Interactive Effect of Biological Agents Chitosan, Lentinan and Ningnanmycin on Papaya Ringspot Virus Resistance in Papaya (Carica papaya L.)

The papaya industry is mainly impacted by viral diseases, especially papaya ringspot disease (PRSD) caused by papaya ringspot virus (PRSV). So far, research on the interaction between Chitosan, Lentinan and Ningnanmycin on PRSD has not been reported. This research studied the controlled and interactive effect of three biological agents, namely, Chitosan (C), Lentinan (L) and Ningnanmycin (N), on PRSV in papaya, individually and collectively. The changes in disease index, controlled effect, Peroxidase (POD), Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), growth and development of plants were observed at the seedling stage, in pots, and at the fruiting stage, in the field. The appearance and nutrient contents of fruits were measured during the fruit stage. The disease index of PRSV, at seedling and fruiting stages, was significantly lower for chitosan, lentinan and ningnanmycin and their interactive effect, compared to a control check treatment. The activity of the defense enzymes could be improved by the three kinds of biological agents and their interactive effect, especially lentinan and ningnanmycin. The chlorophyll content, plant height, stem diameter and fruit quality rose significantly under chitosan, lentinan and ningnanmycin treatments. The interaction of LN could inhibit PRSV disease at the seedling and fruiting stages of papaya, and promote the growth of plants and the quality of fruit at the fruit stage. Hence, this study provides the theoretical foundation for the biological control of papaya ringspot disease.


Introduction
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a popular fruit crop, native to Central America, which has high nutritious value, abundant carbohydrate, vitamins (A and C) and minerals (copper and magnesium). It is widely cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Furthermore, papaya latex is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry [1]. Papaya ranks third in tropical fruit production, with a global production of 16.7 × 10 4 tons in 2018. China is among the top global producers of papaya. However, the yield per hectare of papaya has been decreasing since 2014 [2]. Infection by a variety of viral diseases, especially PRSD caused by papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), is the prime limiting factor of papaya cultivation in countries, including China. PRSV belongs to the Potyvirus family, Potyviridae, and is mainly discontinuously spread by aphids [3]. PRSV has a filamentous, curved, rod shape, and a single-stranded RNA genome of about 10,300 nucleotides (nt) [4]. There is no specific bactericide to control plant viral disease [5], and the vulnerability of plants to different kinds of pathogens reduces crop yields to a great extent [6]. The best strategy to control viral infections and protect the natural environment is by inducing the plant defense response

Experiment Design
The experiment was designed in such a way that a total of 9 treatments, as shown in Table 1, were applied equally at seedling and fruiting stages. The optimal concentration of all bio-pesticides obtained from previous experiments, including chitosan 0.5 g L −1 , Lentinan 10 g L −1 and Ningnanmycin 0.05 g L −1 , was applied. Table 1. The experiment design of controlled effect of Chitosan, Lentinan, Ningnanmycin on PRSV (g L −1 ) in the above treatment.

Abbreviations
Chitosan Lentinan Ningnanmycin Note Pot experiment design: A completely randomized pot experiment was conducted on papaya seedlings at the on-campus Teaching Practice Base (20 • 3 39 N 110 • 19 8 E) of Haidian Campus, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China. Potted plants were planted with 60% nutrient soil and 40% healthy pastoral soil. A total of 9 treatments were replicated thrice per treatment and 5 pots per replicate, making a total of 15 pots per treatment. The temperature in the greenhouse was maintained between 18~28 • C, and the humidity was kept above 60%. An amount of 200 mL of each treatment was applied as root irrigation and foliar spraying. All the treatments were inoculated with PRSV virus.
Virus inoculation method: An amount of 9 g of virus infected leaves was ground into powder with proper liquid nitrogen in a ratio of 3:100, and then 300 mL phosphoric acid buffer (pH = 7.8) was added before grinding to homogenate. Then, the residue was filtered out, and stored in a −4 • C ice box, before carrying out virus inoculation. Before virus inoculation, hands were washed with soap, and the finger dipped in 1.5 mL of inoculum (1.5 mL plant −1 ) and a small amount of quartz sand. The mesophyll tissue near the central vein of the third or fourth unfolded leaf of the plant was rubbed, which caused a slight wound on the leaf surface.

Investigation of Disease Index and Control Effect
Since papaya leaves experience a series of reactions after inoculation with PRSV virus, the disease was graded according to certain criteria. The individual plants were visually observed for PRSV with the following scale at regular intervals ( Figure 1) [22].
Pot experiment design: A completely randomized pot experiment was conducted on papaya seedlings at the on-campus Teaching Practice Base (20°3′39″ N 110°19′8″ E) of Haidian Campus, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China. Potted plants were planted with 60% nutrient soil and 40% healthy pastoral soil. A total of 9 treatments were replicated thrice per treatment and 5 pots per replicate, making a total of 15 pots per treatment. The temperature in the greenhouse was maintained between 18~28 °C , and the humidity was kept above 60%. An amount of 200 mL of each treatment was applied as root irrigation and foliar spraying. All the treatments were inoculated with PRSV virus.
Virus inoculation method: An amount of 9 g of virus infected leaves was ground into powder with proper liquid nitrogen in a ratio of 3:100, and then 300 mL phosphoric acid buffer (pH = 7.8) was added before grinding to homogenate. Then, the residue was filtered out, and stored in a −4 °C ice box, before carrying out virus inoculation. Before virus inoculation, hands were washed with soap, and the finger dipped in 1.5 mL of inoculum (1.5 mL plant −1 ) and a small amount of quartz sand. The mesophyll tissue near the central vein of the third or fourth unfolded leaf of the plant was rubbed, which caused a slight wound on the leaf surface.

Investigation of Disease Index and Control Effect
Since papaya leaves experience a series of reactions after inoculation with PRSV virus, the disease was graded according to certain criteria. The individual plants were visually observed for PRSV with the following scale at regular intervals ( Figure 1) [22].
DI-Disease Index, ∑Xi-Sum of all ratings, n-numbers of plants observed.
DI-Disease Index, ∑X i -Sum of all ratings, n-numbers of plants observed.
CE-Control Effect, DI0-DI of control treatment, DItr-DI of biological treatment. The virus was inoculated 1 day after treatment with bio-pesticides, and the incidence and nature of changes observed and recorded on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 14th, 21st, 27th, 35th, 42nd and 58th days after treatment, and data with visible changes were selected for analysis.

Determination of Related Physiological Indexes in Papaya
After treatment with bio-pesticides, plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll and dry matter were measured on the 40th day of the seedling stage. Plant height, stem diameter and chlorophyll were measured on day 69 of the fruiting period. The SPAD-502 chlorophyll content tester was used. The third expanded leaf of the plant was selected to measure its SPAD value.
Determination of fruit-related indicators: the fruit was inactivated at 110 • C for 30 min, and dried at 70 • C to measure its water content at constant weight. An amount of 5 g papaya fruits was added to liquid nitrogen and ground into homogenate, then centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min to obtain the supernatant and measured with a handheld refractometer. At the seedling stage and at the fruit stage, the third expanding leaves were taken at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment and stored at −20 • C [23]. The activities of POD, SOD and PPO enzymes were tested. An amount of 0.5 g papaya leaves was added to 1.5 mL phosphoric acid buffer (0.1 mol L −1 , pH = 7.8), liquid nitrogen and quartz sand, ground into homogenate, centrifuged at 15,000 rpm at 4 • C for 20 min, and the supernatant was used as a crude enzyme solution for subsequent enzyme activity determination.

RNA-Seq Library Preparation and Sequencing
The symptoms of the disease appeared on the leaves of the plant. Therefore, a total of six samples of papaya leaves and leaf tissue were taken thrice. At 21 days after the onset of disease and treatment, the samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen for 30 min, and then stored in dry ice. They were sent to Guangzhou Saizhe Biotechnology Co., Ltd. for transcriptome sequencing analysis. The basic process of the RNA-Seq test is divided into: (1) sample RNA fragmentation processing (2) reverse transcription synthesis cDNA library (3) DNA sequencing adapter ligation (4) PCR amplification library (5) deep sequencing (6) RNA sequence information. Preliminary detection was performed, followed by Nanodrop micro-UV spectroscopy and agarose gel electrophoresis for quantification, then followed by Agilent 2100 fragment detection (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) to comprehensively evaluate the quality of the samples. After the RNA samples were qualified, the mRNA of papaya leaves was enriched with Oligo(dT) magnetic beads. Fragmentation buffer was added to break the mRNA into short fragments. Using the mRNA as a template, a six-base random primer (Random Hexamers) was used to synthesize the first-strand of cDNA, and then buffer, dNTPs, DNA polymerase I and RNase H were added to synthesize the second-strand of cDNA. The double-stranded cDNA was purified using AMPure XP beads. The purified double-stranded cDNA was first subjected to end repair, A-tailed and ligated with sequencing adapters, and then AMPure XP beads were used for fragment size selection. Finally, PCR amplification was carried out, the PCR products were purified with AMPure XP beads to obtain the final library. Qubit 2.0 was used for preliminary quantification of the constructed library. To detect the size of the insert in the library, the library was diluted, and Agilent 2100 (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) used. After the insert reached the desired location, Q-PCR method was used to accurately quantify the effective concentration of the library in order to determine the size of the insert. Different libraries after qualification, were pooled to the flow cell, according to the requirements of effective concentration and target data volume. Following CTS-3OT clustering, the Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform (HiSeq/MiSeq) was used for sequencing.

RNA-Seq Data Analysis
Raw reads were filtered to remove adaptors and low-quality bases using Trimmomatic (v0.36) [24]. The trimmed and filtered reads were mapped and quantified according to the Carica papaya ASGPBv0.4 reference genome [21], using the TopHat2 [25] aligner. Reading of quantification per transcript was performed using the Cufflinks package. In light of the different treatment methods of multiple samples, we used Cuff merge to merge results and acquire the gene expression level in different groups [26]. Finally, edgeR [27] was employed to normalize read counts and determine differentially expressed genes. Differentially expressed genes were defined as having an adjusted p-value < 0.05 and an absolute log2 fold change >1.0.

The qPCR Fluorescence Quantitative Test Method
Seven genes were randomly selected from the differentially expressed genes in CKvs-LN, and cDNA was used as the template for qPCR detection. The sequences of qPCR primers are shown in Table S1.
The qPCR experiment procedure: An amount of 1 µL of RNA was extracted from papaya samples and collected for reverse transcription, performed with an Eastep RT Master Mix kit from Promega (Madison, WI, USA). Total RNA synthesized the first chain of cDNA. The DNA template was extracted with specific primers for different genes (Table S2). The qPCR test was carried out with SYBR Green dye, and genes were quantitatively analyzed. Each sample was allocated to a 20 L PCR reaction system, as shown in Table S2. An MX3005p Real-Time PCR Thermal Cycler (Agilent Stratagene, Santa Clara, CA, USA) at 95 • C for 10 min was used for pre-denaturation, 95 • C for 15 s, 60 • C for 20 s, 72 • C for 20 s and 45 thermal cycles. Finally, the PCR program melting curve was amplified by PCR.

Statistical Analysis of Data
The data were analyzed by Excel and DPS 7.05, and Duncan's new complex range method was used for multiple comparison. Drawing was by by means of GraphPad Prism 8.0.2. Origin 9.8.0.200 was used for plotting principal component analysis.

PRSD Disease Index and Control Effect during Seedling Stage
The disease index (DI) of C, N and L were significantly lower than CK treatment, while close to NT treatment. The control effect (CE) ranged between 37.02% to 96.30% on the 7th to 21st day after inoculation, the effect of interactive treatments was higher than no treatment ( Figure 2). It was revealed from the pot experiment at the seedling stage, that the disease index of PRSV was significantly reduced after C, L and N treatments, and its control effect on PRSV was better after interaction.

Changes of POD, SOD and PPO in Seedling Stage in Papaya
The activities of SOD, POD, and PPO significantly increased for C, N and L, as compared to CK. (Figure 3). C, N and L, individually and collectively, could induce plants to significantly increase resistance to PRSV, and this was consistent with DI results ( Table 2). In addition, L×N had significantly positive effects on the activities of the three enzymes over a long period of time. The enzymatic activity of POD, SOD and PPO in leaves were improved to varying degrees after treatment. The PPO enzyme activity significantly improved and could maintain a high level of 108.9% to 133.3% for a long period of time, compared to CK at 21 days.   Table 2. Effect of C, N and L on POD, SOD and PPO activity during Pot and Field experiment.

Growth of Stem and Leaf in Seedling Stage in Papaya
The plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll SPAD and dry weight for different treatments and their interactions were all significantly higher than NT and CK treatments. The result indicated that the three biological control agents and their interactions could promot better and stronger growth. This was consistent with DI and enzyme activities performances (Table 3). After PCA analysis, the four physical and chemical indices held relatively close ratios in principal component 1. Different treatments were divided into different regions, and LN still had a high score (Figure 4).  treatments and their interactions were all significantly higher than NT and CK treatments. The result indicated that the three biological control agents and their interactions could promot better and stronger growth. This was consistent with DI and enzyme activities performances (Table 3). After PCA analysis, the four physical and chemical indices held relatively close ratios in principal component 1. Different treatments were divided into different regions, and LN still had a high score ( Figure 4).

PRSD Disease Index and Control Effect during Fruiting Period
The disease index (DI) of C, N and L, and their interactions, were significantly lower than check (CK) treatment at the fruiting stage. The performance of NT treatment was significantly similar to biological agents. The control effect (CE) varied between 46% and 93% on the 7th to 42nd day after disease occurred. The interactive effect of different treatments was higher than for no treatment ( Figure 5). It was evident that the interactive effect of C, N and L could effectively resist PRSV at the fruiting stage as well.

PRSD Disease Index and Control Effect during Fruiting Period
The disease index (DI) of C, N and L, and their interactions, were significantly lower than check (CK) treatment at the fruiting stage. The performance of NT treatment was significantly similar to biological agents. The control effect (CE) varied between 46% and 93% on the 7th to 42nd day after disease occurred. The interactive effect of different treatments was higher than for no treatment ( Figure 5). It was evident that the interactive effect of C, N and L could effectively resist PRSV at the fruiting stage as well.

Changes of POD, SOD and PPO in Fruiting Period in Papaya
In the field experiment, the enzyme activities of POD, SOD and PPO increased to varying degrees after treatment with C, L and N. High interaction among the treatments and their interaction with different enzymes were revealed ( Figure 6). The results of enzyme activity were consistent with DI and CE, and the disease index was lower in the treatment with higher enzyme activity. Interaction analysis of different enzymes revealed that Lentinan had a significant effect during the three fruiting periods (Table 4).

Growth of Stem, Leaf and Fruit in Fruiting Stage
The plant height revealed highly significant differences for L, N and CN and was believed to promote stem growth. Similarly, L and interaction of CL revealed highly significant differences for stem diameter. The interaction effect was also significant for chlorophyll SPAD (Table 5). Comprehensive analysis showed that the strongest treatments were LN and CLN.

Growth Analysis of Fruit in Papaya
The interaction of C, L and N promoted growth of papaya fruit, such as heavier, bigger, juicier, and sweeter fruit compared to CK. The results revealed that C, L and N were beneficial to fruit growing, and the best treatment was LN ( Table 6). The principal component analyses, PC 1 and PC 2, revealed high values for LN. Similarly, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight and reducing sugar had higher proportions in PC1, while in principal component 2, sweetness had a higher proportion (Figure 7).

Growth Analysis of Fruit in Papaya
The interaction of C, L and N promoted growth of papaya fruit, such as heavier, bigger, juicier, and sweeter fruit compared to CK. The results revealed that C, L and N were beneficial to fruit growing, and the best treatment was LN ( Table 6). The principal component analyses, PC 1 and PC 2, revealed high values for LN. Similarly, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight and reducing sugar had higher proportions in PC1, while in principal component 2, sweetness had a higher proportion (Figure 7).

RNA Quality Assessment
The test results were based on the DNA/RNA sample determination criteria. When RIN (RNA integrity number) was less than 1.8, the tissue fluid might contain other impurities, causing contamination to the RNA sample. When the RIN was greater than 2.2, it meant that the RNA sample had been hydrolyzed into a single nucleic acid at OD260/280, and the OD260/280 value of RNA was between 1.82 and 2.2, which was within the stand-

RNA Quality Assessment
The test results were based on the DNA/RNA sample determination criteria. When RIN (RNA integrity number) was less than 1.8, the tissue fluid might contain other impurities, causing contamination to the RNA sample. When the RIN was greater than 2.2, it meant that the RNA sample had been hydrolyzed into a single nucleic acid at OD260/280, and the OD260/280 value of RNA was between 1.82 and 2.2, which was within the standard range. As shown in Table S1, the OD260/280 values were all between 1.979 and 2.036, and the test results were placed in class A (Table S3). This indicated that the quality of the sample met the requirements for library construction and sequencing, and the total amount met the needs of two or more library constructions.

Illumina High-Throughput Sequencing and Comparison
Sequencing was performed using the Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform (HiSeq), and the filtered data was compared with the reference genome using TopHat software, followed by cufflinks for gene assembly. These results showed that the total reads of the six samples reached 31.635-42.409 million, covering all papaya gene sequences. The sequence contrast ranged from 74.39% to 84.48%. Part of the data is shown in Table 6.

Analysis of 22 DEGs
Two groups of papaya were sequenced in RNA sequencing experiments, and FDR and log2FC were used to screen differential genes. The screening conditions were FDR < 0.05 and |log2FC| > 1. The abscissa of the volcano plot represents the logarithm of the fold difference between the two samples, the ordinate represents the negative Log10 value of the FDR of the two samples, the red expression is significantly up-regulated, the green is significantly down-regulated, and the blue is the criterion of FDR < 0.05. The differentially expressed genes were used to obtain a volcano plot (Figure 8). These results showed that in CK-vs-LN, a total of 1261 differentially expressed genes were involved in the gene expression of papaya after LN treatment. Of these, 900 genes were up-regulated and 361 genes were down-regulated.

Illumina High-Throughput Sequencing and Comparison
Sequencing was performed using the Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform (HiSeq), and the filtered data was compared with the reference genome using TopHat software, followed by cufflinks for gene assembly. These results showed that the total reads of the six samples reached 31.635-42.409 million, covering all papaya gene sequences. The sequence contrast ranged from 74.39% to 84.48%. Part of the data is shown in Table 6.

Analysis of 22 DEGs
Two groups of papaya were sequenced in RNA sequencing experiments, and FDR and log2FC were used to screen differential genes. The screening conditions were FDR < 0.05 and |log2FC| > 1. The abscissa of the volcano plot represents the logarithm of the fold difference between the two samples, the ordinate represents the negative Log10 value of the FDR of the two samples, the red expression is significantly up-regulated, the green is significantly down-regulated, and the blue is the criterion of FDR < 0.05. The differentially expressed genes were used to obtain a volcano plot (Figure 8). These results showed that in CK-vs-LN, a total of 1261 differentially expressed genes were involved in the gene expression of papaya after LN treatment. Of these, 900 genes were up-regulated and 361 genes were down-regulated.

GO Analysis of DEGs
In order to further study the relationship between the gene regulation of papaya after disease incidence and bio-pesticides treatment, and the decline of the disease index, we used GOseq software to perform GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, based on NR functional annotation. The results showed that in CK-vs-LN, there were 17 differences in the biological process, among which the top 5 genes had differences in metabolic process (217 genes were up-regulated, 90 genes were down-regulated), cellular process (192 genes were up-regulated, 101 genes down-regulated), single-organism process (120 genes up-regulated, 72 genes down-regulated), response to stimulus (35 genes up-regulated, 21 genes down-regulated), and developmental process (14 genes upregulated, 26 genes down-regulated). There were 12 differences in the cellular component,

GO Analysis of DEGs
In order to further study the relationship between the gene regulation of papaya after disease incidence and bio-pesticides treatment, and the decline of the disease index, we used GOseq software to perform GO enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, based on NR functional annotation. The results showed that in CK-vs-LN, there were 17 differences in the biological process, among which the top 5 genes had differences in metabolic process (217 genes were up-regulated, 90 genes were down-regulated), cellular process (192 genes were up-regulated, 101 genes down-regulated), single-organism process (120 genes up-regulated, 72 genes down-regulated), response to stimulus (35 genes upregulated, 21 genes down-regulated), and developmental process (14 genes up-regulated, 26 genes down-regulated). There were 12 differences in the cellular component, among which the top 5 genes contained differences in cell part (168 genes up-regulated, 56 genes down-regulated), cell (168 genes up-regulated, 56 genes down-regulated), membrane (155 genes up-regulated 47 genes down-regulated), organelle (128 genes, 51 genes downregulated), and membrane part (125 genes up-regulated, 41 genes down-regulated). There were 7 differences in molecular function, including the number of differential genes before catalytic activity (176 genes up-regulated, 88 genes down-regulated), binding (135 genes upregulated, 67 genes down-regulated), transporter activity (19 genes up-regulated, 6 genes down-regulated), nucleic acid binding transcription factor activity (7 genes were upregulated, 3 genes were down-regulated), and electron carrier activity (2 genes were up-regulated) (Figure 9).
Molecules 2022, 27, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 21 among which the top 5 genes contained differences in cell part (168 genes up-regulated, 56 genes down-regulated), cell (168 genes up-regulated, 56 genes down-regulated), membrane (155 genes up-regulated 47 genes down-regulated), organelle (128 genes, 51 genes down-regulated), and membrane part (125 genes up-regulated, 41 genes down-regulated). There were 7 differences in molecular function, including the number of differential genes before catalytic activity (176 genes up-regulated, 88 genes down-regulated), binding (135 genes up-regulated, 67 genes down-regulated), transporter activity (19 genes up-regulated, 6 genes down-regulated), nucleic acid binding transcription factor activity (7 genes were up-regulated, 3 genes were down-regulated), and electron carrier activity (2 genes were up-regulated) (Figure 9). There were a total of 251 DEGs genes with pathway annotations, of which there were 19 pathways with significant differences (p < 0.05). Among them, the most significant pathway was Photosynthesis (Figure 10), in which 30 DEGs accounted for 11.95% of the above DEGs. As shown in Figure 11, after LN treatment, a total of 27 symbols were significantly up-regulated. Studies have shown that lentinan and ningnanmycin can significantly improve the photosynthesis of papaya leaves and increase the photosynthesis of crops, thereby improving the disease resistance of crops. There were a total of 251 DEGs genes with pathway annotations, of which there were 19 pathways with significant differences (p < 0.05). Among them, the most significant pathway was Photosynthesis (Figure 10), in which 30 DEGs accounted for 11.95% of the above DEGs. As shown in Figure 11, after LN treatment, a total of 27 symbols were significantly up-regulated. Studies have shown that lentinan and ningnanmycin can significantly improve the photosynthesis of papaya leaves and increase the photosynthesis of crops, thereby improving the disease resistance of crops.

Control Effects of Chitosan, Lentinan and Ningnanmycin on PRSV in Papaya
In this study, the disease index of PRSV under treatment of Chitosan, Lentinan and Ningnanmycin was significantly lower than that of CK (clean water, no bio-pesticides used) at seedling and fruiting stages. Previous studies have shown that the use of chitosan

Control Effects of Chitosan, Lentinan and Ningnanmycin on PRSV in Papaya
In this study, the disease index of PRSV under treatment of Chitosan, Lentinan and Ningnanmycin was significantly lower than that of CK (clean water, no bio-pesticides used) at seedling and fruiting stages. Previous studies have shown that the use of chitosan for papaya PRSV virus can reduce its disease index by 10.30% [28]. Previous research has proved that chitosan's resistance to Botrytis cinerea was 100% using the vitro detached leaf method with 1 mg L −1 N, N, N-(diethyl-p-dimethy laminobenzyl) chitosan [29]. Some studies have shown that the alginate-lentinan-amino-oligosaccharide hydrogel was able to induce plant resistance continuously and strongly against TMV and increase the release of calcium ions to promote Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) growth [30]. Ningnanmycin has been used as a positive control in many new bio-pesticides, which fully demonstrate the high applicability of Ningnanmycin as a common bio-pesticide [31][32][33]. The above results were in confirmation of our findings. It was fully illustrated that Chitosan, Lentinan and Ningnanmycin, to some extent, controlled the effect of the common plant disease, but very few studies have been conducted to determine the interaction effects of a variety of biological pesticides. This study can provide a certain theoretical basis regarding several biological pesticides' interactions. It was evident from the present study that Lentinan (10.00 g L −1 ) and Ningnanmycin (0.05 g L −1 ) can control the PRSV virus of papaya, their effects achieving 71.63~100.00% and 77.48~100.00% at seedling and fruiting stages over different time periods, respectively.

Defense Enzymes (POD, SOD, PPO) Regulating of Chitosan, Lentinan and Ningnanmycin in Papaya
It was revealed that the three kinds of biological control agents could increase the activity of defense enzymes. Significant interaction effect was observed when treatments were applied in combinations; however, the optimal treatment was LN. The activities of defense enzymes in plant could reach a high value at seedling and fruiting stages, hence improving resistance to external stress and injury, including PRSV. In addition, some studies have shown that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP), which is the main active molecule of G. lucidum used in cotton, when used in GLP spray and irrigation root treatments, can significantly increase the activities of POD, SOD and PPO in leaves, while the content of malondialdehyde decreases. After soaking in GLP, the seedling height and cotton fusarium wilt resistance both increased to some extent, and the effects were dose dependent [34]. Root rot is common for kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. diliciosa) plants. Bio-agent treatments significantly improved microbial activity and changed microbial structure, increased the diversity, richness, and uniformity of microbial species, and altered the relative utilization ratio of six carbon sources. Activities of defensive-related enzymes in bio-agent treatments were significantly higher than in traditional fertilizer treatment (p < 0.05) [35]. When T. harzianum was used as a biocontrol agent, the detected hydrolytic enzyme activities of tomato were higher than with the other treatments [36]. Stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) resistance in groundnut genotypes was due to activities of defense enzymes, such as, catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase. Salicylic acid induced systemic resistance to enhance the activity of the defense enzymes. Enzymes catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and chitinase showed strong negative correlation with disease severity index [37]. Therefore, we use bio-pesticides to improve the enzyme activity of crops to reduce the severity of crop diseases. Lentinan could control TMV incidence, and the action mechanism might be associated with TMV coat protein and activation of some defense genes [13]. So, through improving the activity of defense enzymes, some agents could improve the defense effect on viruses, such as PRSV. It was proved that Chitosan, Lentinan and Ningnanmycin could be used to control PRSV in the papaya industry.

Molecular Mechanism of Resistance to PRSV Induced by Bio-Pesticides in Papaya
To understand the cause of papaya resistance, papaya was treated with a compound biopesticide preparation LN (Lentinan 10 g L −1 + Ningnanmycin 0.05 g L −1 ). We found a total of 1261 differentially expressed genes, 900 up-regulated genes and 361 down-regulated genes, compared with CK treatment. For LN treatment, there were significant differences in 19 metabolic pathways, such as photosynthesis. Studies have shown that bio-pesticides improve plant disease resistance and crop growth by regulating gene expression. The pathways, such as nitrogen metabolism, carbon metabolism, carbon fixation in photosynthesis, photosynthesis and photosynthesis-antenna protein, were activated, thereby significantly promoting photosynthesis, as we hypothesized. Research by Chen Y and Venzhik Y showed that when wheat was influenced by virus and low temperature, its photosynthesis was affected [38,39]. This also indirectly proved that plant resistance was related to photosynthesis. It was in agreement with a previous study which suggested that the plant resistance was associated with photosynthesis ability [40]. In addition, other studies showed that the overexpression of genes of photosynthesis could improve resistance to the virus of maize plants [41][42][43]. Meantime, in our research, after LN treatment, a total of 27 symbols were significantly up regulated, and the resistance of papaya increased. Therefore, this study implies that the reason for increasing disease resistance of PRSD in papaya was attributed to the up-regulation of photosynthesis-related genes. Similarly, previous study has suggested that the integrated effect of tetramycin and chitosan can effectively control leaf spot disease in kiwifruit and promote CAT, POD, PPO, and SOD activities, as well as the photosynthesis ability of kiwifruit leaves, and, thereby, improve fruit quality, such as total phenolics, total flavonoids, and soluble proteins.

Conclusions
In conclusion, Chitosan, Lentinan and Ningnanmycin could increase resistance and integrally control PRSV, and the impact was consistent with promoting growth and increasing defense enzyme activities. Interaction between Lentinan and Ningnanmycin revealed more positive impact as compared to the rest. Hence the result is of great significance in controlling PRSV in the papaya industry.
Supplementary Materials: The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules27217474/s1, Table S1: Primers for quantitative realtime PCR; Table S2: qPCR reaction system; Table S3: Table of RNA detection results; Figure S1: Verification assay of 7 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The statistical significance of the differences was confirmed by analysis of variance (ANOVA).