The Physiology of Postharvest Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaves, According to Metabolic Phenotypes and Gene Expression Analysis

Proper postharvest storage preserves horticultural products, including tea, until they can be processed. However, few studies have focused on the physiology of ripening and senescence during postharvest storage, which affects the flavor and quality of tea. In this study, physiological and biochemical indexes of the leaves of tea cultivar ‘Yinghong 9′ preserved at a low temperature and high relative humidity (15–18 °C and 85–95%, PTL) were compared to those of leaves stored at ambient conditions (24 ± 2 °C and relative humidity of 65% ± 5%, UTL). Water content, chromatism, chlorophyll fluorescence, and key metabolites (caffeine, theanine, and catechins) were analyzed over a period of 24 h, and volatilized compounds were determined after 24 h. In addition, the expression of key biosynthesis genes for catechin, caffeine, theanine, and terpene were quantified. The results showed that water content, chromatism, and chlorophyll fluorescence of preserved leaves were more similar to fresh tea leaves than unpreserved tea leaves. After 24 h, the content of aroma volatiles and caffeine significantly increased, while theanine decreased in both groups. Multiple catechin monomers showed distinct changes within 24 h, and EGCG was significantly higher in preserved tea. The expression levels of CsFAS and CsTSI were consistent with the content of farnesene and theanine, respectively, but TCS1 and TCS2 expression did not correlate with caffeine content. Principal component analysis considered results from multiple indexes and suggested that the freshness of PTL was superior to that of UTL. Taken together, preservation conditions in postharvest storage caused a series of physiological and metabolic variations of tea leaves, which were different from those of unpreserved tea leaves. Comprehensive evaluation showed that the preservation conditions used in this study were effective at maintaining the freshness of tea leaves for 2–6 h. This study illustrates the metabolic changes that occur in postharvest tea leaves, which will provide a foundation for improvements to postharvest practices for tea leaves.


Introduction
Tea from Camellia sinensis is among the world's three most popular beverages. Tea is rich in polyphenols, caffeine, theanine, and terpenoids, which collectively provide a wealth of benefits to humans and contribute to its unique taste and aroma [1]. Anti-aging, cancer prevention, and other health benefits continue to be uncovered, boosting tea consumption and demand [2]. With the rapid growth of the global tea industry and the increasing number of consumers, the world's per capita tea consumption has increased by an average

Changes in Water Content, Color, and Degree of Damage during Storage
Suitable storage conditions play an important role in preserving freshly plucked tea leaves, and water content, color change, and degree of damage are important indexes to evaluate preservation. To explore the time-dependent changes in PTL and UTL, water content, color values (L*, a*, and b*), and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were measured at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h (Figures 1 and S1).
Throughout the 24 h monitoring period, PTL maintained a water content level closer to that of FTL than UTL, and the difference between UTL and PTL was significantly different at 24 h (p < 0.05). The water content of FTL was 78.49% ( Figure 1). After 24 h, the water content of UTL decreased to 75.77%, and PTL fluctuated between 77.15% to 78.57% water.
During storage, UTL gradually lost their luster and their color changed relative to FTL, as indicated by the color difference values (L*, a*, and b*, Supplementary Figure S1). At 2 h postharvest, the color of UTL and PTL had not changed relative to FTL (i.e., ∆E < 2); however, significant color differences were observed in UTL after 4 h (∆E > 3.5). On the other hand, PTL maintained an ∆E < 3 throughout the 24 h monitoring period, indicating that the color difference would only be noticeable by an expert ( Figure 1B). Throughout the 24 h monitoring period, PTL maintained a water content level closer to that of FTL than UTL, and the difference between UTL and PTL was significantly different at 24 h (p < 0.05). The water content of FTL was 78.49% ( Figure 1). After 24 h, the water content of UTL decreased to 75.77%, and PTL fluctuated between 77.15% to 78.57% water.
During storage, UTL gradually lost their luster and their color changed relative to FTL, as indicated by the color difference values (L*, a*, and b*, Supplementary Figure S1). At 2 h postharvest, the color of UTL and PTL had not changed relative to FTL (i.e., ΔE < 2); however, significant color differences were observed in UTL after 4 h (∆E > 3.5). On the other hand, PTL maintained an ∆E < 3 throughout the 24 h monitoring period, indicating that the color difference would only be noticeable by an expert ( Figure 1B).
Fv/Fm values ( Figure 1C), calculated from chlorophyll fluorescence imaging ( Figure  1D), showed that the degree of damage to UTL was much higher than the damage observed in PTL, as indicated by their lower Fv/Fm values. At 4 h, the Fv/Fm values significantly decreased in UTL, while the value changed only slightly in PTL. After 24 h, the Fv/Fm value of UTL changed to 0.630, a 13.0% decrease relative to FTL, while that of PTL dropped to 0.683, or 5.6% less than FTL.

Changes in Caffeine, Theanine, and Catechins Contents during Storage
Among the numerous secondary metabolites in tea, caffeine, theanine, and catechins are highly related to tea's pleasant flavors [12]. Thus, dynamic changes to their contents were measured, via HPLC-UV/Vis spectroscopy, to evaluate the potential effects of stor- Fv/Fm values ( Figure 1C), calculated from chlorophyll fluorescence imaging ( Figure 1D), showed that the degree of damage to UTL was much higher than the damage observed in PTL, as indicated by their lower Fv/Fm values. At 4 h, the Fv/Fm values significantly decreased in UTL, while the value changed only slightly in PTL. After 24 h, the Fv/Fm value of UTL changed to 0.630, a 13.0% decrease relative to FTL, while that of PTL dropped to 0.683, or 5.6% less than FTL.

Changes in Caffeine, Theanine, and Catechins Contents during Storage
Among the numerous secondary metabolites in tea, caffeine, theanine, and catechins are highly related to tea's pleasant flavors [12]. Thus, dynamic changes to their contents were measured, via HPLC-UV/Vis spectroscopy, to evaluate the potential effects of storage conditions on tea flavor ( Figure 2). Over the course of 24 h storage, the levels of caffeine in UTL changed greatly, while that in PTL changed relatively gradually ( Figure 2A). As shown in Figure 2B, theanine content in both groups decreased markedly relative to FTL, and the contents were significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.05).
From the dynamic changes of catechins, we found that the contents of C and EC in PTL were substantially higher than in UTL in the first 6 h, but lower after 12 h ( Figure 2C,D). In both groups, the contents of GC and EGC decreased after 24 h ( Figure 2E,F), while the content of GCG significantly increased after 24 h ( Figure 2G). ECG and EGCG were the major monomeric catechins in tea samples. By 24 h postharvest, ECG had reached 60 mg/g (dw) in both PTL and UTL, while EGCG was 63.18 mg/g (dw) and 54.01 mg/g (dw), respectively, in PTL and UTL ( Figure 2H,I). The content of ECG significantly increased within 24 h in both groups, while the content of EGCG was substantially higher in PTL age conditions on tea flavor ( Figure 2). Over the course of 24 h storage, the levels of caffeine in UTL changed greatly, while that in PTL changed relatively gradually ( Figure 2A). As shown in Figure 2B, theanine content in both groups decreased markedly relative to FTL, and the contents were significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.05). From the dynamic changes of catechins, we found that the contents of C and EC in PTL were substantially higher than in UTL in the first 6 h, but lower after 12 h ( Figure  2C,D). In both groups, the contents of GC and EGC decreased after 24 h ( Figure 2E,F), while the content of GCG significantly increased after 24 h ( Figure 2G). ECG and EGCG were the major monomeric catechins in tea samples. By 24 h postharvest, ECG had reached 60 mg/g (dw) in both PTL and UTL, while EGCG was 63.18 mg/g (dw) and 54.01 mg/g (dw), respectively, in PTL and UTL ( Figure 2H,I). The content of ECG significantly increased within 24 h in both groups, while the content of EGCG was substantially higher in PTL than in UTL after 24 h. Overall, each metabolite displayed a different trend over the course of the 24 h storage period that largely depended on whether they were preserved or not.

Expression Levels of Metabolite Biosynthesis Genes during Storage
To further explore the mechanisms behind observed metabolic changes, biosynthesis genes of terpene aroma, caffeine, theanine, and catechins were analyzed by qRT-PCR at different time points in UTL and PTL ( Figure 4). The terpene aroma biosynthesis gene, farnesene synthase (FAS) was significantly upregulated in PTL within 24 h, but less so in UTL. In contrast, limonene synthase (LMS) was steadily downregulated during storage in PTL. The expression levels of germacrene D synthase (GDS) and 4-hydroxy-3-methylbutenlyl diphosphate reductase (HDR) had no apparent change. Mevalonate-5pyrophosphate decarboxylase (MVD), terpene synthase 78 (TPS78), and terpene synthase 77 (TPS77) had lower expression than FTL in both groups.
The expression levels of tea caffeine synthase 1 (TCS1) and tea caffeine synthase 2 (TCS2) were upregulated at 4 h in PTL, but finally, they decreased at 24 h in both groups.
Key genes involved in theanine biosynthesis, alanine decarboxylase (AlaDC), theanine synthetase (TSI), and glutamine synthetase 2 (GS2), were analyzed. TSI was highly expressed at 12 h in UTL and at 6 h in PTL. However, AlaDC had a higher expression level in UTL than in PTL. GS2 was downregulated after 24 h and had a high expression level at 4 h in PTL.
Key genes involved in theanine biosynthesis, alanine decarboxylase (AlaDC), theanine synthetase (TSI), and glutamine synthetase 2 (GS2), were analyzed. TSI was highly expressed at 12 h in UTL and at 6 h in PTL. However, AlaDC had a higher expression level in UTL than in PTL. GS2 was downregulated after 24 h and had a high expression level at 4 h in PTL.

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Quality in UTL and PTL
PCA comprehensively evaluates sample differences based on multiple sets of index data. Physiological and biochemical property indexes for water, caffeine, theanine, and catechin content, which directly reflect the quality of tea leaves, were included in a PCA. The PC scores of the first two PCs were plotted ( Figure 5): the first principal component (PC1) explained 35.3% of the total variation, and the second principal component (PC2) 21.7%. The obtained PC scores indicated the difference between samples by variance: each circle represented a sample, and the distance between circles indicated the difference between and within groups. The closer the circles, the higher the similarity. When considering PTL and UTL at the same time point, PTL was closer to FTL than UTL from 2 h to 6 h. The distance between PTL and FTL was much shorter than that between UTL and FTL after 2 h, whereas the distance difference was not apparent after 12 h, indicating that the quality of PTL was most similar to FTL in the 2 h to 6 h period.
tween and within groups. The closer the circles, the higher the similarity. When co ing PTL and UTL at the same time point, PTL was closer to FTL than UTL from 2 The distance between PTL and FTL was much shorter than that between UTL a after 2 h, whereas the distance difference was not apparent after 12 h, indicating quality of PTL was most similar to FTL in the 2 h to 6 h period.

Plant Materials and Sampling
The elite tea plant cultivar used in the present study, 'Yinghong 9′, was pla Yingde, Guangdong province, China (24.20° N, 113.40° E). One bud and two leav out red stain or charred edges were plucked in August 2021. Eight kilograms of f leaves were stored in a temperature and humidity control chamber (Yishi Technolo Ltd., Hangzhou, China) at 15-18 ℃ and 85-95% relative humidity (PTL), and an kg of fresh tea leaves were placed at ambient conditions, at 24 ± 2 °C with a rela midity of 65% ± 5% (UTL). Each treatment (PTL and UTL) was sampled in triplic 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after plucking, and placed at −80 °C until the analysis o compounds and gene expression. Fresh tea leaves (FTL) served as the positive co

Measurement of Water Content
The water content of FTL was detected using the suggested protocol from t nese National Standard GB/T8304-2013 (General Administration of Quality Supe

Plant Materials and Sampling
The elite tea plant cultivar used in the present study, 'Yinghong 9 , was planted in Yingde, Guangdong province, China (24.20 • N, 113.40 • E). One bud and two leaves without red stain or charred edges were plucked in August 2021. Eight kilograms of fresh tea leaves were stored in a temperature and humidity control chamber (Yishi Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China) at 15-18°C and 85-95% relative humidity (PTL), and another 8 kg of fresh tea leaves were placed at ambient conditions, at 24 ± 2 • C with a relative humidity of 65 ± 5% (UTL). Each treatment (PTL and UTL) was sampled in triplicate at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h after plucking, and placed at −80 • C until the analysis of flavor compounds and gene expression. Fresh tea leaves (FTL) served as the positive control.

Measurement of Water Content
The water content of FTL was detected using the suggested protocol from the Chinese National Standard GB/T8304-2013 (General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, 2013) [21] with minor changes. Briefly, a clean aluminum box was dried at 103 • C ± 2 • C with the cover slanted on the edge of the box for 1 h, cooled in a desiccator to room temperature, and weighed (m 1 , accurate to 0.0001 g). Then, approximately 4 g of FTL (m 0 ) were placed in the pre-dried box and put in the desiccator at 120 • C for 2 h with the cover slanted on the edge of the box. After capping the box, samples were cooled in the desiccator to room temperature and weighed (m 2 , accurate to 0.0001 g). Finally, the sample was baked for another hour and weighed (m 3 , accurate to 0.0001 g) until the difference in weight between m 2 and m 3 did not exceed 0.0050 g. All samples were weighed on an electronic scale (BSA224S-CW, Sartorius). The water content of the samples was calculated as: water content (%) = (m 2 −m 1 )/m 0 × 100%.

Measurement of Color Difference
The color of the tea leaves was determined using a chromameter CR-400 (Konica Minolta, Tokyo, Japan). The color was measured according to the international commission on an illumination color solid scale (CIE: L*a*b*): L* indicates lightness, a* stands for red (+), and green (−), and b* indicates yellow (+) and blue (−) [22,23]. The total color difference (∆E) was calculated as follows: where L ss , a ss , and b ss represent the standard sample (FLT), and L ts , a ts, and b ts represent the test sample. Color difference was classified by the following scale: when ∆E < 1, the color difference was not noticeable; when 1 < ∆E < 2, the color difference was only noticeable by experienced observers; when 2 < ∆E < 3.5, the color difference was noticeable by inexperienced observers; and when 3.5 < ∆E < 5, the color difference was pronounced [24].

Measurement of Chlorophyll Fluorescence (Fv/Fm)
The maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) was measured with an IMAGING-PAM chlorophyll fluorescence system (Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany) using default parameters according to Yu's [25]. After tea leaves adapted to the dark for 20 min, Fo was measured. Then, a one-second saturation pulse occurred that completely closed all PSII receptors, and Fm was measured. The maximum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) was calculated as: maximum photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm) = (Fm − Fo)/Fm

Quantification of Caffeine Contents
Caffeine standards were purchased from Beijing Weiye Research Institute of Metrology and Technology (Beijing, China). Caffeine content was detected by HPLC-UV/Vis spectrometry according to the Chinese National Standard (GB/T 8312-2013) [26] with changes. Freeze-dried tea powder (0.1 g) was extracted with 30 mL 1.5% magnesium oxide in ultrapure water (w/v) at 100 • C for 30 min. One mL of the liquid supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 mm Millipore membrane, and 10 µL of the filtrate was injected into an XSelect HSS C18 SB column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 mm, Waters Technologies, Milford, MA, USA) at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min, with the column at 35 ± 1 • C. Caffeine was detected at 280 nm on a Waters Alliance E2695 equipped with a 2489 UV/Vis detector (Waters Technologies, Milford, MA, USA). The mobile phases consisted of 100% methanol (A) and 100% ultrapure water (B). Compounds were eluted under isocratic conditions: 30% A and 70% B.

Quantification of Theanine Contents
Theanine standards were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Theanine content was detected by HPLC-UV/Vis spectroscopy according to the Chinese National Standard (GB/T 23193-2017) [27] with a Waters Alliance E2695 equipped with a 2489 UV/Vis detector (Waters Technologies, Milford, MA, USA). Fine freeze-dried tea powder (0.1 g) was extracted with 10 mL ultrapure water at 100 • C for 30 min. One mL of the liquid supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 mm Millipore membrane, and 10 µL of each filtrate was injected onto an RP-C18 column (250 mm × 4.0 mm, 5 µm) maintained at 35 ± 1 • C. The mobile phases consisted of 100% ultrapure water (A) and 100% acetonitrile (B). The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min, and the HPLC program was as follows: 100% solvent B from 0-12 min, 100% B to 20% B from 12-14 min, 20% B from 14-19 min, 20% B to 100% B from 19-20 min, and 100% B from 20-25 min. Theanine was detected at 210 nm.

Analysis of Microextraction Compounds
Head-space solid-phase micro extraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) was used to analyze volatile compounds [17]. Briefly, 0.2 g FTL powders spiked with 10 µL internal standard solution (8.64 µg/mL ethyl decanoate in dichloromethane) was added to a 2 mL NaCl saturated solution in a 15 mL headspace vial (Agilent, MA, USA). The head-space vials were sealed with seal caps, and tin foil paper tied with adhesive tape was placed over the sealed cap. A divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber (50/30 µm inner diameter, 2 cm length) (Supelco, Darmstadt, Germany) was inserted into the head-space vial containing the sample for 40 min at 80 • C. After microextraction, the fiber was kept in the GC port for desorption for 3 min. An Agilent GC-MS 1890B-5977A (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was employed for volatiles analysis. The HP-5MS chromatographic column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm) was loaded with high purity helium at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The inlet and interface temperatures were 250 • C; the oven temperature was maintained at 50 • C for 1 min and then increased to 220 • C at a rate of 5 • C/min for 5 min. Ion source electron energy and temperature were 70 ev and 230 • C, respectively. Mass spectra were acquired in splitless mode within the mass range of 30-400 amu. Volatile compounds were identified based on their retention indices (RI) and similarity to spectra within the NIST 14 database. The retention times of standard saturated C9-C29 n-alkanes were analyzed under the same conditions to calculate RI. Volatile compounds with mass spectral match factors over 75 and differences between RI and RIs less than 30 were deemed acceptable.

Analysis of Gene Expression
Total RNA was extracted using a HiPure Plant RNA Mini Kit B (Magen, Guangzhou, China) according to the manufacturer's instructions. cDNA synthesis was performed by reverse transcription of screened RNA in accordance with the protocol for the HiScript ® III RT SuperMix for qPCR (+gDNA wiper) (Vazyme, Nanjing, China). qRT-PCR was performed with a BioRad CFX384 TM Real-Time System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) under the following operating conditions: 95 • C for 5 min, 40 cycles of 95 • C for 10 s, 55 • C for 10 s, and 72 • C for 30 s. Actin was used as the internal reference, and the relative expression levels were calculated using the 2 − CT method [30]. Primers used in this study are listed in Supplementary Table S1.

Statistical Analysis
Excel 2019 (Microsoft, Washington, DC, USA) was used to process the data. Heat maps and principal component analysis (PCA) were generated with GraphPad Prism 9.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Dunnett's multiple comparisons and t-test, also calculated by GraphPad Prism 9.0, were used to analyze the statistics, and differences were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05 (*).

Discussion
In green tea production, which does not include fermentation, the optimal choice is to process fresh tea leaves immediately postharvest [31]. However, many fresh tea leaves are picked simultaneously in spring, and it is not feasible to process them in time before quality begins to deteriorate [32]. This poses a problem for producers: how to store postharvest fresh leaves to maintain leaf quality? Therefore, it is necessary to determine best practices for storing fresh leaves postharvest to ameliorate the effects of processing delay on tea quality [5]. Low temperature and high relative humidity are key factors that affect the quality of horticultural products. In this study, postharvest tea leaves were stored for 24 h under preserved or unpreserved conditions to compare the preservation effect, which was assessed with physiological and biochemical indexes.
Fresh tea leaves adjust their physiological conditions to adapt to different storage environments by absorbing and releasing water; thus, water content is one of the essential factors affecting the postharvest preservation of tea leaves. In this study, we found that PTL maintained a high level of water, which was close to the initial stage. The water contents of UTL decreased more than PTL after 24 h (75.77% vs. 77.15%, respectively), and the difference between the two groups was significant (p < 0.05). A previous study showed that, after 6 h, the water content of tea leaves decreased to 63.8-68.1% [17]. The relatively high water content in UTL from this study might have been caused by the storage method: we kept fresh leaves in a basket without spreading, which probably slowed down water loss. Furthermore, the atmospheric humidity during storage of the UTL was somewhat high (60%~70%), which may have inhibited the transpiration rate of the tea leaves during the 24 h storage period [33,34]. Even though the water content showed little overall change in the two groups, low temperature (15-18 • C) and high humidity (85-95%) for PTL had a substantially better preservation effect, as indicated by ∆E and Fv/Fm ( Figure 1B,C).
Caffeine, theanine, catechins, and aroma volatiles are essential for tea quality and market value; their contents determine the color, freshness, strength, and aroma of tea [35]. Caffeine, responsible for the refreshed feelings tea can bring, is the main tea alkaloid accounting for 2-4% of tea dry weight [20]. Theanine contributes sweet and savory tastes, while catechins are responsible for the color, bitterness, and astringency of tea [2]. In a previous study, harvested tea leaves underwent a processing delay of 6, 12, 18, or 24 h at temperatures of 0, 5, and 25 • C to investigate the effect of postharvest processing and storage of Japanese-style green tea [5]. Analyzed green tea constituents included theanine, caffeine, and catechins. These metabolites displayed a substantial decrease when tea was stored at 25 • C postharvest. However, in this study, it seemed the decreased level of these metabolites was less than that measured in previous studies. The disparity may be attributed to the specific tea cultivar, or to conditions other than temperature that differed (e.g., the relative humidity). Aromatic components, such as 1-octen-3-OL, β-ocimene, cisβ-farnesene, and cedrol, significantly increased in PTL, consistent with previous studies employing low temperature conditions [8,36]. The patterns of changes to caffeine, theanine, and catechin content were distinctly different between PTL and UTL over the 24 h period.
To further understand the molecular mechanisms behind these metabolic differences, qRT-PCR was used to detect changes in the expression of CBGs, FBGs, TBGs, and TPSGs during storage. Interestingly, the expression levels of some genes were consistent with the measured contents of metabolites, such as FAS, which was correlative to the β-farnesene content, and TSI, which had the strongest correlation to theanine content. However, the expression levels of TCS1 and TCS2 were inconsistent with the caffeine content. We speculate that the high caffeine content was due to the transformation of other tea alkaloids into caffeine instead of de novo biosynthesis during preservation, but this needs to be further addressed.
The physiological and biochemical indexes of tea cultivar 'Yinghong 9 were used to evaluate the ability of preservation under low temperatures and high humidity to maintain the quality of tea leaves postharvest. Through a comprehensive assessment by PCA, we found that the preservation effect of PTL took effect from 2 h to 6 h. However, future studies using prolonged storage time and measuring a larger number of substances and genes are necessary to further explore the induction mechanism of low-temperature preservation.

Conclusions
In summary, our study combined metabolic phenotypes and gene expression to analyze physiological changes and evaluate the effects of postharvest tea leaf preservation. The inhibition of water evaporation in PTL did not lead to a sudden drop in water content, and ∆E and Fv/Fm data during the period of storage showed that the PTL had a lower degree of damage than UTL. The contents of secondary metabolites varied significantly according to storage mode and time. Volatile aroma components 1-octen-3-ol, β-ocimene, cis-β-farnesene, and trans-β-ionone were the main increased components in PTL, and it was shown through comprehensive judgment that PTL maintained a preferable cedrol. Moreover, the biosynthetic genes were linked to the synthesis of metabolites and terpenes, so at the molecular level, we found that CsFAS in TPSGs and CsTSI in TBGs showed the same trend as farnesene and theanine, indicating that the synthesis of farnesene and theanine were regulated by the above genes, respectively. Prime freshness was found during the period of 2 h to 6 h, which provides a storage time scheme for preserving fresh tea leaves in short time for production.
Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded online. Table S1: PCR primers used for gene expression analysis; Figure S1