Mechanochemical Studies on Coupling of Hydrazines and Hydrazine Amides with Phenolic and Furanyl Aldehydes—Hydrazones with Antileishmanial and Antibacterial Activities

Hydrazone compounds represent an important area of research that includes, among others, synthetic approaches and biological studies. A series of 17 hydrazones have been synthesized by mechanochemical means. The fragments chosen were phenolic and furanyl aldehydes coupled with 12 heterocyclic hydrazines or hydrazinamides. All compounds can be obtained quantitatively when operating on a planetary ball mill and a maximum reaction time of 180 min (6 cycles of 30 min each). Complete spectroscopic analyses of hydrazones revealed eight compounds (3–5, 8–11, 16) present in one geometric form, six compounds (1, 2, 13–15) present in two isomeric forms, and three compounds (6, 7, 12) where one rotation is restricted giving rise to two different forms. The single crystal X-ray structure of one of the hydrazones bearing the isoniazid fragment (8) indicates a crystal lattice consisting of two symmetry-independent molecules with different geometries. All compounds obtained were tested for anti-infectious and antibacterial activities. Four compounds (1, 3, 5 and 8) showed good activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and one (7) was very potent against Staphylococcus aureus. Most interesting, this series of compounds displayed very promising antileishmanial activity. Among all, compound 9 exhibited an IC50 value of 0.3 µM on the Leishmania donovani intramacrophage amastigote in vitro model and a good selectivity index, better than miltefosine, making it worth evaluating in vivo.

Hydrazones are formed by the reaction of hydrazine (or hydrazide) with aldehydes and ketones. They can also be synthesized by the Japp-Klingemann reaction from αketo acids or α-keto esters and aryldiazonium salts. The first one, representing the most general method, has been reported in solution and under green conditions, i.e., ultrasound microwaves and mechanochemical ones. In a solution (ethanol, methanol, or butanol) under reflux (from 1 h to more than 12 h) and in the presence of an acid catalyst, hydrazones are obtained in fair to excellent yields, depending on the reactants used (30-90%). Recently, ultrasonic waves [19] were used to synthesize a series of hydrazones obtained in good to excellent yields and short reaction times. Hydrazones were also reported to be synthesized in high yields under solvent-free conditions using microwave irradiation [20].
In terms of mechanochemical syntheses of hydrazones, Hajipur et al. [21] reported for the first time the synthesis of hydrazone derivatives in quantitative yields by milling in a mortar with sodium hydroxide and silica gel as solid support. Kaupp et al. [22] obtained benzoyl hydrazones by milling stoichiometric amounts of benzhydrazine and solid aldehyde. Nun et al. [23] carried out the synthesis of hydrazones in quantitative yields by milling a large variety of protected hydrazines with equimolar amounts of carbonyl compounds. Colacino et al. [24] also reported a comparative mechanochemical study using various milling devices and jar materials for synthesizing the active pharmaceuticals, i.e., nitrofurantoin and dantrolene, as well as other hydrazone compounds bearing the hydantoin scaffold. The authors conducted the reactions in a planetary ball mill or in a SPEX mill afforded after 15 min-2 h of milling hydrazones in very good to excellent yields (87-98%).
Several years ago, we launched a research program focused on the mechanochemical synthesis of hydrazones and derivatives within potential biological activities. We first studied the reaction where the aldehyde partner has a phenol functionality. Using a P0 vibratory ball mill Pulverisette with a single ball, we obtained, after an average time of 4 h and at room temperature, hydroxy phenylhydrazones in excellent yields [25] and possessing strong antioxidant properties. Later, using the same mechanochemical equipment as before (P0 vibratory ball mill), we reported on a series of isoniazid derivatives bearing phenolic, aromatic, or heteroaromatic fragments [26]. All compounds were obtained in very good to excellent yields (80-99%). Most of them presented a very potent activity against M. tuberculosis [26]. More recently, we reported the synthesis of hydrazones obtained from hydralazine hydrochloride coupled with various aldehydes. The hydrazones obtained are valuable intermediates (via two steps or one-pot two steps) in the elaboration by mechanochemical means of 1,2,4-triazoles with potent activity against M. tuberculosis. The synthesis of hydrazones (63-98% yields) and triazoles (60-98%yields) proceeded in a planetary Micro Mill Pulverisette 7 (P7) premium line with two grinding stations in the presence of pyrogenic S13 silica and sodium acetate [27].
In continuation to our work, we wish to report our findings in the construction by mechanochemical means of a series of hydrazones constructed by coupling a variety of 12 hydrazines and hydrazinamides with vanillin and furanyl aldehydes. Concerning the furanyl derivatives various hydrazones bearing the 5-nitrofuranyl-2-yl are already known as active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) like the anti-infective nifroxazide (Figure 1a) and the antibacterial and antiprotozoal furazolidone (Figure 1b). Our choice was focused on 5-nitrofuranyl-2-acryl and 5-(p-nitrophenyl) furanyl-2-yl derivatives as in the case of the muscle relaxant dantrolene (Figure 1c) and the intestinal anti-infective nifurzide (Figure 1d). In addition, intense research is conducted on these derivatives in relation to their biological activities [28][29][30].

