Organosiloxane-Modified Auricularia Polysaccharide (Si-AP): Improved High-Temperature Resistance and Lubrication Performance in WBDFs

This study introduces a novel organosilicon-modified polysaccharide (Si-AP) synthesized via grafting and comprehensively evaluates its performance in water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs). The molecular structure of Si-AP was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1H-NMR experiments. Thermalgravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the good thermal stability of Si-AP up to 235 °C. Si-AP significantly improves the rheological properties and fluid loss performance of WBDFs. With increasing Si-AP concentration, system viscosity increases, API filtration rate decreases, clay expansion is inhibited, and drilling cuttings hydration dispersion is suppressed, especially under high-temperature conditions. Additionally, mechanistic analysis indicates that the introduction of siloxane groups can effectively inhibit the thermal degradation of AP chains and enhance their high-temperature resistance. Si-AP can form a lubricating film by adsorbing on the surface of clay particles, improving mud cake quality, reducing the friction coefficient, and significantly enhancing the lubricating performance of WBDFs. Overall, Si-AP exhibits a higher temperature-resistance limit compared to AP and more effectively optimizes the lubrication, inhibition, and control of the filtration rate of WBDFs under high-temperature conditions. While meeting the requirements of drilling fluid systems under high temperatures, Si-AP also addresses environmental concerns and holds promise as an efficient solution for the exploitation of deep-seated oil and gas resources.


Introduction
With the continuous growth in global energy demand, the exploration and development of oil and gas are advancing toward deeper and higher temperature regions, posing significant challenges to drilling operations [1][2][3].The formulation and performance of drilling fluids are essential components in the drilling process, directly impacting the smooth progress of the entire drilling operation [4][5][6][7].Polysaccharide compounds, such as cellulose, starch, Arabic gum, and guar gum, are widely used in drilling fluid systems due to their excellent thickening, dispersing, and emulsifying properties in aqueous solutions, thereby serving functions such as thickening, suspension, and lubrication.Among them, cellulose derivatives like hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and hydroxypropyl methyl-cellulose (HPMC), as well as polysaccharide additives like guar gum, find extensive These characteristic peaks confirm the molecular structural features of Si-AP samples, including the presence of organic silicon frameworks, aromatic rings, alkyl groups, and polysaccharide chains.The experimental results indicate a successful reaction between organic silicon monomers and AP, leading to the formation of a new composite material.

1 H-NMR Analysis
As shown in Figure 2, the characteristic peak at 0.12 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the methyl group connected to the silicon atom in dimethoxydimethylsilane (DMVS), the characteristic peak at 1.11 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the methyl (-CH3) group in the main chain of Si-AP, and the characteristic peak at 1.88 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the methylene (-CH2-) group in the main chain of Si-AP.
The characteristic peak at 3.40 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the secondary methyl (-CH-O-) group connected to the methylene group in Si-AP, the characteristic peak at 3.55 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the methoxy (-OCH3) group in DMVS, and the characteristic peak at 3.73 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the methylene oxide (-CH2-O-) group connected to the oxygen atom in Si-AP.
The characteristic peak at 3.90 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the secondary methyl (-CH-OH) group connected to the hydroxyl (-OH) group in Si-AP, the characteristic peak at 4.51 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the hydroxyl (-OH) Additionally, the peak at 2814.1 cm −1 attributed to the stretching vibration of methyl (-CH 3 ) or methylene (-CH 2 -) groups; the peak at 2727.6 cm −1 attributed to the asymmetric stretching vibration of methyl (-CH 3 ) or methylene (-CH 2 -) groups, suggesting the presence of alkyl chain segments in Si-AP; and the peak at 2165.9 cm −1 attributed to the stretching vibration of silicon hydride (-Si-H).
Furthermore, the peak at 1592.9 cm −1 attributed to the stretching vibration absorption of C=C bonds, indicating the possible presence of aromatic structural units in the sample; peaks at 1383.8 cm −1 and 1350.8 cm −1 attributed to the deformation vibration of methyl (-CH 3 ) or methylene (-CH 2 -) groups, indicating the presence of organic silicon groups in Si-AP; peaks at 1107.9 cm −1 and 767.1 cm −1 attributed to the stretching vibration of siloxane groups (Si-O-Si); and the peak at 617.8 cm −1 attributed to the stretching vibration of silicon-carbon bonds (-Si-C-), characteristic of organosilicon compounds.
These characteristic peaks confirm the molecular structural features of Si-AP samples, including the presence of organic silicon frameworks, aromatic rings, alkyl groups, and polysaccharide chains.The experimental results indicate a successful reaction between organic silicon monomers and AP, leading to the formation of a new composite material.

