Periphery Exploration around 2,6-Diazaspiro[3.4]octane Core Identifies a Potent Nitrofuran Antitubercular Lead

A small set of twelve compounds of a nitrofuran carboxamide chemotype was elaborated from a readily available 2,6-diazaspiro[3.4]octane building block, exploring diverse variants of the molecular periphery, including various azole substituents. The in vitro inhibitory activities of the synthesized compounds were assessed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. As a result, a remarkably potent antitubercular lead displaying a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.016 μg/mL was identified.


Introduction
5-Nitrofuryl-substituted chemotypes have been a prolific source of compounds endowed with antimycobacterial activity due to the ability of the nitrofuran moiety to undergo reduction with the bacterial enzyme machinery and generate reactive intermediates that are lethal to the bacterium itself [1]. The same mode of biotransformation of nitrofurans by mammalian cells is considered the likely origin of the potential toxicity associated with this and other nitroheterocycles [2]. However, the toxicity of nitrofurans is highly dependent on the specific molecular moiety to which these heterocycles are conjugated, and by optimizing the nitrofuran's molecular periphery, it is possible not only to increase the potency of nitrofuran antibacterials but also alleviate the systemic toxicity of this class of drugs. Indeed, we have previously shown that by linking the 5-nitrofuryl moiety to various heterocyclic motifs, potent antimycobacterial compounds efficacious against multidrug-resistant strains can be developed that are also non-toxic to rodents [3]. Later, it became evident that the conjugation of the 5-nitrofuryl fragment with saturated spirocyclic piperidines was very important for the implementation of this strategy [4]. This motivated us to continue studies along this line of inquiry.
The fully saturated, high-F sp3 2,6-diazaspiro [3.4]octane core is an emerging privileged structure, taking into account its recent frequent appearance in compounds possessing diverse biological activities. Notable recently reported examples include a hepatitis B capsid protein inhibitor [5], a menin-MLL1 interaction inhibitor for the treatment of cancer [6], a MAP and PI3K signaling modulator [7], a selective dopamine D 3 receptor antagonist [8], and VDAC1 inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes [9] (Figure 1). Considering the significance of the 2,6-diazaspiro [3.4]octane motif in recent drug discovery efforts and the availability of convenient procedures in the literature to access this spirocycle in a functionalized form, we were prompted to synthesize a diverse set of nitrofuran derivatives based on this core that would contain various periphery groups, including a range of azoles. The idea was to demonstrate that by broadly exploring the molecular periphery, potent antitubercular compound(s) could be identified within a relatively small screening set. Herein, we report our findings gathered in the course of realizing this idea.

Results and Discussion
The synthesis of core building block 3 on a multigram scale was achieved from commercially available N-Boc-protected azetidine-3-one 1, as described in the literature [10]. The initial Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination proceeded in high yield and gave α,βunsaturated ester 2 following chromatographic purification. A [3 + 2] cycloaddition with 2 and N-(methoxymethyl)-N-(trimethylsilylmethyl) benzylamine in the presence of lithium fluoride afforded intermediate core building block 3 at 56% yield, which was sufficiently pure without chromatography. The ester functionality of 3 was manipulated first by one-pot alkaline hydrolysis and then transformation to amides 4a-d. Amides 4a-c were transformed into 5-nitrofuroyl-substituted compounds 5a-c via a two-step deprotectionacylation protocol. Weinreb amide 4d was reduced to the respective aldehyde, which was subjected to reductive amination with dimethylamine to give compound 5d at 72% yield over two steps. Finally, compound 5d was transformed into 5-nitrofuroyl derivative 6d analogously to amides 4a-c (Scheme 1). Considering the significance of the 2,6-diazaspiro [3.4]octane motif in recent drug discovery efforts and the availability of convenient procedures in the literature to access this spirocycle in a functionalized form, we were prompted to synthesize a diverse set of nitrofuran derivatives based on this core that would contain various periphery groups, including a range of azoles. The idea was to demonstrate that by broadly exploring the molecular periphery, potent antitubercular compound(s) could be identified within a relatively small screening set. Herein, we report our findings gathered in the course of realizing this idea.