. Synthesis and Characterization
We report first our experiments and results concerning the synthesis of hydrazones bearing the vanillin frame. This part is in direct continuation to our previous work; two compounds that have been synthesized and studied are the N -[(E)-(4-Hydroxy-3methoxyphenyl)methylene]isonicotinohydrazide (Ftivazide) 1 and the 4-Hydroxy-N -[(E)-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 2 ( Figure 2). Concerning the obtention of these two derivatives, we operated in two different mills: the Mixer Mill MM400 (Retsch) and the P7 premium line with two grinding stations (Fritsch). When reacting vanillin with isoniazid in a vibratory ball-mill MM400, we obtained the desired Ftivazide compound 1 in 70% yield after 30 min of milling, 90% after 60 min ( 1 H NMR analysis), and quantitatively after 90 min of milling. When operating in P7, the reaction times were shorter: 90% yield after 30 min and quantitative obtention of Ftivazide 1 after 60 min of milling (Table 1). Overall, 4-Hydroxy-N'-[(E)-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 2 was obtained in 84% yield after 90 min of milling in the MM400, while it was obtained quantitatively after the same time of milling in the P7 ( Table 1). The introduction of sodium acetate and/or pyrogenic S13 silica did not modify the time of the reaction needed.

Aging
Some chemical reactions can occur spontaneously between solid reagents, in some cases facilitated by humidity, organic vapors, the addition of catalysts, heating, or brief grinding [32]. We tried to see if, in the case of Ftivazide, the aging operates after a brief grinding. In both cases, no reaction occurs when vanillin and hydrazinamide are mixed without grinding. Without any initial energy input, when mixing the reactants and leaving them at 37 • C, we observe after 7 h less than 5% conversion to the corresponding hydrazones-hydrazides. On the contrary, for compound 1, when grinding together vanillin and isoniazid for 5 min in the MM400 (30% conversion by 1 H NMR) or 5 min in the P7 (50% conversion by 1 H NMR) and then leaving each amorphous yellowish solid obtained in sealed tubes at 37 • C, the aging phenomenon occurs. The aging reaction issued from the MM400 experiment was followed every 2 h for 24 h by DRX, Raman, and 1 H NMR spectroscopies. On the XRD spectra (Figure 3a), we can observe the substantial modification of the XRD patterns over time, going from reagents through an amorphous system to a final crystalline one. On the Raman spectra (Figure 3b), we can also observe the variation of the prominent peaks, mainly, the C=O of the aldehyde that disappears with time. At the same time, the C=N band appears very close to the carbonyl of the isoniazid. In the 1 H NMR spectra (Figure 4a), we can see the transformation of the starting compounds present in the initial mixture to the final hydrazone-hydrazide 1. It is noteworthy that the ratio between the two isomeric forms trans-E and cis-E is always the same (90/10) and remains the same whether we grind the system for 90 min or leave the aging process to operate (Figure 4b).
All syntheses have been performed in the MM400 at 30 Hz, using the same material as before and grinding all reactions for 3 × 30 min (total of 90 min). All reactions were conducted in a 1:1 ratio between the two reactants. For the reaction with 1-hydrazinophthalazine hydrochloride, we also introduced 1eq. of sodium acetate, as we have already reported [27]. After 90 min of grinding, the compounds issued from coupling with 1-hydrazinophthalazine hydrochloride, 2-hydrazinobenzothiazole and indole-3-acetic hydrazide (compounds 4, 5, 7, respectively) showed