Design, Synthesis, In Vitro Biological Evaluation and In Silico Molecular Docking Study of Benzimidazole-Based Oxazole Analogues: A Promising Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological condition that severely affects the elderly and is clinically recognised by a decrease in cognition and memory. The treatment of this disease has drawn considerable attention and sparked increased interest among the researchers in this field as a result of a number of factors, including an increase in the population of patients over time, a significant decline in patient quality of life, and the high cost of treatment and care. The current work was carried out for the synthesis of benzimidazole-oxazole hybrid derivatives as efficient Alzheimer’s inhibitors and as a springboard for investigating novel anti-chemical Alzheimer’s prototypes. The inhibition profiles of each synthesised analogue against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes were assessed. All the synthesized benzimidazole-based oxazole analogues displayed a diverse spectrum of inhibitory potentials against targeted AChE and BuChE enzymes when compared to the reference drug donepezil (IC50 = 2.16 ± 0.12 M and 4.50 ± 0.11 µM, respectively). The most active AChE and BuChE analogues were discovered to be analogues 9 and 14, with IC50 values of 0.10 ± 0.050 and 0.20 ± 0.050 µM (against AChE) and 0.20 ± 0.050 and 0.30 ± 0.050 µM (against BuChE), respectively. The nature, number, position, and electron-donating and -withdrawing effects on the phenyl ring were taken into consideration when analysing the structure-activity relationship (SAR). Molecular docking studies were also carried out on the active analogues to find out how amino acids bind to the active sites of the AChE and BuChE enzymes that were being studied.


Introduction
Alzheimer's disease is mainly caused by cholinesterase (AChE and BuChE) enzymes.These enzymes primarily work to hydrolyze acetylcholine into choline acetic acid [1].These result in a lack of acetylcholine in the hippocampus and cortex of the brain, which are linked