Results and Discussion
The synthesis of core building block 3 on a multigram scale was achieved from commercially available N-Boc-protected azetidine-3-one 1, as described in the literature [10]. The initial Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination proceeded in high yield and gave α,βunsaturated ester 2 following chromatographic purification. A [3 + 2] cycloaddition with 2 and N-(methoxymethyl)-N-(trimethylsilylmethyl) benzylamine in the presence of lithium fluoride afforded intermediate core building block 3 at 56% yield, which was sufficiently pure without chromatography. The ester functionality of 3 was manipulated first by one-pot alkaline hydrolysis and then transformation to amides 4a-d. Amides 4a-c were transformed into 5-nitrofuroyl-substituted compounds 5a-c via a two-step deprotectionacylation protocol. Weinreb amide 4d was reduced to the respective aldehyde, which was subjected to reductive amination with dimethylamine to give compound 5d at 72% yield over two steps. Finally, compound 5d was transformed into 5-nitrofuroyl derivative 6d analogously to amides 4a-c (Scheme 1).
Next, we aimed to elaborate the ester functionality in 3 into an imidazole and an oxazole moiety. In order to reduce the lipophilicity of the scaffold, we removed the benzyl group by hydrogenation (to obtain 7) and replaced it with a methyl group using a reductive alkylation procedure. After ester hydrolysis in intermediate 8, we prepared propargylamide 9, which was viewed as a starting material for both imidazole and oxazole. Following the protocol from the Beller group [11], propargylamide 9, without purification, underwent Zn(OTf) 2 -catalyzed hydroamination with benzylamine, which led to cyclodehydrative aromatization and the formation of imidazole 10 at 75% yield. In the absence of benzylamine (or any other primary amine), cycloaromatization under the same conditions led to the formation of oxazole 11 [12]. Compounds 10 and 11 were transformed into their N-(5-nitrofuroyl) derivatives using the same one-pot deprotection-acylation protocol as described above to furnish nitrofurans 12 and 13, respectively (Scheme 2). Next, we aimed to elaborate the ester functionality in 3 into an imidazole and an oxazole moiety. In order to reduce the lipophilicity of the scaffold, we removed the benzyl group by hydrogenation (to obtain 7) and replaced it with a methyl group using a reductive alkylation procedure. After ester hydrolysis in intermediate 8, we prepared propargylamide 9, which was viewed as a starting material for both imidazole and oxazole. Following the protocol from the Beller group [11], propargylamide 9, without purification, underwent Zn(OTf)2-catalyzed hydroamination with benzylamine, which led to cyclodehydrative aromatization and the formation of imidazole 10 at 75% yield. In the absence of benzylamine (or any other primary amine), cycloaromatization under the same conditions led to the formation of oxazole 11 [12]. Compounds 10 and 11 were transformed into their N-(5-nitrofuroyl) derivatives using the same one-pot deprotection-acylation protocol as described above to furnish nitrofurans 12 and 13, respectively (Scheme 2). Next, we turned our attention to elaborating the ester functionality in 3 into the 4methyl-1,2,4-triazole group while also varying the substituent on the pyrrolidine nitrogen atom. Compound 3 was converted to hydrazide 14 by refluxing with hydrazine in ethanol and used without purification. Hydrazide 14 was reacted with methyl isothiocyanate and Scheme 2. Synthesis of imidazole (12) and oxazole (13)  Next, we turned our attention to elaborating the ester functionality in 3 into the 4methyl-1,2,4-triazole group while also varying the substituent on the pyrrolidine nitrogen atom. Compound 3 was converted to hydrazide 14 by refluxing with hydrazine in ethanol and used without purification. Hydrazide 14 was reacted with methyl isothiocyanate and the intermediate hydrazine carbothioamide was treated with base and the cyclized intermediate with Raney nickel, which triggered the conversion into 1,2,4-triazole 15. On the one hand, the latter was converted into 5-nitrofuroyl derivative 18, and on the other hand, 15 was subjected to benzyl-to-mesyl group swap on the nitrogen atom to give N-mesyl derivative 16, which was converted into 5-nitrofuroyl compound 17 (Scheme 3).
Next, we turned our attention to elaborating the ester functionality in 3 into the 4methyl-1,2,4-triazole group while also varying the substituent on the pyrrolidine nitrogen atom. Compound 3 was converted to hydrazide 14 by refluxing with hydrazine in ethanol and used without purification. Hydrazide 14 was reacted with methyl isothiocyanate and the intermediate hydrazine carbothioamide was treated with base and the cyclized intermediate with Raney nickel, which triggered the conversion into 1,2,4-triazole 15. On the one hand, the latter was converted into 5-nitrofuroyl derivative 18, and on the other hand, 15 was subjected to benzyl-to-mesyl group swap on the nitrogen atom to give N-mesyl derivative 16, which was converted into 5-nitrofuroyl compound 17 (Scheme 3). Further, we were interested in replacing the ester functionality in 3 with a differently substituted 1,2,4-triazole moiety. To this end, hydrazide 14 was reacted with two amidines (acetamidine and cyclopropane carboxamidine). The initial adduct was cyclized on Further, we were interested in replacing the ester functionality in 3 with a differently substituted 1,2,4-triazole moiety. To this end, hydrazide 14 was reacted with two amidines (acetamidine and cyclopropane carboxamidine). The initial adduct was cyclized on heating to 170 • C to give 1,2,4-triazoles 19 and 20, respectively. Each of the latter was converted into a 5-nitrofuroyl derivative (21 and 22, respectively) using the already established one-pot, two-step protocol (Scheme 4).
Molecules 2023, 28, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 16 heating to 170 °C to give 1,2,4-triazoles 19 and 20, respectively. Each of the latter was converted into a 5-nitrofuroyl derivative (21 and 22, respectively) using the already established one-pot, two-step protocol (Scheme 4). Finally, we were interested in grafting a 1,2,4-oxadiazole moiety in lieu of the ester group on the 2,6-diazaspiro [3.4]octane building block 3 while also varying the substituent on the pyrrolidine nitrogen atom. To this end, we hydrolyzed the ester functionality in 3, acylated acetamidoxime with the resulting acid, and subjected the resulting intermediate to TBAF-promoted cyclodehydration. The resulting 1,2,4-oxadiazole 23 was transformed into 5-nitrofuroyl derivative 24. N-Unsubstituted ester 7 from our previous synthesis depicted in Scheme 2 was N-mesylated and subjected to ester hydrolysis to furnish carboxylic acid 25 in quantitative yield over two steps. The latter was transformed to 3-cyclopropyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl derivative 26 using the same sequence of steps as was applied towards 23. N-Boc protected compound 26 was transformed into 5-nitrofuroyl compound 27 (Scheme 5). Finally, we were interested in grafting a 1,2,4-oxadiazole moiety in lieu of the ester group on the 2,6-diazaspiro [3.4]octane building block 3 while also varying the substituent on the pyrrolidine nitrogen atom. To this end, we hydrolyzed the ester functionality in 3, acylated acetamidoxime with the resulting acid, and subjected the resulting intermediate to TBAF-promoted cyclodehydration. The resulting 1,2,4-oxadiazole 23 was transformed into 5-nitrofuroyl derivative 24. N-Unsubstituted ester 7 from our previous synthesis depicted in Scheme 2 was N-mesylated and subjected to ester hydrolysis to furnish carboxylic acid Molecules 2023, 28, 2529 5 of 15 25 in quantitative yield over two steps. The latter was transformed to 3-cyclopropyl-1,2,4oxadiazol-5-yl derivative 26 using the same sequence of steps as was applied towards 23. N-Boc protected compound 26 was transformed into 5-nitrofuroyl compound 27 (Scheme 5).
group on the 2,6-diazaspiro [3.4]octane building block 3 while also varying the substituent on the pyrrolidine nitrogen atom. To this end, we hydrolyzed the ester functionality in 3, acylated acetamidoxime with the resulting acid, and subjected the resulting intermediate to TBAF-promoted cyclodehydration. The resulting 1,2,4-oxadiazole 23 was transformed into 5-nitrofuroyl derivative 24. N-Unsubstituted ester 7 from our previous synthesis depicted in Scheme 2 was N-mesylated and subjected to ester hydrolysis to furnish carboxylic acid 25 in quantitative yield over two steps. The latter was transformed to 3-cyclopropyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl derivative 26 using the same sequence of steps as was applied towards 23. N-Boc protected compound 26 was transformed into 5-nitrofuroyl compound 27 (Scheme 5). Having thus synthesized twelve 5-nitrofuroyl derivatives (5a-c, 6d, 12-13, 17-18, 21-22, 24, and 27), we proceeded to evaluate their activity against the drug-sensitive strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using the resazurin microtiter plate assay (REMA) [13]. The resulting data expressed as minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) are collated in Table 1 Having thus synthesized twelve 5-nitrofuroyl derivatives (5a-c, 6d, 12-13, 17-18, 21-22, 24, and 27), we proceeded to evaluate their activity against the drug-sensitive strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using the resazurin microtiter plate assay (REMA) [13]. The resulting data expressed as minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) are collated in Table 1. As follows from the data summarized in Table 1, most of the compounds were either weakly active or inactive against this strain of M. tuberculosis. However, two specific compounds (out of only twelve)-1,2,4-oxadiazole 24 and especially 1,2,4-triazole 17-displayed quite respectable levels of activity. In fact, compound 17 was very active and caused the bacteria to die at a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.016 µg/mL.
Comparing the activity of compounds 17 and 18, it would be assumed that the Nmesyl group strongly promoted activity. On the other hand, when comparing compounds 18 and 24, one can note an increase in activity when replacing 1,2,4-triazole with 1,2,4-oxadiazole. Based on these two comparisons, one should expect outstanding results from compound 27, but this was not reflected in the data in Table 1. Therefore, there was no unambiguous correlation between structure and property, and further research is required.

Synthesis-General
All commercial reagents were used without purification. NMR spectra were recorded using a Bruker DPX-300 spectrometer in CDCl 3 ( 1 H: 300 MHz; 13 C: 75 MHz). Chemical shifts are reported as parts per million (δ, ppm). The residual solvent peak (CHCl 3 or DMSO-d 6 ) was used as the internal standard: 7.28 or 2.51 for 1 H and 77.07 or 40.00 ppm for 13 C. Multiplicities are abbreviated as follows: s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, m = multiplet, br = broad, dd = doublet of doublets, dt = doublet of triplets, ddd = doublet/doublets of doublets (see Supplementary Materials). Coupling constants, J, are reported in Hz. Mass spectra were recorded using a Bruker microTOF spectrometer (ionization by electrospray, positive ion detection). Melting points were determined in open capillary tubes using a Stuart SMP50 Automatic Melting Point Apparatus. Analytical thinlayer chromatography was carried out on UV-254 silica gel plates using appropriate eluents. Compounds were visualized with short-wavelength UV light. Column chromatography was performed using silica gel Merk grade 60 (0.040-0.063 mm) 230-400 mesh. All reactions were conducted under an atmosphere of argon.

2-(tert-Butyl
Prepared according to the literature procedure [10] with minor modifications. To a suspension of NaH (60% dispersion in mineral oil, 1.88 g, 0.047 mol, 1.15 equiv.) in THF (150 mL) at 0 • C, triethylphosphonoacetate (11 g, 0.054 mol, 1.2 equiv.) was added. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm up to r. t. and stirred at that temperature for 30 min. It was cooled down to 0 • C, at which point tert-butyl 3-oxazetidine-1-carboxylate (7 g, 0.041 mol, 1.0 equiv.) in THF (50 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to reach r. t. again and stirred at that temperature overnight. It was then diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO 3 , water, and brine. The organic phase was separated and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica, eluting with 0→10% ethyl acetate in hexane. Yield of 2-9 g (92%), colorless oil. The spectral data of compound 2 were in accordance with those reported in the literature: To a solution of 2 (5 g, 20.75 mmol, 1 equiv.) in acetonitrile (50 mL), LiF (2.15 g, 83 mmol, 4 equiv.) and (methoxymethyl)-1-phenyl-N-(trimethylsilylmethyl)methanamine (6.25 g, 25 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) were added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 60 • C overnight. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 mL). The solution was washed with sat. aq. citric acid (3 × 25 mL). The combined aqueous phases were extracted with ethyl acetate (2 × 100 mL). The pH of the aqueous phase was brought to 8 with sat. aq. K 2 CO 3 and it was extracted with ethyl acetate (2 × 100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 4.3 g (56%) of the title product as a colorless oil. This product was used in subsequent steps without further purification. The spectral data of

2-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-1-(6-benzyl-2,6-diazaspiro[3.4]oct-8-yl)-N,Ndimethylmethanamine (5d)
Compound 4d was synthesized according to general procedure A from 3 (1 g, 2.66 mmol) and used in the next step without further purification. A solution of this compound (0.7 g, 1.8 mmol, 1 equiv.) in absolute THF (3 mL) was added to a suspension of LAH (0.07 g, 1.8 mmol, 1 equiv.) in THF (10 mL) at −70 • C. The reaction mixture was stirred at that temperature for 30 min and allowed to reach −5 • C. Then, it was cooled to −30 • C and decomposed by adding water (0.1 mL), 15% aq. NaOH (0.1 mL), and water (0.3 mL). The resulting precipitate was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting aldehyde was used immediately in the next step. It was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL) and the solution was treated, on vigorous stirring, with 33% aq. dimethylamine (0.5 mL). Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.96 g, 4.5 mmol, 2.5 equiv.) was added in portions and the resulting mixture was stirred overnight. Sat. aq. NaHCO 3 was added and the resulting mixture was washed with 10% aq. K 2 CO 3 , brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica, eluting with 10% methanol in CH 2 Cl 2 to give 0.25 g (72%) of the title compound as a colorless oil. 1  3.7. 2-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-8-(1-benzyl-5-methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-6-methyl-2,6diazaspiro [3.4]octane (10) To a solution of 3 (2 g, 5.3 mmol) in ethanol (25 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (0.25 g) and the mixture was hydrogenated in an autoclave at a start pressure of 100 atm and r. t. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through a plug of Celite and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The yield of compound 7 was 1.6 g (quantitative, assuming analytical purity), obtained as a colorless oil. It was used directly in the next step without further purification.
To a solution of 14 (2 g, 5.5 mmol, 1 equiv.) in ethanol (25 mL), CH 3 NCS (0.5 g, 6.8 mmol, 1.25 equiv.) was added dropwise and the resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 2 h. Sat. aq. K 2 CO 3 (5 mL) was added and refluxing continued for 8 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in water (25 mL), and the solution was acidified to pH 7 with 5% aq. HCl. The resulting precipitate was filtered off and dissolved in ethanol (25 mL). A suspension of freshly prepared Raney nickel in a minimum amount of ethanol was added and the mixture was heated under reflux with vigorous stirring for 12 h. Upon cooling to r. t., the reaction mixture was filtered through a plug of Celite and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using 10% methanol in CH 2 Cl 2 to give the title compound