the total conversion of the aldehyde on TLC and 1 H NMR and were obtained quantitatively. Identical results were obtained when operating in P7 (3 cycles of 30 min). When using MM400, the reaction with isoniazid gave an aldehyde conversion of 78%, while with 3-aminorhodanine, the aldehyde conversion was 75%. Both compounds were purified and obtained in 70% (compound 3) and 63% (compound 6) yields. Finally, for both reactions operating in the P7 (6 cycles of 30 min), we obtained a quantitative aldehyde transformation and 98% and 97% yield of the corresponding hydrazones 3 and 6 ( Table 2).  A detailed analysis of all compounds was undertaken by NMR. All NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance NEO 600 spectrometer equipped with a 5 mm broadband inverse triple resonance probe 1 H BB (31P-103Rh)/31P with Z field gradients. All chemical shifts for 1 H and 13 C are relative to TMS using 1 H (residual). The results are reported in the Supplementary Materials in Tables S1a and S2a. Compounds 3, 4, 6 and 7 were analyzed at 298 K while compound 5 at 378 K. All the 1 H and 13 C signals were assigned based on the chemical shifts, spin-spin coupling constants, splitting patterns, and signal intensities using 1 H-1 H COSY 45, 1 H-13 C HSQC, and 1 H-13 C HMBC. A gradient-enhanced 1 H COSY45 was realized which included four scans for per increment. ROESY spectra were recorded with a mixing time of 300 ms, 1 H-13 C correlation spectra using a gradient-enhanced HSQC sequence (delay was optimized for 1 J CH of 145 Hz) was obtained with eight scans per increment. A gradient-enhanced HMBC experiment was performed allowing 62.5 ms for long-range coupling evolution (32 scans were accumulated). Typically, 1024 t2 data points were collected for 256 t1 increments.
For all compounds, the 5-nitrofuran-2-acryle hydrazone frame presents comparable characteristics in terms of chemical shifts and multiplicities. For the nitrofuranyl system, the chemical shifts are between 7.65 and 7.80 ppm for the C 4 -H hydrogen atom and 115.48-116.09 ppm for the C 4 carbon atom. For the C 3 -H position, the chemical shifts are between 7.06 and 7.21 ppm for the hydrogen atom and 113.27 and 114.21 ppm for the C 4 carbon atom.
The acryl hydrazone frame (C 6 -C 8 ) presents similar chemical shifts for compounds 3 and 4. The 1 H chemical shifts for C 6  Compound 5 has very broad peaks at 298 K for all hydrogen and carbon atoms of the benzothiazole frame. This is also the case to a lesser extent when we operate at an elevated temperature (378 K). At 378 K, we can identify all peaks except the quaternary C 18 and C 19 carbon atoms. This is due to the slow rotation even at 378 K around the C 11 -N 10 bond.
Compound 6 is present in two forms where rotation is restricted under the NMR time scale and temperature operating. NMR experiments show separate hydrogen resonances for each isomer if the rate constant of interconverting isomers (10 −1 to 10 3 s −1 ) is within the NMR timescale [36]. Separate proton signals allow 2D ROESY techniques to detect such isomers. In ROESY, protons undergoing chemical exchange show the same phase as the diagonal [37] (see the Supporting Information for ROESY spectra). The two 6:6 forms are in a ratio of 90:10.
For compound 7, we also observe two forms where rotation is restricted, as the 2D ROESY techniques demonstrated (see the Supporting Information for ROESY spectra). The two 7:7 forms are in a ratio of 52:48. The 2D experiments permitted the identification of all peaks. It is particularly interesting to point out that the main differences in chemical shifts between the two forms are observed for C 8

