Exploring the Larvicidal and Adulticidal Activity against Aedes aegypti of Essential Oil from Bocageopsis multiflora

This study investigates the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Bocageopsis multiflora (Mart.) R.E.Fr (Annonaceae), examining its effectiveness in combating both the larvae and adult forms of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Additionally, for a deeper understanding of the insecticidal activity, toxicity properties and molecular docking calculations were conducted using the main compounds of this essential oil. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of 26 constituents, representing 95.2% of the essential oil, with the major components identified as the sesquiterpenes α-selinene, β-selinene, and β-elemene. Larvicidal assays demonstrated potent activity of this essential oil with significant LC50 values of 40.8 and 39.4 μg/mL at 24 and 48 h, respectively. Adulticidal assessments highlighted strong efficacy with LC50 of 12.5 µg/mL. Molecular docking analysis identified optimal interaction activities of α-selinene and β-selinene with key Aedes proteins. The in silico studies comparing synthetic insecticides with the major sesquiterpenes of the essential oil revealed that β-selinene exhibited a significantly higher binding affinity compared to the other two sesquiterpenes. Also, ADMET studies of the three main sesquiterpenes indicated acceptable drug-like properties. In these findings, safety evaluations showed low toxicity and skin sensitization for the main sesquiterpenes, contrasting with commercial synthetic insecticides. Therefore, in silico analyses suggest promising interactions with Aedes proteins, indicating its potential as an effective alternative to conventional insecticides These results show the larvicidal and adulticidal potential of the essential oil from Bocageopsis multiflora against Aedes aegypti, supported by its predominant constituents, α-selinene, β-selinene and β-elemene.


Introduction
Mosquitoes are a major global health concern, serving as the primary vector for a range of pathogens that cause diseases, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions.These diseases include malaria, filariasis, yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus [1].The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases, causing more than 700,000 deaths annually [2].
Given this context, arboviruses have become important and constant threats in tropical regions due to rapid climate changes, deforestation, population migration, disorderly urbanization, and precarious sanitary conditions that favor viral amplification and transmission [3][4][5].The Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are efficient transmitters of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika diseases, which significantly impact public health [3].Zika virus infection is focused on proteins involved in the nervous system, reproductive processes, and metabolic pathways of insects [31].A noteworthy example involves the use of molecular docking to assess the binding affinity of specific compounds found in essential oils to the acetylcholinesterase of Aedes aegypti, a vital enzyme in the mosquito's nervous system [32].It is also employed to analyze their effects on crucial targets within the mosquito life cycle, such as sterol transporter protein-2 (SCP-2), which is predominantly expressed in the midgut tissue of larvae and plays a crucial role in the absorption of cholesterol during feeding stages, thus being essential for insect metabolism [33][34][35].In this context, examining the impacts of compounds found in essential oils through molecular docking on key targets within the mosquito life cycle helps in identifying promising compounds for further investigation.
In light of the outlined scenario, this study showcases the chromatographic profile of the essential oil obtained from Bocageopsis multiflora.Furthermore, it includes assessments for larvicidal and adulticidal effects against Aedes aegypti.Additionally, the study incorporates molecular docking analyses involving the three main compounds, β-elemene, α-selinene, and β-selinene identified in the essential oil of B. multiflora and three key proteins in the insect's metabolism.In silico studies were also employed to evaluate ADMET properties, with the aim of elucidating the mode of action and predict the safety profile of these secondary metabolites.The results obtained in this work illustrate the significant potential of this essential oil and its constituents to play a vital role in developing future insecticides and in new strategies for mosquito control.

GC/MS Analysis of the Essential Oil of B. multiflora
The extraction of essential oil from B. multiflora represents an expanding area of studies fueled by the diverse chemical composition and biological properties observed in essential oils from species within the Annonaceae family.This interest stems from the remarkable antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and larvicidal actions demonstrated by essential oils of different members of this family against Ae.aegypti larvae [23][24][25]27,29].
In this study, the hydrodistillation of B. multiflora leaves resulted in essential oil with a slightly yellowish hue and a pleasant aroma, showing a yield of 1.3% w/v.Table 1 presents the chemical composition of this essential oil.Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of the chromatogram for the EO revealed the presence of 26 constituents, with the main constituents being the sesquiterpenes β-elemene (28.8%), α-selinene (9.8%), and β-selinene (8.6%).The chromatographic profile of an essential oil derived from the same plant species can vary due to various factors, such as abiotic and biotic influences.The chemical composition of essential oils may undergo changes due to environmental factors such as soil type, climate, and altitude [36,37].These factors can impact the plant's metabolism, leading to variations in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, including essential oils [36].
In a comparative analysis between the essential oil obtained from B. multiflora leaves collected in Rondônia, Brazil, and the essential oil obtained in our study, significant quantitative and qualitative discrepancies were observed in the main constituents.Particularly, sesquiterpenes were found to be predominant in different essential oils derived from B. multiflora leaves.The essential oil obtained from B. multiflora leaves collected in the city of Porto Velho, State of Rondônia, Brazil, exhibited 1-epi-cubenol (16.6%) as the main sesquiterpene constituent [23].On the other hand, a study conducted with the EOs from leaves collected in the state of Amazonas during two different climatic seasons showed variations in the sesquiterpene profile.The main constituent during the rainy season was bisabolene (13.2%), while during the dry season, it was spathulenol (16.2%) [27].

Larvicidal and Adulticidal Activity
The LC 50 and LC 90 values of B. multiflora EO against Ae.aegypti larvae after 24 and 48 h of application are listed in Table 2.
Taking into account the mortality rate for each concentration, the median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) obtained qualifies the essential oils as potential larvicidal agents.Then, the essential oils with an LC 50 value below 100 µg/mL are deemed effective larvicidal agents, while those with an LC 50 below 50 µg/mL are classified as highly active [38,39].In this context, the essential oil from B. multiflora leaves demonstrated significant activity against Ae.aegypti larvae in the analyses at 24 and 48 h, with LC 50 values of 40.8 µg/mL and 39.4 µg/mL, respectively.The observed activity could be attributed to the synergy among the constituents with higher content: β-selinene (8.6%), α-selinene (9.8%), and β-elemene (28.0%).According to literature data, β-selinene demonstrates an LC 50 value of 136.0 µg/mL against Ae.aegypti larvae [40], which is higher than our findings.Moreover, β-elemene exhibits notably superior activity, evidenced by a LC 50 of 11.15 µg/mL against Ae.albopictus larvae after 24 h exposure [40].LC 50 lethal concentration for 50% of larvae, LC 90 lethal concentration for 90% of larvae, 95% CI confidence interval of 95%, LCL lower confidence limit, UCL upper confidence limit.Chi-squared value (X 2 ).
Many studies in the literature are devoted to investigating the effectiveness of essential oils in the ongoing search for new larvicides.For instance, recently, Luz and coworkers [41] conducted a review encompassing 337 essential oils from 225 plant species with bioactivity against Ae.aegypti larvae.For a better understanding of the connection between essential oils and their larvicidal effects, some studies examine the effectiveness of the main compounds in these oils and show out that the whole essential oil is more active than its main compounds [42].These reports hold significance and can be correlated with the findings regarding the efficacy of B. multiflora essential oil as a larvicide against Ae.aegypti.
Another interesting approach of the present work was the results regarding the biological activity against adult females of Ae. aegypti that are described in Table 3.
The EO obtained from B. multiflora leaves exhibited excellent activity against adult Ae. aegypti, with an LC 50 of 12.5 µg/mL.This result is noteworthy as it falls below the threshold indicated in the literature for highly active essential oils, i.e., those with LC 50 < 50 µg/mL [38, 39,43].This outcome is quite promising and aligns with the ongoing search for plant-based insecticides.Indeed, a number of studies show interest in researching natural products as alternative strategies against insects that are important for public health [22,44,45].The primary motivation for the interest in natural products, specifically essential oils, lies in their considerable advantages compared to synthetic insecticides.These include low toxicity to mammals, minimal environmental impact, diverse modes of action, and a low likelihood of inducing vector resistance due to the inherent complexity of essential oil composition [22,44].However, despite their promising activities, establishing a complex mixture of essential oils as a viable insecticide is challenging, making it unlikely, from a commercial standpoint, that any single EO will be utilized for insect control without further research.Several factors must be considered, such as the availability of raw materials, the preparation and formulation of bioinsecticides with controlled chemical compositions, and the identification of active constituents before labeling an EO as a potential agent against mosquitoes [22,45].Isman [22] recently discussed the development of a bioinsecticide meeting commercial demands, emphasizing the importance of defining procedures for formulating insecticidal products.Nanotechnology holds promise for enhancing the stability and bioavailability of essential oils in these formulations, ensuring the persistence of volatile compounds and facilitating delivery through insect skin.Despite challenges in biomass availability, particularly regarding plant species cultivation, emerging alternatives are being explored to address this issue.However, the selection of an EO or its bioactive components requires further investigation for resolution, given the inherent challenges associated with each option.
In this context, the scarcity of literature data regarding the biological activity of B. multiflora against adult Ae. aegypti underscores the importance of investigating the properties and effectiveness of this plant essential oil for vector control purposes.The results of our study demonstrate that the essential oil derived from this plant is effective in eliminating Ae. aegypti in the larval and adult stages.After obtaining interesting results from experimental analyses on the larvicidal and adulticidal activities of B. multiflora essential oil, a molecular docking analysis was conducted between key enzymes of Aedes species and the three main compounds of the essential oil.LC 50 lethal concentration for 50% of larvae, LC 90 lethal concentration for 90% of larvae.95% CI confidence interval of 95%, LCL lower confidence limit, UCL upper confidence limit.Chi-squared value (X 2 ).

Molecular Docking
Table 4 displays the findings from the molecular docking analysis of the three key Aedes species related proteins and the three main compounds, β-elemene, α-selinene, and β-selinene, present in the essential oil (EO) obtained from B. multiflora leaves.
Regarding the insecticidal capability of the compounds identified in the EO, the isomers α-selinene and β-selinene exhibited excellent interaction activities with the three molecular targets of mosquitoes.In other words, the likelihood of action on vital mosquito proteins was more comprehensive, as these sesquiterpenes demonstrated strong interactions with all three receptors.This indicates that these compounds may be responsible for the observed activity.In all three scenarios, these two sesquiterpenes are the ones that interact most with the amino acid residues of the respective proteins, with a predominance of hydrophobic interactions for the three target proteins (Figure 1).This suggests that incorporating these ligands as constituents of a bioinsecticide is likely to impact the vector through diverse mechanisms, leading to insecticidal effects.
A significant part of the insecticidal capacity of the main compounds presents in the EO obtained from B. multiflora leaves is derived from the mechanism of action on essential molecular targets in the insect life cycle.These ligands can competitively inhibit the cholesterol binding site of SCP-2, occupying the same protein binding region as cholesterol and preventing this binding, blocking the cholesterol metabolic pathway in the insect organism [47].
The interactions between the ligand, β-selinene, and the HKT active sites, particularly involving the amino acid residues SER43, ASN44, and PHE45, hold significant importance.Notably, these sites exhibit close proximity to the active residue ARG356, and molecular docking studies have revealed an interaction with the ligand.This finding enables us to delve into a plausible biological mechanism, suggesting the inhibition of HKT enzyme activity.This result is supported by previous research conducted by Rossi and collaborators (2006) as well as by Chen and collaborators (2022) [48,49].
Nature consistently surprises us.The metabolic processes involving tryptophan necessitate mosquitoes to employ biochemical tools, enabling them to host microorganisms harmful to human health, such as Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria.In this context, the tryptophan oxidation process produces metabolites that, when accumulated, inflict damage on the insect's organism [50].In response to this, the mosquito employs the enzyme 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase (HKT) to convert 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) into xanthurenic acid [51].This process not only bolsters the mosquito's defense, averting adverse effects such as paralysis or death caused by 3-HK [50], but also serves as an antioxi-dant during the digestion of a blood meal [52].Another remarkable aspect of this metabolic coordination is the importance of 3-HK in the pigmentation of the mosquito's eyes.The organism needs to control the quantity of this compound to avoid self-intoxication, underscoring the complexities involved in maintaining a delicate balance [48].Furthermore, it has been noted that the gut microbiota within Anopheles stephensi contributes to heightened resistance against Plasmodium infection.This resistance is facilitated by the synthesis of the enzyme kynureninase, which leads to the production of 3-HK [48,53].Considering these findings, the HKT enzyme emerges as a substantial target in the quest for new insecticidal agents against Aedes species.Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is a pivotal enzyme in the metabolism of various organisms, including mosquitoes.In insects, AChE's primary function is to hydrolyze the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, leading to the cessation of neuronal excitation in the postsynaptic membrane, resulting in paralysis and death of the invertebrate [45].Additionally, other researchers suggest that the neurotoxic mode of action, impacting ion transport and AChE, as well as the disruption of octopamine, a crucial neurotransmitter, neurohormone, and neuromodulator in invertebrate systems, also contribute to the observed effects [54].Scientific literature reports several studies highlighting the biological activity of natural products, such as essential oils, on AChE [55].Consequently, these findings may suggest potential pathways for the action of essential oil of B. multiflora on AChE.
The binding with the amino acid residues of AChE (PDB = 6XYU) involve a considerable number of active sites for this enzyme, as elucidated by Harel et al. (2000) [56].This provides a basis for considering an alternative mechanism of action due to the compounds present in the essential oils (EOs) of B. multiflora.
biological activity of natural products, such as essential oils, on AChE [55].Consequently, these findings may suggest potential pathways for the action of essential oil of B. multiflora on AChE.
The binding with the amino acid residues of AChE (PDB = 6XYU) involve a considerable number of active sites for this enzyme, as elucidated by Harel et al. ( 2000) [56].This provides a basis for considering an alternative mechanism of action due to the compounds present in the essential oils (EOs) of B. multiflora.

Prediction of the ADMET Properties of the Main Substances of the EO of B. multiflora
The three main compounds of B. multiflora essential oil were also evaluated through in silico study to predict ADMET properties as listed in Table 5.In this context, all sesquiterpenes were deemed acceptable according to Lipinski's rules, which establish that a drug-like compound must have a molecular weight (MW) ≤ 500 Da, a logarithm of the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (logP) ≤ 5, a number of hydrogen bond donors (HBD) ≤ 5, and a number of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) ≤ 10 [57].

Prediction of the ADMET Properties of the Main Substances of the EO of B. multiflora
The three main compounds of B. multiflora essential oil were also evaluated through in silico study to predict ADMET properties as listed in Table 5.In this context, all sesquiterpenes were deemed acceptable according to Lipinski's rules, which establish that a drug-like compound must have a molecular weight (MW) ≤ 500 Da, a logarithm of the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (logP) ≤ 5, a number of hydrogen bond donors (HBD) ≤ 5, and a number of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) ≤ 10 [57].
The plasma protein binding (PPB) of α-selinene exceeded 90%, albeit lower than that of the larvicide temephos and adulticide deltamethrin.This indicates that this sesquiterpene might possess a low therapeutic index as the duration of stay in the body might be low [58].
Concerning metabolism, most of the compounds evaluated inhibit the CYP2C19 and CYP2C9 isoenzymes.These two cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are estimated to be responsible for roughly 35-40% of drug oxidative metabolism and approximately 25% of overall xenobiotic biotransformation.Xenobiotics encompass a broad range of compounds derived from diverse sources, including environmental contaminants and industrial pollutants [59].
The evaluation of various toxicity parameters, such as AMES toxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive effects, and hepatotoxicity, confirmed the safety of the main sesquiterpenes found in B. multiflora essential oil.When considering their potential use in products applied to the skin, such as repellent lotions, or bioinsecticides, it is crucial to assess skin sensitization and eye irritation.In this context, all sesquiterpenes assessed through in silico analysis showed skin sensitization values below 0.8, indicating that they are non-sensitizers.Conversely, the insecticides temephos (for larvae) and deltamethrin (for adults) exhibited values of 0.936 and 0.874, respectively, classifying them as sensitizers.Synthetic insecticides not only have undesired effects on non-target organisms but also lead to the selection of resistant vector insects and pests [60,61], like Ae. aegypti and Ae.albopictus [62,63].Moreover, these synthetic commercial products can be harmful to human health and the environment (contamination of water, air, and soil resources) due to intensive and prolonged application [64].Therefore, it is crucial to find environmentally safe alternatives that are potentially more effective and suitable for use in Aedes control programs.

Plant Material and Extraction of Essential Oil
The leaves of Bocageopsis multiflora were gathered in May 2018 from the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve, Km 26 Manaus, Itacoatiara highway, in the State of Amazonas, Brazil.These leaves, weighing 200 g, were chopped and subjected to hydrodistillation for 3 h using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus.The obtained EO was transferred into amber glass flasks and stored in the freezer for future use.Yield was determined based on the weight of the leaves utilized.

Rearing of Mosquitoes
The insects, Aedes aegypti, were obtained from colonies established in the Laboratory of Malaria and Dengue of the National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA, Manaus, Brazil).The colonies were maintained without exposure to insecticides, under controlled conditions at room temperature (26 ± 2 • C) and a relative humidity of 70-85%, with a photoperiod of 12:12 h (light/dark).The procedure was performed using the methodology described by Thanigaivel et al. [66].The eggs of A. aegypti obtained from spawning colonies were placed in containers with water provided for the larvae to hatch.The larvae were raised in a plastic tray that contained distilled water and were fed with a mixture of cat food (Whiskas ® ) and bovine liver powder in a 1:1 ratio.The larvae were kept until they reached the third larval instar, and subsequently, a number were selected for the larvicidal bioassays.The remaining larvae were left in enameled basins until they reached pupation.The pupae were transferred to round plastic containers (50 mL), containing distilled water, and were placed in breeding cages (dimensions 30 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm) for the emergence of adults.The adults were fed with a 10% sucrose solution and the blood meal, according to the CEUA protocol 054/2018 of the INPA Ethics Committee on Animal Use.Blood-fed females, 2 to 5 days old, were used in the adulticidal bioassays.

Larvicidal Bioassay
Eggs and adults of Ae. aegypti of Rockefeller strain were acquired at the Insectarium of the Laboratory of Malaria and Dengue of the National Institute for Research in the Amazon (INPA).The eggs were immersed in deionized water for hatching.Fish feed (Whiskas ® ) was provided ad libitum and the larval water was replaced twice a week.After hatching, the larvae were monitored for 3 to 4 days until they reached the third and fourth stages of development to be used in the larvicidal assays.The mosquito colonies were maintained at 28 ± 2 • C and relative humidity of 80 ± 10% and provided with 10% sucrose solution.According to CEUA Protocol 054/2018 of the Ethics Committee for the Use of Animals, INPA, the animals were anesthetized for 10 min to feed the insects.The females were fed once a week with blood from a hamster to promote egg development.These eggs were collected on wet filter paper surfaces once a week and stored for incubation.The larvicidal assays were performed according to the susceptibility test [67].Ten larvae at the end of the third to the beginning of the fourth instar were used for the tests.The EO was tested at five different concentrations (100, 75, 50, 25, and 10 µg/mL) diluted in 1 mL of a solution containing 1.0% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).All experiments were carried out in quintuplicate with positive control (Temephos ® at 0.12 µg/mL), negative control (1.0% (v/v) DMSO in distilled water), and the five different concentrations.After 24 and 48 h, live and dead larvae (immobile individuals and/or those deposited on the bottom of the glass) were counted.Mortality data were corrected, if necessary, using Abbott's (1925) formula [68].

Adulticidal Bioassay
The adulticidal bioassay was carried out according to the guidelines of Brogdon and Chan [69].The essential oil was solubilized in acetone to obtain five concentrations (50, 20, 15, 10, and 7 µg/mL).Glass bottles of 295 mL capacity were used for the test and 1.0 mL of each concentration was added to the flask.Acetone and deltamethrin (0.60 µg/mL) were used as negative and positive controls, respectively.The contents of each bottle were gently agitated by turning to coat all sides of the bottle.Then the caps were removed and the bottles were continuously rolled on their sides until all the liquid disappeared.The bottles were left horizontally for 12 h.Using a mouth aspirator, 15 female mosquitoes were introduced into each test bottle, and the control.The number of alive and dead mosquitoes was registered after 90 min., with readings every 15 min.In the test, a mosquito is classified as alive if it is able to fly regardless of the number of legs still intact; and it is considered dead or knocked over if it is immobile, unable to fly, or stand in a coordinated manner.All bioassays were performed at 28 ± 2 • C and relative humidity of 80 ± 10%.The experiments were performed in three replications, together with the control.Mortality data were corrected, if necessary, using Abbott's (1925) formula [68].
3.6.Essential Oil Analysis Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) The identification of the constituents of the essential oil was performed by comparison of their retention indices and mass spectra against those reported in the literature [70] or those presented in the Wiley library (version 7.0) for the GC/MS equipment.The retention indices were calculated for all volatile constituents using n-alkane homologous series.GC/MS analyses were performed using a Shimadzu gas chromatograph interfaced with a HP 5973N Mass Selective Detector (ionization voltage 70 eV), equipped with a DB-5MS capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 µm), using helium as carrier gas (1.0 mL min −1 ).The oven temperature was programmed from 50 to 290 • C at a rate of 3 • C min −1 , then isothermal heating at 290 • C for 10 min, using He as the carrier gas (1.0 mL min −1 ).Injector and detector temperatures were 230 • C and 290 • C, respectively.Injection volume was 1.0 µL (2 mg of the sample in 1 mL of CH 2 Cl 2 ), in splitless mode.Linear velocity ( ū) was 14 cm s −1 .MS interface temperature was 280 • C; mass range was 40-700 µ; scan speed was 150 µs −1 ; interval was 0.50 s (2 Hz).
The acquisition of isomeric smiles of the ligands was performed from the database: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/,accessed on 15 January 2024.Subsequently, the structures were drawn using the ChemDraw Professional 12.0 molecules software, and through the software extension, Chem3D 12.0, the conversion and visualization of the structures in 3D were performed.With the obtained three-dimensional structures of the ligands, calculations were carried out in MM2 for energy minimization.Once the 3D molecules with minimized energy were obtained, they were saved in mol2 format in a single folder for docking analysis.

Molecular Docking
Molecular docking simulations were conducted through blind docking procedures using the online server CB-Dock2 [71,72].CB-Dock is a ligand-protein blind docking server that employs a cavity detection approach based on protein surface curvature to guide molecular docking with AutoDock Vina.The enhanced version, utilized in this study, CB-Dock2, integrates cavity detection, docking, and homology model fitting to increase accuracy in identifying the binding site and predicting the binding pose.

Analysis of Intermolecular Interactions and Figure Construction
The results of molecular docking, i.e., the generated poses of interactions between receptor and ligand, were assessed using the Discovery Studio Visualizer v21.1.0.20298 molecular visualization software.

Statistical Analysis
The lethal concentration that kills 50% of larvae or adults (LC 50 ) and the lethal concentration that kills 90% of larvae or adults (LC 90 ) were determined by probit regression with 95% fiducial limits using the POLO PLUS ® program (LeOra Software version 1.0, Berkeley, CA, USA) [73,74].Significant differences were determined by analysis of variance (bidirectional ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05) using BioEstat 5.0 Windows software (Belém, PA, Brazil).

Conclusions
The study of the essential oil (EO) obtained from the leaves of Bocageopsis multiflora indicates the predominance of sesquiterpenes, which could be associated with the biological activities observed against the larvae and adults of Aedes aegypti.Molecular docking analysis revealed that the three sesquiterpenes, α-selinene, β-selinene and β-elemene.Specifically, α-selinene and β-selinene, exhibited optimal interaction activities with mosquito proteins, suggesting their potential role in insecticidal action.Notably, β-selinene showed higher binding affinity than conventional insecticides, indicating its promising use in bioinsecticide formulations.According to docking and ADMET results, the three main sesquiterpenes appear to be safe for use.This study emphasizes their safety compared to commercial insecticides, stressing the importance of environmentally friendly alternatives for effective Aedes control.Overall, the essential oil from B. multiflora shows promise as an eco-friendly option for managing Aedes aegypti populations, supported by its chemical composition, insecticidal effects, favorable ADMET properties, and minimal ecotoxicological impact.However, further research is needed to assess its practical integration into mosquito vector control programs.

a
Components are listed according to their elution from a DB-5MS column; b Literature RI taken from NIST 16 or ADAMS libraries; c Retention index based on a homologous series of normal alkanes.

Table 1 .
Chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from leaves of Bocageopsis multiflora.

Table 3 .
Adulticidal activity of essential oils against Aedes aegypti females after 90 min of exposure.

Table 5 .
In-silico ADMET profile of the selected ligands.