octane (23)
To a solution of 3 (1 g, 2.29 mmol, 1 equiv.) in 1,4-dioxane, an aqueous solution of LiOH·H 2 O (1 mL, 0.175 g, 4.2 mmol, 1.25 equiv.) was added and the mixture was stirred for 12 h. HOBt (0.56 g, 4.2 mmol, 1.25 equiv.), EDC·HCl (0.81 g, 4.2 mmol,1.25 equiv.), and acetamidoxime (0.35 g, 4.7 mmol, 1.4 equiv.) were added and the resulting mixture was stirred for 12 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (50 mL). The solution was washed with 10% aq. K 2 CO 3 , brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in toluene (25 mL), TBAF (100 mg) was added, and the resulting mixture was heated under reflux with a Dean-Stark trap for 6 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using 10% methanol in CH 2 Cl 2 to give the title compound  To a solution of crude 7 (0.31 g, 1.1 mmol, 1 equiv.) in CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL), Et 3 N (0.14 g, 1.37 mmol, 1.25 equiv.) was added dropwise. The mixture was cooled to 0 • C, treated with dropwise addition of MsCl (0.16 g, 1.37 mmol, 1.25 equiv.), and stirred overnight. It was then washed with 10% aq. K 2 CO 3 , brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in methanol (10 mL) and treated with dropwise addition of 25% aq. KOH (1 mL). The mixture was stirred for 1 h, concentrated in vacuo, and the residue was dissolved in water. The solution was acidified to pH 6 with 5% aq. HCl. The resulting precipitate was filtered off and dried over NaOH pellets to give the title compound.  To a solution of 25 (0.25 g, 0.75 mmol, 1 equiv.) in CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL), CDI (0.15 g, 0.94 mmol, 1.25 equiv.) was added and the mixture was stirred for 1 h, whereupon Nhydroxycyclopropanecarboximidamide (0.094 g, 0.94 mmol, 1.25 equiv.) was added and the stirring was continued overnight. The reaction mixture was washed with 1% aq. HCl (2 × 15 mL) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in toluene (25 mL), TBAF (100 mg) was added, and the mixture was heated under reflux with a Dean-Stark trap for 6 h. The reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using 10% methanol in CH 2 Cl 2 to give the title compound (0.19 g, 63%) as a colorless oil. 1 preparation of compounds 5a-c, 6d, 12-3, 17-18, 21-22,  24 and 27. To a solution of 5-nitro-2-furoic acid (75 mg, 0.47 mmol) in DMF (3 mL), CDI (97 mg, 0.6 mmol) was added at 0 • C and the solution was stirred for 1 h.
To a solution of 4a (0.22 g, 0.6 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (5 mL) at 0 • C, trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The solution was concentrated in vacuo while keeping the bath temperature under 30 • C. The residue was dissolved in DMF (3 mL), triethylamine (0.19 g, 1.9 mmol) was added dropwise, and after 30 min stirring, the mixture was added to the solution of 5-nitro-2-furoic acid imidazolide prepared as described above. The reaction mixture was stirred at r. t. overnight, poured into water (25 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (3 × 20 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using 10% methanol in CH 2 Cl 2 to give the title compound.

Conclusions
In conclusion, by elaborating a small set of twelve compounds from readily available 2,6-diazaspiro [3.4]octane building block 3 and exploring diverse variants of the molecular periphery, including various azole substituents, we identified a remarkably potent antitubercular lead displaying a minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.016 µg/mL. This compound will be tested in vitro at a lower concentration range and in vivo to determine its efficacy and safety. The results of these studies will be reported in due course.
Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules28062529/s1: copies of the NMR spectra, images of exemplary assay plates.