. Synthesis and Characterization
The 5-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-furaldehyde is one of the essential aldehydes in creating biologically active hydrazones. The most prominent example compound is the muscle relaxant dantrolene. Its mechanochemical synthesis and study have already been reported by Colacino et al. [24], Crawford et al. [38], and Sović et al. [39]. Dantrolene-like hydrazide and hydrazone analogs have also been reported recently by Bolognino et al. [40] as multitarget agents for neurodegenerative diseases.
All syntheses have been performed in MM400, grinding, in general, all starting materials for 3 × 30 min (total of 90 min). We have also performed some of the reactions in P7. As reported previously by us [25], concerning the formation of hydrazones with phenolic aldehydes, the weakest conversion was in a reaction with 3-aminorhodanine. This was also the case when reacting 5-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-furaldehyde with 3-aminorhodanine. The conversion to the corresponding hydrazone 11 was only 8% after 90 min of milling in the MM400, while it had increased up to 37% when operating in the planetary P7 apparatus. By continuing the grinding process, we obtained much better results. When operating in the planetary P7 and after six cycles of 30 min each (6 × 30 min) the desired hydrazone was obtained in 93% yield (97% aldehyde conversion).
So, for all reactions studied on a MM400 or a P7 apparatus, we operated through three cycles of 30 min each (3 × 30 min) and, when necessary, through six cycles of 30 min each (6 × 30 min), which was sufficient for all other reactions studied. Table 3 indexes all hydrazinamides and hydrazines coupled with 5-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-furaldehyde, the apparatus used, the time for the reaction, the % conversion of the aldehyde, and the yield of the hydrazone obtained.   1 Synthesis preformed with 1 eq. of sodium acetate and the hydrazone was obtained after washing with EtOH and water to eliminate AcOH and NaCl that are formed.
The aging process was also experimented with for compound 8 when operating in the P7 apparatus. While this is effective for compound 1 as we mentioned earlier, no reaction advance was observed in the case of compound 8 after 5 min of grinding (25% of aldehyde conversion).
As before, a detailed analysis by NMR (in DMSO-d6) was undertaken for all compounds of this series (see Tables S1 and S2 of 1 HNMR and 13

Compound 8: X-ray Structure
Various attempts have been made to crystallize some hydrazones bearing the 5-(4nitrophenyl)-2-furaldehyde frame (assays on compounds 8 and 9). Solvents and a mixture of solvents used were methanol, acetonitrile, and mixtures of different ratios of each with dimethyl sulfoxide. Usually, 20 mg of hydrazone was introduced in 6 mL of solvent (or a mixture of solvents) and heated at 70 • C before cooling the solution. Compound 8 was recrystallized in acetonitrile (or methanol)/dimethyl sulfoxide (12:1 ratio); a single crystal was thus obtained and analyzed.
Compound 8 forms triclinic crystals of space group P1. The crystal lattice consists of two symmetry-independent molecules, from which one adopts a nearly planar arrangement ( Figure 5). In contrast, the second molecule deviates from the planarity by out-of-plane rotation of one of the aromatic pyridine rings along the C 9 -C 10 bond. This is due to the presence of strong NH···N, NH···O hydrogen bonds and relatively weak π-π stacking interactions between neighboring molecules in the molecular environment ( Figure 5). Variable temperature structural resolutions have been also performed for single crystal of 8 at five individual temperature points between 100 and 300 K at atmospheric pressure (Table 4). Upon heating from 100 K to 300 K it expands its volume by nearly 3%, which is typical for molecular organic solids. The single crystal has been subject to heating and cooling in order to evaluate if there are any changes in the crystal lattice. No significant structural transformations have been detected, and the two forms of compound 8 remained unchanged.  In Table 5, we have reported as a function of the temperature, the measurements of the most relevant interactions. The π-π stacking interactions between neighboring molecules indicated weak centroid distance and strong centroid angle differences ranging from 3.817 Å (and 67.76 • ) at 100 K to 3.897 Å (and 39.73 • ) at 300 K. The NH···N hydrogen bonds ranged from 2.9019(16) Å at 100 K to 2.9451(17) Å at 300 K while the NH···O hydrogen bonds were relatively weak. Finally, the dihedral angle N 8 -C 9 -C 10 -C 15 remains nearly equal to 37 • . Table 5. Short interactions and dihedral angles in crystals of 8 in the function of temperature.