1 H-NMR Analysis
As shown in Figure 2, the characteristic peak at 0.12 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the methyl group connected to the silicon atom in dimethoxydimethylsilane (DMVS), the characteristic peak at 1.11 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the methyl (-CH 3 ) group in the main chain of Si-AP, and the characteristic peak at 1.88 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the methylene (-CH 2 -) group in the main chain of Si-AP.
The characteristic peak at 3.40 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the secondary methyl (-CH-O-) group connected to the methylene group in Si-AP, the characteristic peak at 3.55 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the methoxy (-OCH 3 ) group in DMVS, and the characteristic peak at 3.73 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the methylene oxide (-CH 2 -O-) group connected to the oxygen atom in Si-AP.
The characteristic peak at 3.90 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the secondary methyl (-CH-OH) group connected to the hydroxyl (-OH) group in Si-AP, the characteristic peak at 4.51 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the hydroxyl (-OH) group in Si-AP, and the characteristic peak at 5.40 ppm corresponds to the hydrogen atoms on the secondary methyl (-CH-O-) group connected to the oxygen atom in Si-AP.Additionally, the characteristic peak at 7.26 ppm corresponds to the deuterated solvent chloroform (CDCl 3 ) used.
Additionally, the characteristic peak at 7.26 ppm corresponds to the deuterated solvent chloroform (CDCl3) used.
Analysis of the proton nuclear magnetic resonance peaks confirms the covalent bonding of dimethoxydimethylsilane to the main chain of AP, successfully preparing the desired Si-AP.

Thermogravimetric Analysis
From the TG curve in Figure 3, it can be observed that before 235 °C, there is an initial weight loss attributed to moisture evaporation, with Si-AP exhibiting a weight loss of 7.4%.From 235 to 435 °C, the main thermal decomposition reaction of Si-AP occurs, with a weight loss of 86.1%.This is attributed to the thermal degradation of the polysaccharide structure and the organosilicon-modified structure in Si-AP.Above 435 °C, Si-AP essentially stabilizes into a residual state, with the remaining components comprising the more stable inorganic components of the Si-AP sample, such as the silicon framework.The DTG curve in Figure 3, representing the first derivative of the thermal weight change, more clearly illustrates the key temperature points of thermal decomposition.Si-AP exhibits two peak values at 260 °C and 378 °C, corresponding to the main thermal decomposition stages of the sample.Through the DTG curve, we can further determine the thermal stability of Si-AP and its potential range of thermal application temperatures.The thermal gravimetric experiment results indicate that Si-AP exhibits good thermal stability up to 235 °C.Analysis of the proton nuclear magnetic resonance peaks confirms the covalent bonding of dimethoxydimethylsilane to the main chain of AP, successfully preparing the desired Si-AP.