Introduction
Alzheimer's disease is mainly caused by cholinesterase (AChE and BuChE) enzymes.These enzymes primarily work to hydrolyze acetylcholine into choline acetic acid [1].These result in a lack of acetylcholine in the hippocampus and cortex of the brain, which are linked to important psychological activities [2] and result in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a persistent and irreversible brain illness.The cholinergic system of the brain continues to be affected, which frequently results in confusion, memory loss, cognitive impairment, difficulty solving problems, and thinking difficulties [3][4][5].Additionally, because these enzymes are in charge of the neurotoxic β-amyloid accumulation that results in neuronal cell apoptosis, AD is the main cause of dementia in an ageing society.The best course of action for treating AD is to target both of these enzymes [6,7] by concentrating on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which has two binding sites: a peripheral location for the interaction of β-amyloid and a catalytic site for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine.In the form of the AChE-Aβ complex, it induces neurotoxicity as a result of its interaction with proteins.Furthermore, BuChE is mostly found in the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, gut, and serum, whereas AChE is found in the cholinergic brain, neurons, and muscle [8,9].The primary role of these enzymes is to break down substances that contain esters; AChE is predominant in the brain, and as acetylcholine activity gradually declines, BuChE function increases.To block the potential of these enzymes, a powerful medication is still required [10].The FDA has approved a number of medications, including donepezil, rivastigmine, tacrine, and galantamine, for the treatment of Alzheimer's.Tacrine and Rivastigmine have been used to inhibit both AChE and BuChE, while Donepezil and Galantamine have been used to inhibit AChE [11] (Figure 1).Antioxidants [12], anticancer agents [13], CNS stimulants [14], antiviral agents [15], anticoagulants [16], anti-inflammatory agents [17], anti-parasitic agents [18], anti-microbial agents [19], and blood pressure lowering agents [20] have all been found in benzimidazole and its derivatives.There are numerous bioactive drugs used in the market that contain benzimidazole skeletons in their structures, such as bandamustine, enviradine, astemizole, albendazole, and omeprazole (Figure 2) [21].Antioxidants [12], anticancer agents [13], CNS stimulants [14], antiviral agents [15], anticoagulants [16], anti-inflammatory agents [17], anti-parasitic agents [18], anti-microbial agents [19], and blood pressure lowering agents [20] have all been found in benzimidazole and its derivatives.There are numerous bioactive drugs used in the market that contain benzimidazole skeletons in their structures, such as bandamustine, enviradine, astemizole, albendazole, and omeprazole (Figure 2) [21].
Oxazole scaffolds play a vital role in the design and development of several biologically active pharmaceutical drugs with interesting biological profiles, natural products, functional materials, and ligand frameworks [22].Oxaprozin, aleglitazar, and aristoxazole (Figure 3) are examples of naturally occurring compounds that contain oxazole, which is a physiologically active scaffold [23,24].
We had already synthesized several N-containing heterocyclic compounds as potent inhibitors of alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, urease, β-glucuronidase, thymidine phosphorylase, AChE and BuChE enzymes [25][26][27].Furthermore, the molecular hybridization approach has been widely employed for the design and synthesis of hybrid analogues for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.This approach mainly involves the combining of two or more than two different pharmacophore moieties in a single molecule having a common skeleton.These hybrid molecules may have advantages over standard drugs.In the current work, we used molecular hybridization to combine the biologically important two heterocyclic moieties; benzimidazole and oxazole, to obtain new hybrid molecules (Figure 4).As earlier discussed, both benzimidazole and oxazole moieties are very important for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and thus hybrid analogues containing benzimidazole and oxazole moieties were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro AChE and BuChE and molecular docking studies thereafter.Keeping in mind the biological importance of benzimidazole [28][29][30] and oxazole [31] scaffolds (Figure 4), in this study, we designed and synthesized hybrid analogues based on benzimidazole-bearing oxazole derivatives to further explore the AChE and BuChE inhibition profiles for the better treatment of Alzheimer's disease.Oxazole scaffolds play a vital role in the design and development of several biologically active pharmaceutical drugs with interesting biological profiles, natural products, functional materials, and ligand frameworks [22].Oxaprozin, aleglitazar, and aristoxazole (Figure 3) are examples of naturally occurring compounds that contain oxazole, which is a physiologically active scaffold [23,24].We had already synthesized several N-containing heterocyclic compounds as potent inhibitors of alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, urease, β-glucuronidase, thymidine phosphorylase, AChE and BuChE enzymes [25][26][27].Furthermore, the molecular hybridization approach has been widely employed for the design and synthesis of hybrid analogues for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.This approach mainly involves the combining of two or more than two different pharmacophore moieties in a single molecule having a common skeleton.These hybrid molecules may have advantages over standard drugs.In the current work, we used molecular hybridization to combine the biologically important two heterocyclic moieties; benzimidazole and oxazole, to obtain new hybrid molecules (Figure 4).As earlier discussed, both benzimidazole and oxazole moieties are very important for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and thus hybrid analogues containing benzimidazole and oxazole moieties were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro AChE and BuChE and molecular docking studies thereafter.Keeping in mind the biological importance of benzimidazole [28][29][30] and oxazole [31] scaffolds (Figure 4), in this study, we Oxazole scaffolds play a vital role in the design and development of several biologically active pharmaceutical drugs with interesting biological profiles, natural products, functional materials, and ligand frameworks [22].Oxaprozin, aleglitazar, and aristoxazole (Figure 3) are examples of naturally occurring compounds that contain oxazole, which is a physiologically active scaffold [23,24].We had already synthesized several N-containing heterocyclic compounds as potent inhibitors of alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, urease, β-glucuronidase, thymidine phosphorylase, AChE and BuChE enzymes [25][26][27].Furthermore, the molecular hybridization approach has been widely employed for the design and synthesis of hybrid analogues for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.This approach mainly involves the combining of two or more than two different pharmacophore moieties in a single molecule having a common skeleton.These hybrid molecules may have advantages over standard drugs.In the current work, we used molecular hybridization to combine the biologically important two heterocyclic moieties; benzimidazole and oxazole, to obtain new hybrid molecules (Figure 4).As earlier discussed, both benzimidazole and oxazole moieties are very important for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and thus hybrid analogues containing benzimidazole and oxazole moieties were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro AChE and BuChE and molecular docking studies thereafter.Keeping in mind the biological importance of benzimidazole [28][29][30] and oxazole [31] scaffolds (Figure 4), in this study, we designed and synthesized hybrid analogues based on benzimidazole-bearing oxazole