Biological Activities
The in vitro anti-infectious activities of all synthesized compounds were determined regarding eight pathogens: one parasite, namely Leishmania donovani and seven bacteria: Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25923 and ATCC29213), Escherichia coli (ATCC25922), Klebsiella pneumoniae (BAA 1705), Acinetobacter baumannii (BAA 1605), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Enterococcus spp. All results are included in Table 6 along with the reference drugs: miltefosine for L. donovani, isoniazid, streptomycin for M. tuberculosis, and ciprofloxacin for other antibacterial activities. Concerning the antileishmanial activities, the molecules were tested against LV9 L. donovani axenic amastigote forms and intramacrophage amastigote forms. Cytotoxicity was evaluated against macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and expressed as CC 50 . The calculated Selectivity Index (SI) corresponds to the ratio CC 50 /IC 50 on intramacrophage amastigote forms.

Activities against Leishmania donovani
Activities against the axenic forms. All compounds were first evaluated in vitro on the axenic form of L. donovani, the parasite responsible for visceral leishmaniasis in humans, to check their intrinsic antileishmanial activity. The most active compound (9) exhibited an IC 50 value at 0.2 µM. Five compounds had IC 50 values less than 1 µM. Five compounds exhibited IC 50 values in a range 1-5 µM, four compounds in a range 5-20 µM, two compounds in a range 20-100 µM and one compound was inactive at 100 µM.
Activities against the intramacrophage amastigote forms. Then, they were evaluated on the L. donovani intramacrophage amastigote model, which is closer to the pathological conditions. The most active compound was compound 9 which was also the most active on the axenic forms. Its IC 50 value was 0.3 µM whereas the IC 50 value of miltefosine was 2.2 µM. This series is promising as five compounds exhibited IC 50 values less than 1 µM, one compound had an IC 50 in a range 1-5 µM, three compounds in a range 5-20 µM, five compounds in a range 20-100 µM, and three compounds were inactive at 100 µM. There is a globally good correlation between the results obtained from the axenic and intramacrophage amastigotes.
Compound 9 also had the highest selectivity index within this series. Presently, compound 9 should be evaluated in vivo on the L. donovani/BALB/c mouse model.

Activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv
All compounds were tested in vitro on the wild type strain M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Six of the tested compounds (1, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8) were found to be active on M. tuberculosis H37Rv with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC 90 ) between 0.6 and 7.4 µM ( Table 6). These results bring some interest to the selected compounds.

Activities against other Microorganisms
Antimicrobial activities of the compounds against S. aureus ATCC25923 or ATCC29213 aureus showed that compounds 3 and 7 and to a lesser extent compound 6 possess interesting MIC values of 1.75 µM (or 7 µM) for compound 3 and 0.7 µM (or 3 µM) for compound 7 and 13 µM (or 7 µM) for compound 6 ( Table 6), the results comparable to the MIC of the ciprofloxacin, the control antibiotic. Concerning activities against the strain ATCC25922 of E. coli, compounds 3 (28 µM) and 7 (47 µM) possess some activity but 40-60 times inferior to the control antibiotic.
No activities were found against K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Enterococcus spp. for the compounds synthesized. All compounds exhibited no activities for concentrations >256 µg/mL.

Conclusions
A series of 17 hydrazones have been synthetized by mechanochemical means. The fragments chosen were phenolic and furanyl aldehydes coupled with 12 heterocyclic hydrazines or hydrazinamides. All compounds can be obtained quantitatively when operating with a planetary ball mill and a maximum reaction time of 180 min (six cycles of 30 min each). Complete spectroscopic analyses of hydrazones revealed eight compounds (3- 5, 8-11, 16) present in one form, six compounds (1, 2, 13-15) present in two isomeric forms, and three compounds (6, 7, 12) where one rotation is restricted giving rise to two different forms. It should be interesting to explore possible ways of purifying the different geometric and rotationally restricted forms. From a mechanochemistry point of view, it should be important to study and understand the factors that can influence the aging process operating for compound 1 but not for compound 8. The single crystal X-ray structure of one of the hydrazones bearing the isoniazid fragment (8) was obtained. It indicates that the crystal lattice consists of two symmetry-independent molecules, from which one adopts a nearly planar arrangement, while the second molecule deviates from the planarity by out-of-plane rotation of one of the aromatic pyridine rings. All compounds obtained were tested for antileishmanial and antibacterial activities. Four compounds (1, 3, 5 and 8) showed good activities against M. tuberculosis, one (7) was very potent against S. aureus and merits further evaluation. Most interestingly, this series displayed very promising antileishmanial activity. Among all, compound 9 exhibited an IC 50 value of 0.3 µM on the L. donovani intramacrophage amastigote in vitro model and a good selectivity index, better than miltefosine, making it merit an in vivo evaluation.
The extension of the chemical library of hydrazones by mechanochemical means in addition to their potential transformations (triazoles, azines...) should be an important issue for the obtention of new biologically active compounds under green chemistry processes.

