Synthesis and Biological Activity of Unsymmetrical Monoterpenylhetaryl Disulfides

New unsymmetrical monoterpenylhetaryl disulfides based on heterocyclic disulfides and monoterpene thiols were synthesized for the first time in 48–88% yields. Hydrolysis of disulfides with fragments of methyl esters of 2-mercaptonicotinic acid was carried out in 73–95% yields. The obtained compounds were evaluated for antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal activity, cytotoxicity and mutagenicity.


Introduction
Disulfide bonds play an important role in living organisms. In the formation of the tertiary structure of proteins, covalent disulfide bonds provide the formation of cross-links that are much stronger than hydrophobic interactions or hydrogen bonds. The biochemical significance of the disulfide bond is also determined by the unique nature of the thioldisulfide system, in which the S-S bond can be formed under conditions characteristic of biological processes-by disulfide exchange with the participation of glutathione [1]. The reactivity of disulfides is determined by the lability of the S-S bond and its ability to be cleaved by both nucleophiles and electrophiles [1].
In the presence of various thiophilic nucleophiles, disulfides behave as electrophilic reagents, which leads to heterolytic cleavage of the S-S bond. Intracellular nucleophiles such as glutathione and thioredoxins, for example, can rapidly react with di-and trisulfide compounds, disrupting cellular homeostasis [2,3].
Some biologically active lipophilic disulfides of natural origin are known. These include the symmetrical diallyl disulfide (DADS), ajoene, vinyldithiins, and diallyl polysulfides found in Allium sativum. DADS has moderate antioxidant activity at low concentrations (20 µM) [4], however, at higher concentrations (50-100 µM), DADS exhibits pro-oxidant activity and cytotoxicity in vitro through the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells [5], which is consistent with studies on the antitumor activity of DADS

Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Monoterpenylhetaryl Disulfides
In our work, we synthesized a series of unsymmetrical disulfides combining monoterpene and heterocyclic fragments, and evaluated the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant activities of the synthesized conjugates.
As a heterocyclic component, we used symmetrical dihetaryl disulfides with benzothiazole, pyrimidine, and pyridine fragments, in which the disulfide bond is easily cleft in the reaction with SO 2 Cl 2 to form sulfenyl chlorides [33,34]. The above compounds are highly reactive and often unstable, so sulfenyl chlorides were immediately involved in reactions with terpenthiols without prior isolation to form the corresponding monoterpenylhetaryl disulfides (1-4)a-c in 48-88% yields (Scheme 1), according to the procedure [35,36]. [30][31][32].
It is interesting to develop the chemistry of disulfide compounds based on natural compounds in order to study their biological properties. Combining in one molecule terpene and heterocyclic fragments connected by an S-S bond can promote the growth of already existing biological activity.

Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Monoterpenylhetaryl Disulfides
In our work, we synthesized a series of unsymmetrical disulfides combining monoterpene and heterocyclic fragments, and evaluated the antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant activities of the synthesized conjugates.
As a heterocyclic component, we used symmetrical dihetaryl disulfides with benzothiazole, pyrimidine, and pyridine fragments, in which the disulfide bond is easily cleft in the reaction with SO2Cl2 to form sulfenyl chlorides [33,34]. The above compounds are highly reactive and often unstable, so sulfenyl chlorides were immediately involved in reactions with terpenthiols without prior isolation to form the corresponding monoterpenylhetaryl disulfides (1-4)a-c in 48-88% yields (Scheme 1), according to the procedure [35,36]. Scheme 1. General scheme for the synthesis of unsymmetrical disulfides.
The structure and composition of disulfides (1-4)a-c have been proved by IR, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra contain signals of both terpene and heterocyclic fragments. The structure and configuration of 1c was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction ( Figure 1). The SSHet-fragmet in the molecule 1c is almost flat. The average deviation of non-hydrogen atoms from the plane is 0.044 Å . The cyclohexane ring adopts a chair conformation. The methyl and isopropyl groups are in equatorial positions, while the SSHet-fragment occupy axial positions. The S-S distance in 1c is 2.0238(7) Å and is in good agreement with previously published related disulfides [37]. The structure and composition of disulfides (1-4)a-c have been proved by IR, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra contain signals of both terpene and heterocyclic fragments. The structure and configuration of 1c was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction ( Figure 1). The SSHet-fragmet in the molecule 1c is almost flat. The average deviation of non-hydrogen atoms from the plane is 0.044 Å. The cyclohexane ring adopts a chair conformation. The methyl and isopropyl groups are in equatorial positions, while the SSHet-fragment occupy axial positions. The S-S distance in 1c is 2.0238(7) Å and is in good agreement with previously published related disulfides [37]. To assess the effect of the ester and carboxyl groups on the biological activity of disulfides for derivatives of 2-mercaptonicotinic acid, hydrolysis of disulfides 1c-4c having an ester group was carried out. The esters were hydrolyzed in the LiOH-H2O-THF system. As a result, the corresponding acids 1d-4d were obtained in 73-95% yields (Scheme 2). To assess the effect of the ester and carboxyl groups on the biological activity of disulfides for derivatives of 2-mercaptonicotinic acid, hydrolysis of disulfides 1c-4c having an ester group was carried out. The esters were hydrolyzed in the LiOH-H 2 O-THF system. As a result, the corresponding acids 1d-4d were obtained in 73-95% yields (Scheme 2). ,5R)-2-isopropyl-5methylcyclohexyl]disulfanyl]pyridine-3-carboxylate (1c) with thermal ellipsoids drawn at the 30% probability level.
To assess the effect of the ester and carboxyl groups on the biological activity of disulfides for derivatives of 2-mercaptonicotinic acid, hydrolysis of disulfides 1c-4c having an ester group was carried out. The esters were hydrolyzed in the LiOH-H2O-THF system. As a result, the corresponding acids 1d-4d were obtained in 73-95% yields (Scheme 2).
The structure and composition of disulfides 1d-4d with a fragment of 2-mercaptonicotinic acid were proved by IR, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In the 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra of acids 1d-4d, there are no signals of methyl groups compared to the starting esters 1c-4c. The mass spectra contain peaks of the corresponding molecular ions.
The synthesized disulfide conjugates were evaluated for antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities.

Antioxidant Activity in a Non-Cellular Model System (Brain Homogenates)
In a non-cellular model system containing easily oxidized brain lipids (Figure 2.), compounds 3a-c, 4a-c and 3d containing a hydroxyl group in the pinane fragment, in general, significantly more actively inhibit the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids of brain lipids than similar in structure compounds 1a-d, 2a-d. If we focus on the structure of the heterocyclic substituent, then in all four groups the most active compounds contain a fragment of the methyl ester of 2-mercaptonicotinic acid (1-4c).
The highest antioxidant activity in this model system is demonstrated by the disulfides 3с and 4с, which combine a hydroxyl group in the pinane and an ester group in the heterocyclic fragment ( Figure 2).
The structure and composition of disulfides 1d-4d with a fragment of 2-mercaptonicotinic acid were proved by IR, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In the 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra of acids 1d-4d, there are no signals of methyl groups compared to the starting esters 1c-4c. The mass spectra contain peaks of the corresponding molecular ions.
The synthesized disulfide conjugates were evaluated for antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities.

Antioxidant Activity in a Non-Cellular Model System (Brain Homogenates)
In a non-cellular model system containing easily oxidized brain lipids (Figure 2), compounds 3a-c, 4a-c and 3d containing a hydroxyl group in the pinane fragment, in general, significantly more actively inhibit the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids of brain lipids than similar in structure compounds 1a-d, 2a-d. If we focus on the structure of the heterocyclic substituent, then in all four groups the most active compounds contain a fragment of the methyl ester of 2-mercaptonicotinic acid (1-4c).

Erythrotoxicity, Membrane-Protective and Antioxidant Activity (on Erythrocytes)
A study of hemolytic activity showed that at a concentration of 100 μM, 13 out of 16 disulfides exhibit high erythrotoxicity ( Figure 3A). Low hemolytic activity at the indicated concentration was noted only for disulfides 1a, 2a, and 3d. No significant hemolytic activ-   The highest antioxidant activity in this model system is demonstrated by the disulfides 3c and 4c, which combine a hydroxyl group in the pinane and an ester group in the heterocyclic fragment ( Figure 2).

Erythrotoxicity, Membrane-Protective and Antioxidant Activity (on Erythrocytes)
A study of hemolytic activity showed that at a concentration of 100 µM, 13 out of 16 disulfides exhibit high erythrotoxicity ( Figure 3A). Low hemolytic activity at the indicated concentration was noted only for disulfides 1a, 2a, and 3d. No significant hemolytic activity was detected at a concentration of 1 µM ( Figure 3B).

Figure 2.
Effect of unsymmetrical disulfides and Trolox (T) at concentrations of 100 μM and on the content of TBA-RS in the brain homogenate in an hour after the initiation of LPO bate/Fe 2+ initiators). C-control sample containing no test compounds; I-intact sample in LPO was not initiated.

Erythrotoxicity, Membrane-Protective and Antioxidant Activity (on Erythrocytes)
A study of hemolytic activity showed that at a concentration of 100 μM, 13 ou disulfides exhibit high erythrotoxicity ( Figure 3A). Low hemolytic activity at the ind concentration was noted only for disulfides 1a, 2a, and 3d. No significant hemolytic ity was detected at a concentration of 1 μM ( Figure 3B).  The membrane-protective properties of the compounds were evaluated in the m of oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes at a concentration of 1 μM in order to avo effect of hemolytic activity. It was shown ( Figure 4) that even at such a low concentr individual disulfides have a statistically significant membrane-protective activity co rable to the activity of Trolox, which follows from a decrease in the death of erythro in their presence under the influence of H2O2. The most active are pinane derivativ 2b, 2c, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d, most of which contain a hydroxyl group in the te moiety (3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d). The membrane-protective properties of the compounds were evaluated in the model of oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes at a concentration of 1 µM in order to avoid the effect of hemolytic activity. It was shown ( Figure 4) that even at such a low concentration, individual disulfides have a statistically significant membrane-protective activity comparable to the activity of Trolox, which follows from a decrease in the death of erythrocytes in their presence under the influence of H 2 O 2 . The most active are pinane derivatives 2a, 2b, 2c, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d, most of which contain a hydroxyl group in the terpene moiety (3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d). μM (В) after 1, 3 and 5 h of incubation.
The membrane-protective properties of the compounds were evaluated in the model of oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes at a concentration of 1 μM in order to avoid the effect of hemolytic activity. It was shown ( Figure 4) that even at such a low concentration, individual disulfides have a statistically significant membrane-protective activity comparable to the activity of Trolox, which follows from a decrease in the death of erythrocytes in their presence under the influence of H2O2. The most active are pinane derivatives 2a, 2b, 2c, 3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d, most of which contain a hydroxyl group in the terpene moiety (3b, 3c, 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d). Thus, in both test systems used, the antioxidant activity of the obtained derivatives depended mainly on the structure of the terpene fragment, the presence of a hydroxyl group and a heterocyclic fragment in it.

Antimicrobial Activity
The antimicrobial activity of all compounds was evaluated on S. aureus ATCC 29213 (MSSA), S. aureus MRSA clinical isolate, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and fluconazole-sensitive Candida albicans 703 clinical isolate. As could be seen from Table 1, compounds 1a-c and 2b exhibited antibacterial activity on both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa while the antifungal activity was low. By contrast, compounds 3d and 4d were active against yeast on low antibacterial activity background. Unsymmetrical disulfides 1a-d with a neomentane fragment showed antimicrobial activity against both S. aureus strains with MICs of 16-32 µg/mL. The antimicrobial properties of disulfides with pipane substituents varied depending on the structure of the heterocyclic fragment. Among the disulfides 2a-d, compound 2b with a pyrimidine substituent (MIC 16 µg/mL) and 2d (MIC 16 µg/mL) showed the highest activity against the MSSA isolate. Compound 2a with a benzothiazole fragment had weak activity (MIC 128 µg/mL), and 2c was inactive against MSSA, while showing activity in the case of MRSA. The introduction of an OH group into the structure of the terpene fragment leads to an almost complete loss of the antibacterial properties of thiotherpenoids 4a-4c. Unsymmetrical pinane disulfides 3ac, having a hydroxymethyl group, were similar in their biological properties to neomentane thiotherpenoids 1a-c and showed antibacterial activity with an MIC of 32-34 µg/mL. These thiotherpenoids tested showed similar properties against the clinical methylicin-resistant S. aureus isolate.
All disulfides 1a-c with the neomentane structure of the terpene part of the molecule, as well as compounds 2a and 3a with a benzothiazole substituent, and pinane disulfide 2b with a pyrimidine fragment repressed the growth of P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853. All other compounds were inactive against this microorganism.
None of the tested asymmetric disulfides (1-4)a-c had antifungal activity against Candida albicans 703 clinical isolate. However, the presence of a carboxyl group in the 2-mercaptonicotinic acid fragment of disulfides 1-4d led to the appearance of antifungal activity (MIC 16-128 µg/mL).
In general, the synthesized asymmetric monoterpenylhetaryl disulfides (1-4)a-d have a high cytotoxicity (CC 50 ) on the nuclear cells of the embryonic bovine lung (EBL). The least toxicity was shown by pinane disulfides 2a, 2c and 3d. Notably, neomentane disulfides 1a and 1b showed mutagenicity in the Ames test on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA102 strains, respectively, causing point mutations and reversions [38].
Thus, unsymmetrical disulfides containing monoterpene and heterocyclic substituents have antimicrobial properties against clinically significant pathogens. However, these compounds demonstrate relatively high to moderate cytotoxicity, thus reducing the possibility of further use of these compounds as potential antibiotics for systemic application, while can be used as topical agents and can be considered as a start point for the search among unsymmetrical monoterpenylhetaryl disulfides for new substances with low toxicity and selectivity against pathogenic strains of microorganisms.

Antiviral Activity
The synthesized hybrid compounds were screened for antiviral activity. The cytotoxicity of the compounds (CC 50 ) was evaluated in uninfected MDCK cells (canine kidney cells). The antiviral activity (IC 50 ) of the synthesized substances was studied on the model of influenza infection of MDCK cells caused by the influenza virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1), which is resistant to adamantane-type antiviral drugs-amantadine and remantadine. The obtained data were used to calculate the value of the selectivity index (SI) for each of the tested samples of monoterpenylhetaryldisulfides. The results of the experiments performed are shown in the Table 2.
All compounds, with the exception of disulfides 3c, 3d and 4d, showed high virusinhibiting properties. However, almost all of them showed significant cytotoxicity.
Based on the totality of data and taking into account the highest value of the selectivity index (SI > 10) [39], disulfide 2d with the pinane structure of the terpene and heterocyclic fragment of nicotinoate can be attributed to the active compounds. Importantly, the virus used in our study is resistant to the reference compound Rimantadine having, similarly to the compound library under investigation, cage fragment in its structure. This is due to amino acid substitution S31N in transmembrane domain of viral proton pump M2 which is target for adamantane-based anti-influenza drugs, Rimantadine and Amantadine. The activity of 2d appeared higher than that of Rimantadine. The results obtained in our study, therefore, suggest that either 2d is able to block M2 channel of rimantadine-resistant virus or, otherwise, it has another target and an alternative mechanism of activity. Further studies are therefore needed to decipher the exact mode of anti-viral action of this class of compounds.

Conclusions
Thus, new unsymmetrical monoterpenylhetaryl disulfides based on heterocyclic disulfides and monoterpene thiols have been synthesized for the first time. The described disulfides, in general, have good indicators of antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiviral activity. However, given the high in vitro cytotoxicity in different models, the possibility of further systemic use of these compounds as potential antioxidants, antibiotics, and antiviral agents is limited, their chemotype can be considered as a start point for the among unsymmetrical monoterpenylhetaryl disulfides for new substances with low toxicity and selectivity for pathogenic strains of microorganisms and viruses. In addition, cytotoxicity analysis shows differences in the activity of these compounds in different models (mice erythrocytes, embryonic bovine lung cells, and canine kidney cells), which may indicate a selective effect on different cell types and provides prerequisites for testing them for antitumor activity.

General Information
IR spectra were registered on a Shimadzu IR Prestige 21 infrared Fourier spectrometer (Shimadzu, Duisburg, Germany) in a thin layer or in KBr tablets. 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 300 spectrometer (Bruker BioSpin, Ettlingen, Germany) (300.17 and 75.48 MHz) in C 6 D 6 , CDCl 3 and acetone-d6 using the signal of the indicated solvent as an internal standard (See Supplementary Materials). 13 C NMR spectra were registered in the J-modulation mode. The complete assignment of 1 H and 13 C signals was performed using 2D homo-( 1 H-1 H COSY, 1  The diffraction data for compound 1c were collected on a Bruker D8 Quest diffractometer (Mo-K α radiation, ω-scan technique, λ = 0.71073 Å). The intensity data were integrated by the SAINT [40] program. The structure was solved by dual methods [41] and was refined on F 2 hkl using the SHELXTL package [42]. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. All hydrogen atoms were placed in calculated positions and were refined using a riding model (U iso (H) = 1.5U eq (C) for CH 3 groups and U iso (H) = 1.2U eq (C) for other groups). The SADABS program [43] was used to perform absorption corrections. The disorder of C(15) and C(16) methyl groups was modeled with EADP/SADI/ISOR constraints. CCDC 2182740 contains the supplementary crystallographic data. These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures, accessed on 28 July 2022.

General Procedure
2,2 -Disulfanediyldinicotinic acid. To a solution of 8 g (0.2 mol) of sodium hydroxide in 200 mL of water 31 g (0.2 mol) of 2-mercaptonicotinic acid was added with stirring. A 7% aqueous solution of iodine with potassium iodide (1:1 eq) was added to the resulting solution with vigorous stirring until the color of iodine ceased to disappear. The precipitate formed was filtered off and thoroughly washed with water and then dried. The dried precipitate was boiled 2 times for 30 min in 100 mL of methylene chloride and filtered off. The yield of the disulfide is 27.4 g (89%) with m.p. 222-224 • C. The spectral data correspond to the literature data [44].
Dimethyl 2,2 -disulfanediyldinicotinate. To a suspension of 6.16 g (20 mmol) of 2,2disulfanediyldinicotinic acid in 20 mL of absolute methanol was added 5 g of concentrated sulfuric acid and boiled for 5 h. Then, the methanol was distilled off in a vacuum, the residue was treated with water and filtered off. The filtrate was cooled to 0 • C and carefully neutralized to a slightly alkaline reaction (pH 8-9) with a NaHCO 3 solution. The precipitate formed was filtered off and dried. The dried precipitate was dissolved in 10 mL of methylene chloride, the solution was filtered. The filtrate was evaporated in a vacuum, and the residue was boiled 2 times for 30 min in 30 mL of diethyl ether and filtered off. The yield of disulfide is 3.7 g (55%), m.p. 199-200 • C. 1 [49] were synthesized according to known methods.

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Disulfides
The procedure is based on methods for the synthesis of sulfenyl chlorides [33,34] and their interaction with thiols [35,36].
A total of 0.45 mmol (1 equiv.) of dihetaryl disulfide was dissolved in 10 mL of CH 2 Cl 2 and cooled on ice-bath. A solution of 0.68 mmol (1.5 equiv.) SO 2 Cl 2 in CH 2 Cl 2 (v/v 1:10) was added to the cooled mixture and stirred at 0 • C for 5 min. The solvent and the excess of unreacted SO 2 Cl 2 were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in 5 mL of CH 2 Cl 2 , and 0.90 mmol (2 equiv.) of terpenthiol in 4 mL of CH 2 Cl 2 was added at 0 • C. After 5-10 min, the ice-bath was removed and left to stir at room temperature. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC using the eluents indicated in the descriptions of the compounds. Upon completion of the reaction, the mixture was diluted with 15-20 mL of CH 2 Cl 2 and washed with brine, the organic layer was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The products were isolated by silica gel column chromatography using the same eluents as for TLC.

General Method for the Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids
The method is based on the procedure [50]. A solution of 0.90 mmol of LiOH in 3-4 mL of H 2 O was added with stirring to a solution of 0.45 mmol of substrate 1c-4c in 6 mL of THF and left under stirring for 4-5 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion of the reaction, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, the residue was diluted with H 2 O (15-20 mL), neutralized with 2 M HCl to pH = 4, extracted with CHCl 3 . The organic layer was dried over Na 2 SO 4 , the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The product was purified by recrystallization from hexane-Et 2 O system.

Erythrotoxicity, Antioxidant Activity, Membrane-Protective Activity (Cellular Model System)
To evaluate the erythrotoxicity, antioxidant and membrane-protective activity of the compounds, we used 0.5% (v/v) suspension of red blood cells from laboratory mice in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). The test substances were previously dissolved in ethanol. Erythrotoxicity (hemolytic activity) was evaluated by the degree of hemolysis of red blood cells 1-5 h after the introduction of solutions of the compounds. Membraneprotective and antioxidant activity was determined by the degree of inhibition of H 2 O 2induced hemolysis. For this purpose, 30 min after the erythrocyte suspension was added to the solutions of the test compounds, hemolysis was initiated with a solution of hydrogen peroxide (0.006%). Then, the reaction mixture was incubated in a thermostatic shaker Biosan ES-20 with slow stirring at 37 • C for 5 h. An aliquot was taken from the incubation medium every hour, centrifuged for 5 min (1600× g), and the degree of hemolysis was determined by the hemoglobin content in the supernatant on a ThermoSpectromic Genesys 20 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) at 524 nm [56]. The percentage of hemolysis was calculated in relation to the complete hemolysis of the sample. Each experiment was designed with 4-8 replicates. Statistical data processing and charting were performed using the Microsoft Office Excel 2007 software package (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA). The data represent the mean ± SE.

Antibacterial Activity
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of compounds was determined by the broth microdilution assay in 96-well plates (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) according to the EUCAST rules for antimicrobial susceptibility testing [57] in full Mueller-Hinton broth (MH). The concentrations of compounds to be tested ranged from 1 to 2048 µg/mL. The MIC was determined as the lowest concentration of an antibiotic for which no visible bacterial growth could be observed after 24 h of incubation.

Antifungal Activity
MICs on C. albicans was determined using the broth microdilution method in 96-well plates (Eppendorf) in MH broth as recommended in the protocol CLSI M27-A3 [58]. C. albicans was grown overnight and diluted with MH broth until optical density of 0.5 to obtain the working solution. Then, 2-fold serial dilutions of compounds in concentrations from 1 to 1024 µg/mL were prepared in MH broth and seeded with fungi (1% v/v of working solution) with subsequent incubation at 37 • C for 24 h. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration of the compound at which no visible growth could be seen.

Mutagenicity and Cytotoxicity
The mutagenicity of compounds was evaluated in the Ames test with S. typhimurium TA98, TA100 and TA102 strains as described in [38]. The spot-test modification has been applied to avoid false-negative results driven with antibacterial activity of compounds. The tested compound was considered to be mutagenic if the number of revertant colonies increased more than 2 times close to the filter paper with compound.
Cytotoxicity of compounds was determined using the microtetrazolium test (MTT) on EBL cells. The cells were cultured in DMEM-Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) supplemented with 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 µg/mL penicillin and 100 µg/mL streptomycin. Cells were seeded in 96-well plates with the density of 3000 cells per well and left overnight to allow for the attachment. Cells were next cultured at 37 • C and 5% CO 2 in the presence of compounds of interest at various concentrations from 1.25 to 160 µg/mL. After 24 h of cultivation the cells were subjected to MTT-assay. The formazan was solubilized by DMSO and the optical density was measured on Tecan Infinite 200Pro at 570 nm. The concentration required to inhibit cellular dehydrogenase activity by 50% (CC 50 value) was calculated by using GraphPad Prism 6.0 software (GraphPad software, San Diego, CA, USA).

Toxicity Studies
MTT [59] was used to study cytotoxicity of the compounds. Briefly, series of three-fold dilutions of each compound (300-4 µg/mL) in MEM were prepared. MDCK cells (ATCC CCL-34) were incubated for 72 h at 36 • C in 5% CO 2 in the presence of the dissolved substances. The degree of destruction of the cell monolayer was then evaluated in the MTT. The cells were washed twice with saline, and a solution of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (0.5 mg/mL) in cell culture medium was added to the wells. After 1h incubation, the wells were washed and the formazan residue dissolved in DMSO (0.1 mL per well). The optical density of wells was then measured on a Multiscan FC photometer at wavelength of 540 nm and plotted against concentration of the compounds. Each concentration was tested in three parallels. The 50% cytotoxic dose (CC 50 ) of each compound (i.e., the compound concentration that causes the death of 50% cells in a culture, or decreasing the optical density twice as compared to the control wells) was calculated from the data obtained. Values of CC 50 obtained in µg/mL were then calculated into micromoles.

Cell Protection Assay
The compounds in appropriate concentrations were added to MDCK cells (0.1 mL per well). Cells were further infected with A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) influenza virus (m.o.i 0.01). Plates were incubated for 72 h at 36 • C at 5% CO 2 . After that, cell viability was assessed by MTT test as described above. The cytoprotective activity of compounds was considered as their ability to increase the values of IC 50 compared to control wells (with virus only, no drugs). Based on the results obtained, the values of IC 50 , i.e., concentration of compounds that results in 50% cells protection, were calculated using GraphPad Prism software. Values of IC 50 obtained in µg/mL were then calculated into µM. For each compound, the value of selectivity index (SI) was calculated as ratio of CC 50 to IC 50 . The compounds with SI of 10 and higher were considered as active [39]. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by Kazan Federal University Strategic Academic Leadership Program (PRIORITY-2030) (antimicrobial part). This work was performed using equipment from the Center for Collective Use "Chemistry" of the Institute of Chemistry of the Komi Scientific Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The study of antioxidant and membrane-protective activity was performed using the equipment of the Center of Collective Usage "Molecular Biology" of the Institute of Biology of the Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the expense of the state assignment (project No. 122040600022-1). The used animals were taken from the scientific collection of experimental animals from the Institute of Biology of the Komi Scientific Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (http://www.ckp-rf.ru/usu/471933/, accessed on 28 July 2022). The X-ray investigation of compound 1c was performed using the equipment of the center for collective use "Analytical Center of the IOMC RAS" with the financial support of the grant "Ensuring the development of the material and technical infrastructure of the centers for collective use of scientific equipment" (Unique identifier RF-2296.61321X0017, Agreement Number 075-15-2021-670).