Chemistry
The synthesis of hybrid benzimidazole-based oxazole derivatives was completed in three steps: First, the reaction mixture of 2-marcaptobenzimidazole (I, 1 mmol) and 2-bromoacetophenone (II, 1 mmol) was mixed and refluxed for 2-3 h in ethanol (10 mL) in the presence of triethylamine as a catalyst to produce the first intermediate product (III) [32].The second intermediate product (IV) was produced by treating the intermediate (III) and semicarbazide in equal amounts in ethanol (10 mL) and glacial acetic acid as catalysts and refluxing the mixture for around 4 h.After the reaction was complete, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the precipitate solid that was produced was filtered and washed with n-hexane.TLC plates had been used to keep tabs on the reaction's development.An equivalent quantity of intermediate (IV) underwent cyclization with stirring overnight with an equivalent amount of various substituted 2-bromoacetophenone in EtOH and Et3N (catalyst) in order to produce the benzimidazole-oxazole hybrid compounds (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) in proper yield (Scheme 1).After cooling to 25 °C, the solvent was withdrawn, and the resulting solid residue was cleaned by washing with n-hexane before

Chemistry
The synthesis of hybrid benzimidazole-based oxazole derivatives was completed in three steps: First, the reaction mixture of 2-marcaptobenzimidazole (I, 1 mmol) and 2-bromoaceto phenone (II, 1 mmol) was mixed and refluxed for 2-3 h in ethanol (10 mL) in the presence of triethylamine as a catalyst to produce the first intermediate product (III) [32].The second intermediate product (IV) was produced by treating the intermediate (III) and semicarbazide in equal amounts in ethanol (10 mL) and glacial acetic acid as catalysts and refluxing the mixture for around 4 h.After the reaction was complete, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the precipitate solid that was produced was filtered and washed with n-hexane.TLC plates had been used to keep tabs on the reaction's development.An equivalent quantity of intermediate (IV) underwent cyclization with stirring overnight with an equivalent amount of various substituted 2-bromoacetophenone in EtOH and Et 3 N (catalyst) in order to produce the benzimidazole-oxazole hybrid compounds (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) in proper yield (Scheme 1).After cooling to 25 • C, the solvent was withdrawn, and the resulting solid residue was cleaned by washing with n-hexane before being re-crystallized from ethyl alcohol.Many spectroscopic techniques, including 13 C-NMR, 1 H-NMR, and HR-EIMS, were used to determine the structures of all freshly synthesized analogues.

In Vitro Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities
Hybrid analogues based on benzimidazole incorporating an oxazole skeleton were synthesised and then screened in vitro for their inhibitory activities against targeted AChE and BuChE enzymes as compared to donepezil as the standard drug.All synthesised benzimidazole-based oxazole analogues showed a varied range of inhibitory potentials against targeted AChE and BuChE enzymes, with IC50 values ranging from 0.10 ± 0.050 to 12.60 ± 0.30 µM (against AChE) and 0.20 ± 0.050 µM to 16.30 ± 0.30 µM (against BuChE) when compared to standard donepezil (IC50 = 2.16 ± 0.12 µM and 4.5 ± 0.11 µM, respectively (Table 1).Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies have shown that inhibitory potentials were greatly affected by changing either the position of substituent(s) or the nature of substituent(s) around both aryl parts; therefore, to better understand SAR studies, the synthesized analogues were split into various parts, including benzimidazole, oxazole, and aryl parts (R1 and R2), and it was further revealed from SAR studies that each part effectively contributed to inhibitory potentials, and any variation found on both aryl parts (R1 and R2, respectively) may result in different inhibitory potentials against targeted enzymes (Figure 5).being re-crystallized from ethyl alcohol.Many spectroscopic techniques, including 13 C NMR, 1 H-NMR, and HR-EIMS, were used to determine the structures of all freshly syn thesized analogues.

In Vitro Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities
Hybrid analogues based on benzimidazole incorporating an oxazole skeleton were synthesised and then screened in vitro for their inhibitory activities against targeted AChE and BuChE enzymes as compared to donepezil as the standard drug.All synthesised ben zimidazole-based oxazole analogues showed a varied range of inhibitory potential against targeted AChE and BuChE enzymes, with IC50 values ranging from 0.10 ± 0.050 to 12.60 ± 0.30 µM (against AChE) and 0.20 ± 0.050 µM to 16.30 ± 0.30 µM (against BuChE when compared to standard donepezil (IC50 = 2.16 ± 0.12 µM and 4.5 ± 0.11 µM, respec tively (Table 1).Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies have shown that inhibitory potentials were greatly affected by changing either the position of substituent(s) or the nature of substituent(s) around both aryl parts; therefore, to better understand SAR stud ies, the synthesized analogues were split into various parts, including benzimidazole, ox azole, and aryl parts (R1 and R2), and it was further revealed from SAR studies that each part effectively contributed to inhibitory potentials, and any variation found on both ary parts (R1 and R2, respectively) may result in different inhibitory potentials against tar geted enzymes (Figure 5).nature of substituent(s) around both aryl parts; therefore, to be er understand SAR stud ies, the synthesized analogues were split into various parts, including benzimidazole, ox azole, and aryl parts (R1 and R2), and it was further revealed from SAR studies that each part effectively contributed to inhibitory potentials, and any variation found on both ary parts (R1 and R2, respectively) may result in different inhibitory potentials against tar geted enzymes (Figure 5).nature of substituent(s) around both aryl parts; therefore, to be er understand SAR studies, the synthesized analogues were split into various parts, including benzimidazole, oxazole, and aryl parts (R1 and R2), and it was further revealed from SAR studies that each part effectively contributed to inhibitory potentials, and any variation found on both aryl parts (R1 and R2, respectively) may result in different inhibitory potentials against targeted enzymes (Figure 5).Among the compounds with an unsubstituted ring B, derivative 10 (IC 50 = 1.40 ± 0.10 µM and 2.10 ± 0.10 µM) had a nitro group at meta on ring C and derivative 17 (IC 50 = 2.50 ± 0.10 µM and 3.50 ± 0.10µM) had a nitro group at ortho on ring C. The difference in the potentials of these derivatives may be due to the different positions of the nitro group on ring C.
By comparing the derivatives with a methyl group on ring B, derivative 2 (IC 50 = 1.60 ± 0.10 µM and 1.90 ± 0.10 µM) had a -NO 2 group at the ortho position on ring C, derivative 3 (IC 50 = 4.40 ± 0.10 µM and 5.80 ± 0.10 µM) had a -NO 2 group at the meta position on ring C, derivative 4 (IC 50 = 9.80 ± 0.20 µM and 11.50 ± 0.20 µM) had methyl at the para position on ring C, derivative 5 (IC 50 = 9.80 ± 0.20 µM and 11.50 ± 0.20 µM) had a methoxy group at the meta position on ring C, derivative 6 (IC 50 = 0.40 ± 0.05 µM and 1.10 ± 0.05 µM) had dichloro substitutions at the meta and para positions on ring C, derivative 8 (IC 50 = 5.30 ± 0.20 µM and 7.20 ± 0.10 µM) had a methoxy group at the ortho position on ring C, derivative 12 (IC 50 = 0.40 ± 0.05 µM and 1.10 ± 0.05 µM) had a chloro group at the para position on ring C, and derivative 14 (IC 50 = 0.20 ± 0.050 µM and 0.30 ± 0.050 µM) had dichloro substitutions at the ortho and para positions on ring C. The difference in the potentials of these entire derivatives may be due to the different nature, number, and position of the substituents on ring C.
Among the derivatives having a chloro group on ring B, compound 11 (IC 50 = 0.70 ± 0.50 µM and 1.20 ± 0.010 µM) had a NO 2 group at the meta position on ring C, 18 (IC 50 = 0.80 ± 0.10 µM and 1.70 ± 0.10 µM) had a nitro group at the ortho position on ring C, and 19 (IC 50 = 2.70 ± 0.20 µM and 1.10 ± 0.05 µM) had an OCH 3 group at the meta position on ring C, correspondingly.The difference in the inhibitory potentials of these derivatives may be due to the different nature, number, and position of the substituents on ring C.
Overall, it was also observed that the variation in number, nature, and position of certain groups at particular positions on rings B and C greatly affects the inhibitory potentials of the synthesized derivatives.Therefore, a molecular docking study was performed to understand the binding interaction of the most potent derivatives with the active site of enzymes.

Molecular Docking Study
A molecular docking study was performed on the most active benzimidazole-oxazole analogues (9, 14, and 6) in order to elucidate the in vitro study.Subsequently, all these active analogues showed a well-fitting binding mode with different binding affinities and correlated well with the in vitro studies.All of the active compounds, 9, 14, and 6, have similar and related chemistry, with slight modifications at different positions.These different functional moieties showed wide differences in their interactions with the active pocket of the targeted enzyme.Compound 9 showed maximum interactions with the active sites of both targeted AChE and BuChE enzymes and was found to be the most effective, and this was similar in the in vitro study.The details of the interactions are given in Table 2.It was also found that not only does the direct attachment of the electron-withdrawing group (-NO 2 ) cause good activity, but the indirect attachment of the electron-withdrawing -F 3 moiety in the form of -CF 3 is also important, which in turn attaches the ring of the analogue.The better interactions, activity, and docking score of analogue 9 were mainly due to this reason.The electron-withdrawing -NO 2 and -CF 3 groups withdraw electronic density from the extended benzene ring, making the benzene ring more electrophilic; hence, the extended benzene ring remains electron-deficient, which further regains stability by forming pi-cation interactions with the active site of the targeted enzyme.From docking analysis, it was found that not only do electron-withdrawing groups such as -NO 2 and -CF 3 groups enhance the activity by making the benzene ring cationic, but they also enhance the enzymatic activity through the sidewise involvement of the oxygen of -NO 2 and -F in hydrogen bonding and halogen (fluorine) with the active sites of both targeted enzymes.The presence of the -NO 2 functional group is more effective in its meta-position; therefore, compound 9 has very good activity and interactions, as shown in Table 2. Compound 14, which holds electron-withdrawing di-Cl moieties at the 2,4-position of ring C and the para-methyl substation on ring B, was proven to be the second most active analogue and adopted several significant interactions with the active sites of both targeted AChE and BuChE (Table 2).Changing the position of di-Cl moieties around ring C, as in the case of compound 6, resulted in different enzymatic activities and hence different interactions with the active sites of both targeted AChE and BuChE enzymes (Figures 6-11, Table 2).
Molecules 2023, 28, x FOR PEER REVIEW 25 of 37 active analogue and adopted several significant interactions with the active sites of both targeted AChE and BuChE (Table 2).Changing the position of di-Cl moieties around ring C, as in the case of compound 6, resulted in different enzymatic activities and hence different interactions with the active sites of both targeted AChE and BuChE enzymes (Figures 6-11, Table 2).

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Benzimidazole-Oxazole Hybrid Derivatives (1-19)
2-Marcaptobenzimidazole (I, 1 mmol) and 2-bromoacetophenone (II, 1 mmol) were mixed and refluxed for 2-3 h in ethanol (10 mL) in the presence of triethylamine to produce the first intermediate product (III) [32].The second intermediate product (IV) was produced by treating the intermediate (III) and semicarbazide in equal amounts in ethanol (10 mL) and glacial acetic acid as catalysts and refluxing the mixture for around 4 h.After the reaction was complete, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the precipitate solid that was produced was filtered and washed with n-hexane.TLC plates were used to check the reaction's development.An equivalent quantity of intermediate (IV) underwent cyclization with stirring overnight with an equivalent amount of various substituted 2-bromoacetophenone in EtOH and Et3N (catalyst) in order to produce the benzimidazole-oxazole hybrid compounds (1-19) at proper yield.After cooling to 25 °C, the solvent was withdrawn, and the resulting solid residue was cleaned by washing with n-hexane before being re-crystallized from ethyl alcohol.

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Benzimidazole-Oxazole Hybrid Derivatives (1-19)
2-Marcaptobenzimidazole (I, 1 mmol) and 2-bromoacetophenone (II, 1 mmol) were mixed and refluxed for 2-3 h in ethanol (10 mL) in the presence of triethylamine to produce the first intermediate product (III) [32].The second intermediate product (IV) was produced by treating the intermediate (III) and semicarbazide in equal amounts in ethanol (10 mL) and glacial acetic acid as catalysts and refluxing the mixture for around 4 h.After the reaction was complete, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the precipitate solid that was produced was filtered and washed with n-hexane.TLC plates were used to check the reaction's development.An equivalent quantity of intermediate (IV) underwent cyclization with stirring overnight with an equivalent amount of various substituted 2-bromoacetophenone in EtOH and Et3N (catalyst) in order to produce the benzimidazole-oxazole hybrid compounds (1-19) at proper yield.After cooling to 25 °C, the solvent was withdrawn, and the resulting solid residue was cleaned by washing with n-hexane before being re-crystallized from ethyl alcohol.2-Marcaptobenzimidazole (I, 1 mmol) and 2-bromoacetophenone (II, 1 mmol) were mixed and refluxed for 2-3 h in ethanol (10 mL) in the presence of triethylamine to produce the first intermediate product (III) [32].The second intermediate product (IV) was produced by treating the intermediate (III) and semicarbazide in equal amounts in ethanol (10 mL) and glacial acetic acid as catalysts and refluxing the mixture for around 4 h.After the reaction was complete, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the precipitate solid that was produced was filtered and washed with n-hexane.TLC plates were used to check the reaction's development.An equivalent quantity of intermediate (IV) underwent cyclization with stirring overnight with an equivalent amount of various substituted 2-bromoacetophenone in EtOH and Et 3 N (catalyst) in order to produce the benzimidazole-oxazole hybrid compounds (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) at proper yield.After cooling to 25 • C, the solvent was withdrawn, and the resulting solid residue was cleaned by washing with n-hexane before being re-crystallized from ethyl alcohol.

Assay Protocol for Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Activities
According to previously established protocols, in vitro AChE and BuChE inhibition profiles were evaluated with slight modifications [33,34].

Protocol for Molecular Docking Study
In order to properly triangulate the in vitro and in silico results, a molecular docking analysis was carried out using the AutoDock Vina software (version 1.5.7)package to understand the binding mode of synthetic compounds against both the targeted AChE and BuChE enzymes.The RCSB protein databank's crystal structures for both targets were obtained using the PDB codes 1ACL for AChE and 1P0P for BuChE.The crystallographic structures and all of the produced compounds were protonated and energy was reduced using the default MOE-Dock module parameters, resulting in optimized enzyme and compound structures.Docking research was then conducted using the improved enzyme and chemical structures.Our prior investigations covered all of the docking protocol's specifics in depth [35,36].

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Available drug of AD with AChE inhibitory activity.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Available drug of AD with AChE inhibitory activity.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Rational of the current study.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Rational of the current study.
± 0.10 8.10 ± 0.10 9.70 ± 0.10 the standard error mean.Molecules 2023, 28, x FOR PEER REVIEW 23 the standard error mean.Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) for Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) Activities Structure-activity relationships were performed on the basis of variety in different substitution patterns on both rings B and C, respectively.Derivatives 9 (IC50 = 0.10 ± 0.050 µM and 0.20 ± 0.050 µM), having a -NO 2 group at the 3-position on ring C and triflouromethyl substitution at the 4-position on ring B, and derivative 14, having dichloro substitution at the 2-and 3-positions on ring C along with a methyl group at the para position on ring B, were identified as the first and second most potent inhibitors of AChE and BuChE enzymes among the synthesized derivatives.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.The protein-ligand interaction (PLI) profile of compound 9 against the AChE enzyme and its 3D (left) and 2D (right) diagrams.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7.The protein-ligand interaction (PLI) profile of compound 9 against the BuChE enzyme and its 3D (left) and 2D (right) diagrams.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Protein-ligand interaction profile (PLI) of the second most active compound 14 against the BuChE enzyme and its 3D (left) and 2D (right) diagrams.

Figure 8 . 22 Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Protein-ligand interaction profile (PLI) of the second most active compound 14 against the AChE enzyme and its 3D (left) and 2D (right) diagrams.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Protein-ligand interaction profile (PLI) of the second most active compound 14 against the BuChE enzyme and its 3D (left) and 2D (right) diagrams.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Protein-ligand interaction profile (PLI) of the second most active compound 14 against the BuChE enzyme and its 3D (left) and 2D (right) diagrams.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Protein-ligand interaction profile (PLI) of the third most active compound 6 against the AChE enzyme and its 3D (left) and 2D (right) diagrams.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Protein-ligand interaction profile (PLI) of the third most active compound 6 against the BuChE enzyme and its 3D (left) and 2D (right) diagrams.

Figure 10 . 22 Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Protein-ligand interaction profile (PLI) of the third most active compound 6 against the AChE enzyme and its 3D (left) and 2D (right) diagrams.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Protein-ligand interaction profile (PLI) of the third most active compound 6 against the BuChE enzyme and its 3D (left) and 2D (right) diagrams.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Protein-ligand interaction profile (PLI) of the third most active compound 6 against the BuChE enzyme and its 3D (left) and 2D (right) diagrams.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Representation of the ADMET analysis of analog-6.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Representation of the ADMET analysis of analog-6.

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Representation of the ADMET analysis of analog-9.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Representation of the ADMET analysis of analog-14.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Representation of the ADMET analysis of analog-14.

Figure 14 .
Figure 14.Representation of the ADMET analysis of analog-14.

Table 2 .
The different types of interactions between active analogues (9, 14, and 6) and interactive residues of amino acids of the targeted AChE and BuChE enzymes with varied distances.