Reagents Used
All chemicals were obtained from TCI, Aldrich, Alfa Aesar, Fluka, Apollo Scientific, Acros Organics, Carlo Erba Reagents, and BLDPharm 80-99% and used without further purification. The melting points of each compound were measured on a SMP3 apparatus (Barloworld Scientific, Staffordshire, UK).

NMR Analysis
1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was performed using on a Bruker Avance NEO 600 spectrometer equipped with a 5 mm broadband inverse triple resonance probe 1 H BB (31P-103Rh)/31P with Z field gradients and Bruker 400 MHz spectrometers (except indication for 300 MHz) with IconNMR automation software that allows fully automated acquisitions. All chemical shifts for 1 H and 13 C were expressed in parts per million (ppm) relative to TMS using 1 H (residual). DMSO-d 6 was used as solvent (except indication).

Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
The XRD analysis of a given reaction mixture was performed at defined time periods, before, during, and after the reaction process. The analysis was performed using the Mini-flex600 powder diffractometer (Rigaku) equipped with a Cu anode (K-Alpha1 [Å]1.54060), a fast 1D detector with energy selection and a 6-position autosampler. The range in 2θ was 5 to 70 • , the step between each point was 0.01 • , the time per point was 1 s. For all compounds obtained, the XRD spectra were recorded (see Supplementary Materials) after operating under the optimal reaction conditions for each hydrazone.

X-ray Single Crystal
A series of low-temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments were performed using an XtaLAB Synergy-S Rigaku diffractometer equipped with a hybrid photon counting Hypix-6000HE detector and Cu (λ = 1.5406 Å) microsource. The crystal was cooled down to 100 K using an Oxford Cryosystems 800 cryostream cooler device and measured at increasing temperature up to 300 K with a step of 50 K. The CrysAlisPro program suite was used for pre-experiment, data collection, determination of the UB matrices, and initial data reduction [41]. Crystal structures of 2 were solved and refined using SHELXS and SHELXL programs [42]. Hydrogen atoms were located from geometry after each refinement cycle with U iso = 1.2U eq of their carriers.

RAMAN Analysis
RAMAN acquisitions were taken on XploRA PLUS confocal Raman microscope-HORIBA using several laser wavelengths and different resolutions.

Mass Spectrometry Analysis
For mass spectrometry, samples were injected on DSQ II mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with electron impact (EI) and chemical ionization (DCI NH 3 ) sources and UPLC Xevo G2 Q TOF (Waters) and GCT Premier (Waters) for high resolution mass spectrometry.