Thermogravimetric Analysis
From the TG curve in Figure 3, it can be observed that before 235 • C, there is an initial weight loss attributed to moisture evaporation, with Si-AP exhibiting a weight loss of 7.4%.From 235 to 435 • C, the main thermal decomposition reaction of Si-AP occurs, with a weight loss of 86.1%.This is attributed to the thermal degradation of the polysaccharide structure and the organosilicon-modified structure in Si-AP.Above 435 • C, Si-AP essentially stabilizes into a residual state, with the remaining components comprising the more stable inorganic components of the Si-AP sample, such as the silicon framework.The DTG curve in Figure 3

GPC Analysis
Utilizing gel permeation chromatography (GPC), we analyzed the molecular weight distribution characteristics of Si-AP.Experimental data (Table 1) revealed that the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of Si-AP was 40,966 g/mol, the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) was 106,619 g/mol, the z-average molecular weight (Mz) was 226,530 g/mol, and the polydispersity index (Mw/Mn) was 2.602604.These results indicate that Si-AP possesses a broad molecular weight distribution.The higher molecular weight characteristics are advantageous for enhancing the thickening and suspension stability of drill-

GPC Analysis
Utilizing gel permeation chromatography (GPC), we analyzed the molecular weight distribution characteristics of Si-AP.Experimental data (Table 1) revealed that the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of Si-AP was 40,966 g/mol, the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) was 106,619 g/mol, the z-average molecular weight (Mz) was 226,530 g/mol, and the polydispersity index (Mw/Mn) was 2.602604.These results indicate that Si-AP possesses a broad molecular weight distribution.The higher molecular weight characteristics are advantageous for enhancing the thickening and suspension stability of drilling fluid systems under demanding conditions such as high temperature and high shear.Additionally, the higher molecular weight implies that Si-AP consists of long polymer chains, thereby forming a stronger three-dimensional network structure, which better prevents the precipitation of drilling fluid particles.As shown in Table 2, with the increase in Si AP content, the apparent viscosity (AV), plastic viscosity (PV), and yield point (YP) of the base mud increase.For example, after adding 1.0% Si AP, the AV at room temperature increased by 5.7 times, PV increased by 8.2 times, and YP increased by 4 times.Meanwhile, these key rheological parameters also exhibit the same trend at high temperatures, reflecting the potential of Si AP to increase viscosity in drilling fluids under high-temperature conditions.This may help improve the suspension and transportation performance of base mud under high-temperature and high-shear conditions.Furthermore, the incorporation of Si-AP into the water-based mud led to a substantial reduction in mud cake thickness.At 25 • C, the addition of 1.0% Si-AP decreased the mud cake thickness from 2.5 mm to 1.8 mm.At 180 • C, the addition of 1.0% Si-AP reduced the mud cake thickness from 2.8 mm to 2.0 mm.The reduction in mud cake thickness achieved through the incorporation of Si-AP indicates its ability to effectively inhibit the deposition and excessive formation of drill cuttings, thereby improving the filterability of the drilling fluid and minimizing potential borehole stability issues and flow restriction problems associated with excessive mud cake formation.
As shown in Figure 4, the addition of 1.0% Si-AP reduced the filtration loss from 23.4 mL to 4.8 mL at 25 • C. Similarly, under higher temperatures of 150 • C and 180 • C, Si-AP also demonstrates excellent filtration inhibition effects.The experimental results indicate that the addition of Si-AP can reduce the API filtration loss of the base mud at different temperatures.
As shown in Figure 4, the addition of 1.0% Si-AP reduced the filtration loss from 23.4 mL to 4.8 mL at 25 °C.Similarly, under higher temperatures of 150 °C and 180 °C, Si-AP also demonstrates excellent filtration inhibition effects.The experimental results indicate that the addition of Si-AP can reduce the API filtration loss of the base mud at different temperatures.

Lubrication Performance Tests
As shown in Tables 3 and 4, it is evident that Si-AP significantly reduces the friction coefficient of the base mud at room temperature.When 1.0% Si-AP is added, the friction coefficient decreases from 0.3500 to 0.1276, representing a reduction of 76.42%.Previous research has demonstrated the inherent lubricating properties of AP, attributed to its

Lubrication Performance Tests
As shown in Tables 3 and 4, it is evident that Si-AP significantly reduces the friction coefficient of the base mud at room temperature.When 1.0% Si-AP is added, the friction coefficient decreases from 0.3500 to 0.1276, representing a reduction of 76.42%.Previous research has demonstrated the inherent lubricating properties of AP, attributed to its sugar and surfactant components.However, its performance at high temperatures is relatively suboptimal.Through organic silicon modification, Si-AP exhibits improved lubricating properties under high-temperature conditions.As the temperature increases to 150 • C, 180 • C, and 200 • C, the friction coefficients of the base mud gradually increase from 0.5853 to 0.6294 and 0.6536, respectively.Even with the addition of 1.0% Si-AP, the friction coefficient remains effectively reduced to 0.1766, 0.2042, and 0.3164, corresponding to reduction rates of 69.83%, 67.56%, and 51.59%, respectively.Si-AP demonstrates excellent inhibitory performance under high-temperature conditions, which is crucial for enhancing the stability and reliability of drilling fluid systems.Compared to solely chemical inhibitors, the addition of Si-AP can more effectively suppress clay hydration swelling and cuttings hydration dispersion issues under high temperatures.As indicated by the results of linear expansion rate testing in Figure 5, at 180 • C, the addition of 1.0% Si-AP significantly reduces the expansion rate to 23.22%.Under high-temperature conditions, Si-AP exhibits better performance than commonly used inorganic and organic inhibitors in current oilfields.Specifically, AP itself possesses a certain capacity for swelling inhibition, owing to its sugar and surfactant components.However, this inhibitory effect is limited under high temperatures.Through organic silicon modification, Si-AP not only retains the fundamental inhibition mechanism of AP but also enhances its performance under high-temperature environments.The introduction of organic silicon strengthens the interaction between Si-AP and clay minerals, forming a more stable protective film that effectively blocks moisture intrusion, thereby inhibiting clay hydration swelling.Based on the results of the 180 °C continuous rolling recovery test shown in Figure 6, Si-AP demonstrated significant capability in inhibiting the hydration and dispersion of cuttings under high-temperature conditions.Specifically, the data reveal that the primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery rates of 1.0% Si-AP reached 78.58%, 70.82%, and 62.83%, respectively, which far exceed those of commonly used 5.0% KCl (48.12%) and 1.0% KPAM (42.31%) solutions.Furthermore, as the concentration of Si-AP increases, its inhibitory effect significantly enhances, indicating a positive correlation between its performance and concentration.By forming an adsorption film on the surface of clay particles and cuttings, Si-AP effectively prevents the hydration and dispersion processes.Its performance in high-temperature environments is notably superior to that of common inhibitors.Therefore, Si-AP is proven to be an extremely effective high-temperature inhibitor, suitable for drilling fluid systems requiring high thermal stability.Based on the results of the 180 • C continuous rolling recovery test shown in Figure 6, Si-AP demonstrated significant capability in inhibiting the hydration and dispersion of cuttings under high-temperature conditions.Specifically, the data reveal that the primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery rates of 1.0% Si-AP reached 78.58%, 70.82%, and 62.83%, respectively, which far exceed those of commonly used 5.0% KCl (48.12%) and 1.0% KPAM (42.31%) solutions.Furthermore, as the concentration of Si-AP increases, its inhibitory effect significantly enhances, indicating a positive correlation between its performance and concentration.By forming an adsorption film on the surface of clay particles and cuttings, Si-AP effectively prevents the hydration and dispersion processes.Its performance in hightemperature environments is notably superior to that of common inhibitors.Therefore, Si-AP is proven to be an extremely effective high-temperature inhibitor, suitable for drilling fluid systems requiring high thermal stability.

Environmental Performance Tests
The environmental performance of Si-AP is shown in Table 5.Both the EC50 and LC50 of Si-AP in aqueous solution are far higher than the reference range of 30,000 mg/L, indicating its extremely low toxicity to aquatic organisms.The presence of hydroxyl and other functional groups in the molecular structure of Si-AP confers good biocompatibility, thereby posing minimal risk to aquatic ecosystems.Additionally, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) of Si-AP also meet environmental standards, at 63 mg/L and 18.2 mg/L, respectively.The BOD5/COD ratio is 28.89%, indicating good biodegradability of Si-AP, attributed to the abundance of sugar groups in its molecular structure that are easily degraded by microorganisms.Overall, the outstanding performance of Si-AP in environmental indicators, while simultaneously meeting the requirements of environmental performance in the drilling fluid industry, makes it a promising environmentally friendly additive for high-temperature drilling fluid systems.

Micromorphology Analysis
As shown in Figure 7, the untreated surface of the original shale exhibits severe expansion and fragmentation, characterized by widespread fissures and a noticeably jagged

Environmental Performance Tests
The environmental performance of Si-AP is shown in Table 5.Both the EC 50 and LC 50 of Si-AP in aqueous solution are far higher than the reference range of 30,000 mg/L, indicating its extremely low toxicity to aquatic organisms.The presence of hydroxyl and other functional groups in the molecular structure of Si-AP confers good biocompatibility, thereby posing minimal risk to aquatic ecosystems.Additionally, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ) of Si-AP also meet environmental standards, at 63 mg/L and 18.2 mg/L, respectively.The BOD 5 /COD ratio is 28.89%, indicating good biodegradability of Si-AP, attributed to the abundance of sugar groups in its molecular structure that are easily degraded by microorganisms.Overall, the outstanding performance of Si-AP in environmental indicators, while simultaneously meeting the requirements of environmental performance in the drilling fluid industry, makes it a promising environmentally friendly additive for high-temperature drilling fluid systems.As shown in Figure 7, the untreated surface of the original shale exhibits severe expansion and fragmentation, characterized by widespread fissures and a noticeably jagged texture.This degradation compromises the structural integrity of the shale, posing significant challenges for maintaining the stability of the drilling fluid system.Conversely, when treated with Si-AP, the initially rough and uneven surface of the shale sample transforms into a denser and smoother form, with no visible signs of expansion or fragmentation.This notable change is attributed to the deep-level physical adsorption and chemical interactions between Si-AP and shale minerals.Specifically, Si-AP forms a stable protective film on the shale surface, which effectively blocks moisture intrusion.This protective layer inhibits the expansion and dispersion processes of shale at high temperatures, thereby maintaining the high-temperature stability of the wellbore wall rock.
Molecules 2024, 29, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of texture.This degradation compromises the structural integrity of the shale, posing sign icant challenges for maintaining the stability of the drilling fluid system.Converse when treated with Si-AP, the initially rough and uneven surface of the shale sample tran forms into a denser and smoother form, with no visible signs of expansion or fragmen tion.This notable change is attributed to the deep-level physical adsorption and chemi interactions between Si-AP and shale minerals.Specifically, Si-AP forms a stable prot tive film on the shale surface, which effectively blocks moisture intrusion.This protect layer inhibits the expansion and dispersion processes of shale at high temperatur thereby maintaining the high-temperature stability of the wellbore wall rock.

Mechanistic Study of Thermal Decomposition
The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results presented in Figure 8 demonstrate th Si-AP molecules exhibit significantly enhanced thermal stability compared to the origin AP.The TG curves reveal that AP begins to undergo intense thermal degradation arou 100 °C.In contrast, the onset temperature for the thermal degradation of Si-AP is appro imately 260 °C.This substantial increase in thermal stability is a direct result of modifyi AP through grafting reactions, which introduce organic silicon groups into its backbo structure.These modifications synergistically inhibit the thermal decomposition of Si-A at high temperatures.Consequently, the organic silicon modification enhances the th mal stability of these environmentally friendly polysaccharide additives, making the suitable for deep well drilling operations under high-temperature conditions.In contra unmodified AP is prone to rapid thermal decomposition under harsh high-temperatu environments, leading to a swift decline in performance, which renders it inadequate the rigorous demands of high-temperature deep well drilling operations.

Mechanistic Study of Thermal Decomposition
The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results presented in Figure 8 demonstrate that Si-AP molecules exhibit significantly enhanced thermal stability compared to the original AP.The TG curves reveal that AP begins to undergo intense thermal degradation around 100 • C. In contrast, the onset temperature for the thermal degradation of Si-AP is approximately 260 • C.This substantial increase in thermal stability is a direct result of modifying AP through grafting reactions, which introduce organic silicon groups into its backbone structure.These modifications synergistically inhibit the thermal decomposition of Si-AP at high temperatures.Consequently, the organic silicon modification enhances the thermal stability of these environmentally friendly polysaccharide additives, making them suitable for deep well drilling operations under high-temperature conditions.In contrast, unmodified AP is prone to rapid thermal decomposition under harsh high-temperature environments, leading to a swift decline in performance, which renders it inadequate for the rigorous demands of high-temperature deep well drilling operations.

Preparation of Si-AP
Employing a solvent-free solid-phase grafting method, Si-AP was successfully synthesized.Auricularia polysaccharide (AP) samples extracted from the laboratory were dried and ground into a fine powder to enhance their specific surface area, facilitating subsequent grafting reactions.The silicon monomer used in this study was dimethoxymethylvinylsilane (DMVS), which contains reactive vinyl groups capable of undergoing grafting reactions with the hydroxyl groups (-OH) on the AP backbone.Subsequently, within a nitrogen-protected reaction apparatus, the pretreated AP powder and DMVS monomer were uniformly mixed at a specific mass ratio (AP:DMVS = 1:0.5).In this process, the hydroxyl groups (-OH) on the AP surface underwent chemical reactions with the vinyl groups of DMVS, leading to the grafting of organic silicon groups onto the polysaccharide main chain.

Structural Characterization and Mechanism Analysis Methods of Si-AP
The molecular structure of the samples was assessed using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan).The characterization of the chemical structure of Si-AP was carried out using a Bruker Ascend-400 nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectrometer (Billerica, MA, USA).To assess the thermal stability of Si-AP, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted using a Mettler Toledo TGA-2 instrument (Zurich, Switzerland).Additionally, the molecular weight distribution characteristics of Si-AP were explored using a Malvern Viscotek 3580 gel permeation chromatography (GPC) system (Malvern, UK).Through these characterization analyses, the molecular structure and thermal stability of Si-AP were investigated, providing a foundation for further exploration of its performance characteristics.

Preparation of Base Mud
The sodium-based bentonite (4%) was measured and added to deionized water.The mixture underwent thorough stirring using a high-speed mechanical agitator for 30 min to ensure complete hydration and dispersion of the bentonite in water, forming a stable base mud.Following API standards [35], the prepared base mud was allowed to stand for at least 12 h to ensure the full hydration of the bentonite.Subsequently, the required amount of Si-AP was added to the base mud according to the experimental design, followed by continued stirring to achieve uniform mixing.For experiments evaluating high-temperature performance, the prepared base mud was placed in a high-temperature aging oven.Under predetermined experimental temperature conditions, the base mud was continuously heated and rolled for 16 h.This process yielded base mud/Si-AP mud samples after hightemperature aging, which were utilized as experimental materials for subsequent tests on rheological properties, filtration performance, and the thickness of the mud cake.

Rheological Properties Tests
To evaluate the rheological properties of Si-AP, we conducted relevant experiments following the drilling fluid rheological property testing method recommended by the standard API 13A [35] (American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, USA).The specific procedures were as follows.Initially, the purified Si-AP samples were prepared into aqueous-based rheological testing fluids according to specified proportions.The prepared sample solution was then added to standard rheological testing cups and placed in a ZNN-D6B six-speed rotational viscometer (Qingdao Hengtaida Electromechanical Equipment Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China).During the testing process, we measured and calculated corresponding parameters such as plastic viscosity and apparent viscosity at the prescribed rotational speeds according to API regulations.These measurements characterized the rheological properties of Si-AP in water-based drilling fluids.

API Filtration Tests
We assessed the filtration performance of Si-AP in water-based drilling fluids following the standard testing method recommended by the American Petroleum Institute (API).The specific procedures were as follows.Prepared Si-AP samples were dissolved in the prepared drilling fluid base mud according to appropriate proportions.This solution was then added to a multiconnection, medium-pressure filtration-loss instrument (SD4 type, Qingdao Haitongda Special Instrument Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China).By recording the amount of liquid lost for 15 min, we calculated the API filtration loss of the solution.Additionally, we measured the thickness of the filter cake to evaluate the influence of Si-AP on the filtration performance of the water-based system.
For high-temperature experiments, we used an aging furnace (XGRL-4A type, Qingdao Haitongda Special Instrument Co., Ltd.), aging the samples at the set experimental temperatures for 16 h.After aging, we tested the API filtration at room temperature.

Lubrication Performance Tests
To assess the lubricating performance of Si-AP in water-based drilling fluids, we used the Extreme Pressure (EP) Lubrication Tester (EP-2 type, Qingdao Xusheng Petroleum Instrument Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China).By recording variations in the friction coefficient of drilling fluids containing Si-AP, we could evaluate the impact of Si-AP modification on the lubricating performance of the water-based system.This testing method, based on the EP-2 Lubrication Tester, is capable of simulating the lubrication behavior of drilling fluids under actual high-pressure and high-temperature conditions.It provides a basis for a deeper understanding of the contribution of Si-AP modification to the lubricating performance of drilling fluids.

Inhibition Performance Tests
To comprehensively assess the inhibitory effect of Si-AP on the hydration and dispersion of drill cuttings under high-temperature conditions, we designed repeated rolling recovery experiments to simulate real drilling operations.The specific procedures were as follows.The natural drill cuttings samples were introduced into a solution containing Si-AP.Subsequently, the solution and drill cuttings samples were placed in a high-temperature rolling device, with the temperature precisely controlled at 180 • C.This high-temperature rolling process lasted for 16 h.To ensure the reliability and comprehensiveness of the results, we repeated this experiment three times.After each experimental cycle, the drill cuttings samples were removed and weighed.The repeated rolling recovery experiment aids in a deeper understanding of how Si-AP influences the hydration and dispersion behavior of clay under high-temperature conditions and better simulates the high-temperature conditions encountered during drilling processes [36,37].

Data Availability Statement:
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.The data are not publicly available due to confidentiality and privacy restrictions.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The effect of Si-AP on filtration performance of base mud.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The effect of Si-AP on filtration performance of base mud.

T a p w a te r 5 Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The linear expansion rate tests (180 °C).

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.Comparison curve of thermogravimetric between AP and Si-AP.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.Comparison curve of thermogravimetric between AP and Si-AP.

Funding:
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52204011), the Open Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation (Southwest Petroleum University) (PLN2022-15), and the Graduate Innovation Fund Project of Xi'an Shiyou University (YCX2413055 & YCX2413061).Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.

Table 2 .
Effect of Si-AP on the rheological properties of base mud.

Table 3 .
Effect of Si-AP on lubrication performance of base mud (25 • C).

Table 4 .
The effect of Si-AP on lubrication performance of base mud at different temperatures.
Interest: Authors Bo Wang, Wenzhe Zhang were employed by the company Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum (Group) Co., Ltd.Yuan Geng was employed by the company CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Co., Ltd.Xiaofeng Chang was employed by the company Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company Ltd.The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.