derivative 1u mostly produced the chemical pyrrole-2-one 6u.A schematic representation of the electronic effect on the final compound's formation is presented in Figure 3, and a detailed table with the obtained products and by-products is presented in Table 1.The structures of the newly synthesized compounds have been established by employing spectral (NMR, IR) mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction studies (details are presented in the Section 3 and Figures S1-S10 from the Supplementary Information).
Details on proton and proton-carbon spin systems were acquired using homo-and heteronuclear bidimensional correlation experiments such as H, H-COSY, H,C-HSQC and H,C-HMBC.In the 1 H-NMR spectra, the formation of the carboxy-quinoline core is indicated by the presence of four signals within the range of 7.80-9.20 ppm, with splitting patterns dependent on the proton-proton scalar couplings: doublet at 7.90 ppm, doublet of doublets at 8.10 ppm, singlet at 8.50 ppm and another doublet at 9.14 ppm.The proton of the carboxylic group presents a very broad resonance signal centered at around 14 ppm.Quinoline's aromatic substituent has proton resonance signals in the same region, their number and multiplicity being determined by the structure of the starting benzaldehyde.Thus, the presence of para-substituted benzaldehyde moieties in the reaction products 4b-f and 4k are recognized after the two doublets with a roof-effect pattern, whereas the moieties of disubstituted benzaldehydes have resonance signals as two doublets with 2 and 8 Hz coupling constants and a doublet of doublets (4i and 4s).In the case of fluorine-substituted benzaldehyde moieties (4b), the additional proton-fluorine couplings alter the splitting pattern, generating a triplet and a doublet of doublets.The ethylenic bridge identified in quinoline derivative 5 was deduced from the presence in the proton spectra of two doublets with 16 Hz coupling constants, resonating in the interval 7.30-8.15ppm.Both the coupling constants and chemical shift values are in agreement with this proposed vinylic group, indicating a trans proton configuration.The corresponding carbon atoms were identified in the 120-130 ppm interval in 13 C-NMR spectra, where double-bond carbon atoms usually resonate.Three-bond proton-carbon correlations identified in the HMBC spectrum support the covalent link of the ethylenic group with carboxy-quinoline and benzaldehyde cores.Both vinylic protons present correlation signals in the long-range HMBC spectrum with either quinoline's CH-3 or benzaldehyde's C-14 carbon atoms, as exemplified in Supporting Information Figure S4 for derivative 5o.
The formation of side products with pyrrole-2-one (6) or furan-2-one (8) cores was readily seen in the proton NMR spectra.In the case of these derivatives, the carboxyquinoline characteristic 1 H-NMR pattern was replaced by two doublets with 3 Hz coupling constants, resonating at around 6.0-7.0 ppm, previously assigned by us as fast NMR indicators for the formation of pyrrole-2-one or furan-2-one cores [17].The rest of the proton signals present in the spectra of side products were also in good agreement with our previous NMR description of a series of iodo-dihydro-pyrrole-2-one derivatives [17].
The presence in the proton spectra of a carboxy-quinoline NMR pattern, with a new singlet at 2.70 ppm in the absence of benzaldehyde characteristic signals, clearly indicated a carboxy-quinoline substituted only with methyl, as exemplified in Figure S5 from the Supporting Information for compound 7.
The unambiguous proton and carbon signal assignments for all new compounds, obtained from bidimensional correlation experiments, are presented in the Section 3.
The IR spectra of the obtained compounds show absorption bands specific for both aromatic and aliphatic C-H bonds, indicating the presence of the N-heterocycles (Section 3 and Figures S1-S10 from Supporting Information).The bands above 3300 cm −1 can be attributed to NH bonds and OH groups depending on the structure of the molecule being studied, while the bands related to C-N stretching bonds are in the range of 1335-1240 cm −1 and the bands specific to the absorption of ketone carbonyl groups are in the range of 1700-1650 cm −1 .All the other observed bands are in good agreement with the proposed structure [17].
The interaction between iodo-aniline, aldehyde derivatives and pyruvic acid with the formation of compounds 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 was also confirmed by MALDI-MS analysis (Section 3 and Figures S1-S10 from Supporting Information).Only positive ions were studied because the molecular ion only forms in the positive mode.By using the aforementioned method, we were able to achieve strong correlations between estimated mass and measured mass for each molecule, confirming all posited structures.
The structure and chemical composition of compounds 4b, c, d and e were also confirmed by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method (full information can be found in Tables S1-S5 from the Supporting Information).Accordingly, it was demonstrated that the compounds have a molecular crystal structure comprising neutral units, as illustrated in Figure 4 (4d (a), 4e (b), 4b (c) and 4c (d)).It is to be noted that compounds 4c and 4d, which crystallize in the P21/n space group with very close unit cell parameters, are essentially planar, while for 4b and 4e, the phenyl and quinoline nuclei are rotated by 20.9(2) • and 22.5(1) • , respectively.This is caused not by the presence of steric effects but due to the peculiarities of the crystal structure packing.Further analysis has shown that the crystal packing of 4c and 4d is also similar, being driven by the presence of C-H•••O, π-π stacking and halogen intermolecular contacts, which is illustrated in Figure S6.
Molecules 2024, 29, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 24 The unambiguous proton and carbon signal assignments for all new compounds, obtained from bidimensional correlation experiments, are presented in the Section 3.
The IR spectra of the obtained compounds show absorption bands specific for both aromatic and aliphatic C-H bonds, indicating the presence of the N-heterocycles (Section 3 and Figures S1-S10 from Supporting Information).The bands above 3300 cm −1 can be attributed to NH bonds and OH groups depending on the structure of the molecule being studied, while the bands related to C-N stretching bonds are in the range of 1335-1240 cm −1 and the bands specific to the absorption of ketone carbonyl groups are in the range of 1700-1650 cm −1 .All the other observed bands are in good agreement with the proposed structure [17].
The interaction between iodo-aniline, aldehyde derivatives and pyruvic acid with the formation of compounds 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 was also confirmed by MALDI-MS analysis (Section 3 and Figures S1-S10 from Supporting Information).Only positive ions were studied because the molecular ion only forms in the positive mode.By using the aforementioned method, we were able to achieve strong correlations between estimated mass and measured mass for each molecule, confirming all posited structures.
The structure and chemical composition of compounds 4b, c, d and e were also confirmed by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method (full information can be found in Tables S1-S5 from the Supporting Information).Accordingly, it was demonstrated that the compounds have a molecular crystal structure comprising neutral units, as illustrated in Figure 4 (4d (a), 4e (b), 4b (c) and 4c (d)).It is to be noted that compounds 4c and 4d, which crystallize in the P21/n space group with very close unit cell parameters, are essentially planar, while for 4b and 4e, the phenyl and quinoline nuclei are rotated by 20.9(2)° and 22.5(1)°, respectively.This is caused not by the presence of steric effects but due to the peculiarities of the crystal structure packing.Further analysis has shown that the crystal packing of 4c and 4d is also similar, being driven by the presence of C-H•••O, π-π stacking and halogen intermolecular contacts, which is illustrated in Figure S6.In the crystals of 4b and 4c, the asymmetric units are assembled to form a dense threedimensional supramolecular network.As an example, a view of the crystal packing along the b-axis for 4d is shown in Figure S7.The results of the X-ray diffraction study for compounds 4b and 4e are shown in Figure S8.It is to be noted that, as a whole, the system of intermolecular interactions in crystals 4e and 4b resembles well that observed for the In the crystals of 4b and 4c, the asymmetric units are assembled to form a dense three-dimensional supramolecular network.As an example, a view of the crystal packing along the b-axis for 4d is shown in Figure S7.The results of the X-ray diffraction study for compounds 4b and 4e are shown in Figure S8.It is to be noted that, as a whole, the system of intermolecular interactions in crystals 4e and 4b resembles well that observed for the above-mentioned 4d and 4c.As a result, the crystal structure of 4e and 4b is also characterized as a 3D supramolecular architecture, as depicted in Figure S9.
Important data about purity are revealed by powder X-ray diffraction pattern (PXRD) analysis of the produced substances.The PXRD of the synthesized compounds 4d and 4e are shown in Figure 5 and for compounds 4b and 4c in Figure S10.The diffraction peaks of the synthesized compounds are in good agreement with the simulated data.
Molecules 2024, 29, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 24 above-mentioned 4d and 4c.As a result, the crystal structure of 4e and 4b is also characterized as a 3D supramolecular architecture, as depicted in Figure S9.Important data about purity are revealed by powder X-ray diffraction pattern (PXRD) analysis of the produced substances.The PXRD of the synthesized compounds 4d and 4e are shown in Figure 5 and for compounds 4b and 4c in Figure S10.The diffraction peaks of the synthesized compounds are in good agreement with the simulated data.

Antimicrobial Activity
The most commonly used quinolones (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, oxofloxacin and levofloxacin) contain in their chemical structures, in addition to a quinolone center, a carboxyl group and a fluorine atom in position 5.In this study, we kept the carboxyl group in our structures and replaced fluorine with iodine (in the same position) in order to obtain better antimicrobial properties, as iodine insertion in organic molecules increases the antimicrobial activity against S. aureus [18][19][20].
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined by the binary microdilution method.The results of the iodo-quinoline derivatives were compared with the basic structure and the solvent used (Table 2).Based on the information provided in Table 1, all compounds exhibited antibacterial effects against S. epidermidis, had no effect on K. pneumoniae and showed varying degrees of antifungal activity against C. parapsilosis.It is evident that the compounds exhibit varying levels of antibacterial and antifungal action based on the radicals linked to the basic structure.
In order to evaluate the antimicrobial activity improvement, the statistical analysis was carried out following the general structure, and the IC50 (percent inhibition is 50%) was determined for each variant (Figure 6).Therefore, the pattern of antimicrobial activity based on the IC50 against Gram-positive bacteria (S. epidermidis, Figure 6) may be observed as follows: in the quinoline series, the order of compounds from higher to lowest reactivity is 4d > 4c > 4e > 4t > 4b > 4s > 4f > 7 > 4a > 4i > DMSO and in styryl quinoline series is 5r > 5p > 5o > DMSO.The presence of the -C6H4Br group in the basic structure exhibited the highest level of activity towards the basic one, whereas the presence of the -C6H4Cl group in the same initial structure showed a somewhat lower level of activity.The initial structure (7) and the basic one (4a) exhibit notably higher efficiency against S. epidermidis than DMSO.Derivatives from the basic structure (4a) show significantly higher activity compared to the 5o, 5p and 5r variants.

Antimicrobial Activity
The most commonly used quinolones (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, oxofloxacin and levofloxacin) contain in their chemical structures, in addition to a quinolone center, a carboxyl group and a fluorine atom in position 5.In this study, we kept the carboxyl group in our structures and replaced fluorine with iodine (in the same position) in order to obtain better antimicrobial properties, as iodine insertion in organic molecules increases the antimicrobial activity against S. aureus [18][19][20].
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined by the binary microdilution method.The results of the iodo-quinoline derivatives were compared with the basic structure and the solvent used (Table 2).Based on the information provided in Table 1, all compounds exhibited antibacterial effects against S. epidermidis, had no effect on K. pneumoniae and showed varying degrees of antifungal activity against C. parapsilosis.It is evident that the compounds exhibit varying levels of antibacterial and antifungal action based on the radicals linked to the basic structure.
Table 2. Antimicrobial activity is expressed as MIC (mg/mL), MBC (mg/mL) and MBEC-(mg/mL).In order to evaluate the antimicrobial activity improvement, the statistical analysis was carried out following the general structure, and the IC50 (percent inhibition is 50%) was determined for each variant (Figure 6).Therefore, the pattern of antimicrobial activity based on the IC50 against Gram-positive bacteria (S. epidermidis, Figure 6) may be observed as follows: in the quinoline series, the order of compounds from higher to lowest reactivity is 4d

MIC
The presence of the -C 6 H 4 Br group in the basic structure exhibited the highest level of activity towards the basic one, whereas the presence of the -C 6 H 4 Cl group in the same initial structure showed a somewhat lower level of activity.The initial structure ( 7) and the basic one (4a) exhibit notably higher efficiency against S. epidermidis than DMSO.Derivatives from the basic structure (4a) show significantly higher activity compared to the 5o, 5p and 5r variants.
Regarding Gram-negative bacteria such as K. pneumoniae, it can be concluded that the MIC values are determined by DMSO (Table 2).In some cases, DMSO even enhanced cell proliferation (4e and 4a), resulting in higher values compared to those attributed to the solvent.Analyzing the IC50 values (Figure 6), it is evident that the basic structure exhibited a substantially lower IC50 value in comparison to the majority of the derivatives.This observation indicates that the antibacterial effectiveness of quinoline derivatives was ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria, perhaps due to the distinctive outer membrane of these cells.Resistance may arise due to mutations in porins or other constituents, alterations in the hydrophobic nature of the outer membrane or other modifications induced in Gram-negative bacteria.Gram-negative bacteria exhibit greater resistance compared to Gram-positive bacteria due to the absence of a critical membrane in Gram-positive bacteria [21].The pattern of antibiotic efficacy against K. pneumoniae, as measured by IC50, was as follows: for the quinoline series, it is 4a > 4s > 4b > 4i > 7 > 4f > 4t > DMSO > 4d > 4e > 4c, and for the styryl quinoline series, it is 5r > DMSO > 5o > 5p.By comparing the IC50, it can be seen that the IC50 value for the basic structure was significantly lower compared to most of the derivatives.This aspect suggests that the antibacterial activity of quinoline derivatives was not active on Gram-negative bacteria, probably due to the specific outer membrane of these cells.Resistance can result from mutations in porins or other components, changes in the hydrophobicity of the outer membrane or other modifications triggered in Gram-negative bacteria.Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant than Grampositive bacteria because Gram-positive bacteria lack this crucial membrane [22].The trend of antimicrobial activity against K. pneumoniae, according to IC50, was as follows: 4a > 4s > 4b > 4i > 7 > 4f > 4t > DMSO > 4d > 4e > 4c for quinoline series and 5r> DMSO > 5o > 5p for styryl quinoline series.
The antifungal activity against the fungus C. parapsilosis (Figure 6), as measured by IC50, showed no significant variations between the derivatives and the original compound.The antifungal activity exhibited a significant difference compared to the solvent control (p < 0.0001, except for 4i (p > 0.05)).The trend observed for the quinoline series was 4d > 4c > 4a > 4e > 4t > 7 > 4f > 4s > DMSO > 4i, and for the styryl quinoline series, it was 5s > 5p > DMSO > 5r.Regarding Gram-negative bacteria such as K. pneumoniae, it can be concluded that the MIC values are determined by DMSO (Table 2).In some cases, DMSO even enhanced cell proliferation (4e and 4a), resulting in higher values compared to those attributed to the solvent.Analyzing the IC50 values (Figure 6), it is evident that the basic structure exhibited a substantially lower IC50 value in comparison to the majority of the derivatives.This observation indicates that the antibacterial effectiveness of quinoline derivatives was ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria, perhaps due to the distinctive outer membrane of these cells.Resistance may arise due to mutations in porins or other constituents, alterations in the hydrophobic nature of the outer membrane or other modifications induced in Gram-negative bacteria.Gram-negative bacteria exhibit greater resistance compared to Gram-positive bacteria due to the absence of a critical membrane in Grampositive bacteria [21].The pattern of antibiotic efficacy against K. pneumoniae, as measured by IC50, was as follows: for the quinoline series, it is 4a > 4s > 4b > 4i > 7 > 4f > 4t > DMSO > 4d > 4e > 4c, and for the styryl quinoline series, it is 5r > DMSO > 5o > 5p.By comparing the IC50, it can be seen that the IC50 value for the basic structure was significantly lower compared to most of the derivatives.This aspect suggests that the antibacterial activity of quinoline derivatives was not active on Gram-negative bacteria, probably due to the specific outer membrane of these cells.Resistance can result from mutations in porins or other components, changes in the hydrophobicity of the outer membrane or other modifications triggered in Gram-negative bacteria.Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant than Gram-positive bacteria because Gram-positive bacteria lack this crucial The compounds that presented an MBC value lower than the solvent were considered active.The MBC value is usually greater than or equal to the MIC value.From Table 2, it can be seen that in the case of S. epidermidis, the variants 4d, 4a, 4b, 4e, 4f, 4c, 4t and 7 have a better microbicidal effect than the solvent used, the most active being 4s, 4c, 4e and 4d.In acute wounds, S. epidermidis is the most common strain [23].Furthermore, S. epidermidis is not just a skin contaminant; its peptides contribute to the growth of pathogenic bacteria and might be a source of genes that confer antibiotic resistance [21].Gram-negative bacteria were more frequently identified from chronic wounds than Gram-positive bacteria [24].It is advised to utilize these compounds as active principles for formulations intended to treat acute wounds because they do not exhibit bactericidal action on Gram-negative bacteria, like the K. pneumoniae strain.According to Dowd et al. [25], the two most common species of yeast found in wounds were C. albicans and C. parapsilosis.We evaluated only the C. parapsilosis strain in this investigation to compare the antifungal activity of all iodoquinoline derivatives.Table 2 reveals that only the variants 4c, 4s and 4t have a fungicidal impact against C. parapsilosis; the rest of the compounds' action is given by DMSO unless they have only fungistatic activity.
Self-preservation has evolved in all microbes through parasitic connections in the form of biofilms.Biofilms are made up of a complex protective glycocalyx that bacterial colonies generate to defend themselves from host defense and antimicrobial treatment [26].Biofilms are found in chronic and acute wounds, where they provide a risk of delayed infection.This process can also induce persistent and recurring skin infections [27].
The development of novel compounds capable of inhibiting biofilm formation might be one of the solutions to both the rise in antibiotic resistance and the development of hardto-heal wounds [28].In this regard, the effect of iodo-quinoline derivatives on microbial adhesion, the initial stage of microbial biofilm development, was investigated.The values of the minimum inhibitory concentrations for microbial adhesion (MICMA) obtained are shown in Table 2. Compounds with MBEC values less than MIC are deemed active on microbial adhesion.The majority of the substances prevent the adherence of S. epidermidis cells.The compounds with greater activity related to both the basic structure (4a) and DMSO include 4d, 4t, 4e and 4c, while the active derivative from the 7 structure was only the 5r variant.In the case of the 4a base structure, a decrease in microbial adherence was also seen for the K. pneumoniae strain.The compounds with greater activity against C. parapsilosis cell adherence related to both the basic structures (4a and 7) and DMSO include 4d, 4t and 4c.A structure-antimicrobial efficiency diagram is presented in Figure 7.
intended to treat acute wounds because they do not exhibit bactericidal action on Gramnegative bacteria, like the K. pneumoniae strain.According to Dowd et al. [25], the two most common species of yeast found in wounds were C. albicans and C. parapsilosis.We evaluated only the C. parapsilosis strain in this investigation to compare the antifungal activity of all iodo-quinoline derivatives.Table 2 reveals that only the variants 4c, 4s and 4t have a fungicidal impact against C. parapsilosis; the rest of the compounds' action is given by DMSO unless they have only fungistatic activity.
Self-preservation has evolved in all microbes through parasitic connections in the form of biofilms.Biofilms are made up of a complex protective glycocalyx that bacterial colonies generate to defend themselves from host defense and antimicrobial treatment [26].Biofilms are found in chronic and acute wounds, where they provide a risk of delayed infection.This process can also induce persistent and recurring skin infections [27].
The development of novel compounds capable of inhibiting biofilm formation might be one of the solutions to both the rise in antibiotic resistance and the development of hard-to-heal wounds [28].In this regard, the effect of iodo-quinoline derivatives on microbial adhesion, the initial stage of microbial biofilm development, was investigated.The values of the minimum inhibitory concentrations for microbial adhesion (MICMA) obtained are shown in Table 2. Compounds with MBEC values less than MIC are deemed active on microbial adhesion.The majority of the substances prevent the adherence of S. epidermidis cells.The compounds with greater activity related to both the basic structure (4a) and DMSO include 4d, 4t, 4e and 4c, while the active derivative from the 7 structure was only the 5r variant.In the case of the 4a base structure, a decrease in microbial adherence was also seen for the K. pneumoniae strain.The compounds with greater activity against C. parapsilosis cell adherence related to both the basic structures (4a and 7) and DMSO include 4d, 4t and 4c.A structure-antimicrobial efficiency diagram is presented in Figure 7.

Materials and Methods
Analytical thin-layer chromatography was performed with commercial silica gel plates 60 F254 (Merck Darmstadt, Germany) and visualized with UV light (λmax = 254 or 365 nm).
The 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra recorded for this study were obtained for solutions in DMSO-d6 at 298 K on Bruker Avance NEO 400 and 600 MHz spectrometers, equipped with a 5 mm four nuclei direct detection z-gradient probe (H,C,F,Si-QNP) and 5 mm inverse detection multinuclear z-gradient probe, respectively, with solvent peaks as reference.All chemical shifts were reported in ppm (δ), and coupling constants (J) were

Materials and Methods
Analytical thin-layer chromatography was performed with commercial silica gel plates 60 F 254 (Merck Darmstadt, Germany) and visualized with UV light (λ max = 254 or 365 nm).
The 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra recorded for this study were obtained for solutions in DMSO-d6 at 298 K on Bruker Avance NEO 400 and 600 MHz spectrometers, equipped with a 5 mm four nuclei direct detection z-gradient probe (H,C,F,Si-QNP) and 5 mm inverse detection multinuclear z-gradient probe, respectively, with solvent peaks as reference.All chemical shifts were reported in ppm (δ), and coupling constants (J) were reported in Hertz (Hz).All the assignments were confirmed by information from proton-proton and proton-carbon two-dimensional NMR correlation experiments (COSY, HSQC and HMBC).
IR spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu IRTracer-100 instrument (Shimadzu U.S.A. Manufacturing, Inc., Canby, OR, USA).The melting point of the compounds was measured on MEL-TEMP capillary melting point apparatus from ambient temperature up to 400 • C. All commercially available products were used without further purification unless otherwise specified.
Mass spectra were acquired on a Bruker RapifleX MALDI-TOF/TOF (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) equipped with a Smartbeam 3D laser.The FlexControl Version 4.0 and FlexAnalysis Version 4.0 software (Bruker, Bremen, Germany) were used to control the instrument and process the MS spectra.
The samples were initially dissolved in DMSO and subsequently diluted 10-fold in methanol.For the MALDI matrix solutions, 20 mg of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCCA) was dissolved in 1 mL of methanol.Subsequently, the MALDI matrix solution and the sample solution were mixed in a 2:1 ratio, and finally, 1 µL from each resulting solution was deposited onto the MALDI target and dried at room temperature prior to MALDI-MS analysis.Mass calibration of MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS was carried out using the peptide mixture standard solution (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany).FlexControl 4.0 was used to optimize and acquire data using the following parameters: positive ion polarity in reflector mode, mass scan range m/z 100-1600 Da), digitizer 1.25 GHz, detector voltage 2117 V, 1000 shots per pixel and 5 kHz laser frequency.The laser power was set at 60% to 80% of the maximum and 1000 laser shots were accumulated for each spectrum.Aldehydes 1a-v (1 mmol) were solubilized in a minimum amount of acetic acid.A mixture containing pyruvic acid (1,5 mmoli) and TFA (20 µL) as a catalyst was then added to acetic acid and stirred for 10 min.Finally, iodo-aniline (1 mmol) was dissolved in a minimum amount of acetic acid and added and the resulting mixture was left to reflux for 12 h.The required products were obtained by filtering out the resulting suspension and washing the solid with ethanol.Dichloromethane and ethanol were used to facilitate recrystallization.
to 400 °C.All commercially available products were used without further purification unless otherwise specified.
Mass spectra were acquired on a Bruker RapifleX MALDI-TOF/TOF (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) equipped with a Smartbeam 3D laser.The FlexControl Version 4.0 and FlexAnalysis Version 4.0 software (Bruker, Bremen, Germany) were used to control the instrument and process the MS spectra.
The samples were initially dissolved in DMSO and subsequently diluted 10-fold in methanol.For the MALDI matrix solutions, 20 mg of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCCA) was dissolved in 1 mL of methanol.Subsequently, the MALDI matrix solution and the sample solution were mixed in a 2:1 ratio, and finally, 1 µL from each resulting solution was deposited onto the MALDI target and dried at room temperature prior to MALDI-MS analysis.Mass calibration of MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS was carried out using the peptide mixture standard solution (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany).
FlexControl 4.0 was used to optimize and acquire data using the following parameters: positive ion polarity in reflector mode, mass scan range m/z 100-1600 Da), digitizer 1.25 GHz, detector voltage 2117 V, 1000 shots per pixel and 5 kHz laser frequency.The laser power was set at 60% to 80% of the maximum and 1000 laser shots were accumulated for each spectrum.

X-ray Crystallography
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data for 4d and 4e were collected on an Oxford-Diffraction XCALIBUR Eos CCD diffractometer with graphite monochromated Mo Kα radiation, while 4b and 4c were collected on an XtaLAB Synergy, Dualflex, HyPix diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation.The unit cell determination and data integration were carried out using the CrysAlisPro package from Oxford Diffraction [29].The multi-scan correction for absorption was applied.The structures were solved with the program SHELXT using the intrinsic phasing method and refined by the full-matrix least-squares method on F 2 with SHELXL [30,31].Olex2 was used as an interface to the SHELX programs [32].Nonhydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically.Hydrogen atoms were added in idealized positions and refined using a riding model.Selected crystallographic data and structure refinement details are provided in Table S1 and the corresponding CIF files.The supplementary crystallographic data can be obtained free of charge via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk (or from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: (+44) 1223-336-033; or deposit@ccdc.ca.ac.uk).

Powder X-ray
X-ray diffraction analysis was performed in a Rigaku Miniflex 600 diffractometer using CuKα emission in the angular range 2-50 • (2θ) with a scanning step of 0.01 • and a recording rate of 2 • /min.

Antimicrobial Activity Microbial Strains
The antimicrobial activity was performed on reference microbial strains belonging to Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228), Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13368) and yeast (Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019).

Quantitative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity
In a 96-well plate, quantitative analysis was carried out using the serial binary microdilution technique in liquid media (Tryptone Soy Broth for bacteria and Sabouraud for yeast).Stock solutions of 10 mg/Ml in DMSO were prepared, with concentrations ranging from 5 to 0.016 mg/Ml.Simultaneously, under the same working circumstances, repeated dilutions with DMSO were performed to obtain the negative control.Each well received 10 µL of microbial solution adjusted to 1.5 × 10 8 CFU/Ml from cultures cultivated for 18 to 24 h.MIC values were calculated both macroscopically, as the final concentration at which no microbial growth was seen, and spectrophotometrically.The absorbance of the

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Rational design used in this study to obtain iodine carboxy-quinolines.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Rational design used in this study to obtain iodine carboxy-quinolines.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Antimicrobial efficiency diagram of the tested scaffolds against the three tested strains.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Antimicrobial efficiency diagram of the tested scaffolds against the three tested strains.

Table 1 .
Compressive obtained structures depending on the starting materials.
MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration at which bacterial growth is completely inhibited; MBC: minimum concentration of drug that kills 99.9% of the test microorganisms in the original inoculum; MBEC: minimal concentration of the drug that kills 99.9% of biofilm-embedded bacteria; MICMA: minimum inhibitory concentrations for microbial adhesion.