Evaluation of Compound Cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7
Macrophages Cytotoxicity was evaluated on RAW 264.7 macrophages using the resazurin method as previously detailed [43].
In vitro antileishmanial evaluation on L. donovani axenic amastigotes. This evaluation was performed using the SYBR Green method as previously described. IC 50 values were calculated using the ICEstimator version 1.2 software (http://www.antimalarialicestimator.net/runregression1.2.htm, accessed on 5 April 2023). Miltefosine was used as the reference drug.
In vitro antileishmanial evaluation on intramacrophage amastigotes. RAW 264.7 macrophages were infected with L. donovani axenic amastigotes according to a ratio of 10 parasites per macrophage. In these conditions, the percentage of infected macrophages was around 80%, and the mean number of amastigotes per infected macrophage was 4 to 5 in the untreated controls. The in vitro treatment was applied 24 h post-infection, and the treatment duration was 48 h. The results of the effect of the compounds are given as percentage of parasite growth reduction, measured using the SYBR Green incorporation method. The activity of the compounds is expressed as IC 50 , calculated using the ICEstimator version 1.2 software [43]. Miltefosine was used as the reference drug.
Drug susceptibility of M. tuberculosis H37Rv was determined using the REMA method [44]. Log-phase cultures were diluted at concentrations of approximately 10 5 bacteria/mL. Then, 100 µL of bacterial suspensions was added in a 96-well black plate (Fluoronunc, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA) containing 100 µL of Middlebrook 7H9, without the addition of Tween 80, in the presence of serial compound dilution. Growth controls containing no compound and sterile controls without inoculum were also included. A volume of 10 µL of resazurin (0.025% w/v) was added to each well after 7 days of incubation at 37 • C, and bacterial viability was assessed after a further overnight incubation using a FluoroskanTM Microplate Fluorometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA; excitation = 544 nm, emission = 590 nm). Bacterial viability was calculated as a percentage of resazurin turnover in the absence of compound (internal negative control). Experiments were performed in duplicate at least two times.

MIC Determination for Antimicrobial Activities on S. aureus and E. coli
The effectiveness of compounds against S. aureus ATCC25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922, was assessed determining MICs in Mueller-Hinton Broth II cation adjusted by the 2fold microdilution method in U-bottom 96-well microtiter plates and inoculating about 10 5 CFU. The microtiter plates were incubated at 37 • C for 24, and growth was determined by the resazurin method [45]; the solution of resazurin sodium salt (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was prepared at 0.01% in distilled water and filter-sterilized. Thirty microliters of resazurin solution were added to each well, and the microtiters were reincubated at 37 • C for 4 h. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of the drug that prevented a change in color from blue to pink, which indicates bacterial growth. 5.8.5. MIC Determination for Antimicrobial Activities on K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and Enterococcus spp.
All tests and MIC determinations were carried out according to the literature [46].

Synthesis
General procedure A. Aldehyde and hydrazine (molar ratio 1:1) were neatly grinded in a vibratory ball-mill MM400, equipped with two zirconium dioxide 10 mL jars (internal Ø 20 mm), each jar was equipped with 2 balls of 10 mm Ø, working frequency at 30 Hz, for 30-90 min. Depending on the conversion of the reaction the mixture was either purified on a Puriflash system or (when conversion >95%) washed with a small quantity of ethyl acetate then methanol (5-10 mL each) and dried.
For all reactions when hydrazine hydrochlorides were used one equivalent of sodium acetate was also introduced.
Aging procedure. The method was implemented for the synthesis of Ftivazide on both the MM400 mixer-mill and the P7 planetary mill. The mixture of vanillin and isoniazid (1:1) was neatly ground for 10 and 5 min, respectively. The resulting reaction mixture in both cases was an amorphous yellowish substance. Analysis of this substance by 1 H NMR showed a conversion of the starting products of 30 and 50%, respectively. The recovered amorphous substance was sealed in a glass tube and placed under a controlled thermal regime (T = 37 • C) for 24 h with monitoring every 2 h. After 24 h the conversion (and yield) was determined using 1 H NMR of 90%. Finally, to accelerate the process, the solid mixture was heated at 80 • C for 3 h. A final conversion of >99% was thus reached.   The compound was synthesized using modified general procedure A, 0.61 mmol of 5-(nitrophenyl)furan-2carbaldehyde, 0.61 mmol of 1-hydrazinophthalazine hydrochloride, and 0.61 mmol of CH 3 COONa (1:1:1) were used for the reaction,-reaction time 3 × 30 min. Obtained powder was washed with EtOH (5 mL) and water (5 mL) to recover acetic acid and sodium chloride then filtered; the obtained precipitate was dried under pressure. Aldehyde conversion 95%. Crude product was purified with FCC using gradient DCM ->DCM:      Table S1: 1 H NMR Spectroscopic Data of 6−10 in DMSO-d6 (δ in ppm, J in Hz) and Table S2: