Decoration of A-Ring of a Lupane-Type Triterpenoid with Different Oxygen and Nitrogen Heterocycles

Betulinic acid (BA) was used as starting building block to create a library of novel BA-derived compounds containing O- and N-heterocycles. Firstly, BA was converted into methyl betulonate (BoOMe), which was used as intermediate in the developed methodologies. 1,2-Oxazine-fused BoOMe compounds were obtained in 12–25% global yields through a Michael addition of nitromethane to methyl (E)-2-benzylidenebetulonate derivatives, followed by nitro group reduction and intramolecular cyclization. Remarkably, the triterpene acts as a diastereoselective inducer in the conjugate addition of nitromethane, originating only one diastereomer out of four possible ones. Furthermore, other oxygen and nitrogen-containing heterocycles were installed at the A-ring of BoOMe, affording 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran-fused BoOMe, diarylpyridine-fused BoOMe and 1,2,3-triazole–BoOMe compounds, using simple and straightforward synthetic methodologies. Finally, BA was revealed to be a versatile starting material, allowing the creation of a molecular diversification of compounds containing a triterpenic scaffold and O- and N-heterocycles.


Introduction
Triterpenoids are plants' secondary metabolites with a variety of promising biological activities. In particular, betulinic acid (BA), which is a lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenic acid (Figure 1), is commonly isolated from birch (Betula spp.) bark, displaying important biological activities [1,2]. Among triterpenic acids, BA gained special attention from the scientific community from the moment that two of its synthetic derivatives, namely bevirimat (Myriad Genetics) and BMS-955176 (GSK) (Figure 1), were known as efficient anti-HIV drugs, reaching phase IIb clinical trials [3,4]. Meanwhile, GSK pursued its study in the development of HIV maturation inhibitors and produced another interesting molecule with a similar structure to BMS-955176 known as GSK'254 ( Figure 1), which is a phase IIb clinical candidate [5].
Heterocyclic compounds are considered as the backbone of drug discovery efforts. The ability to access heterocyclic frameworks in a general and rapid manner is essential for medicinal chemists, which would allow them to drive structure−activity relationships (SARs) and to address physicochemical and/or disposition liabilities of common heterocyclic templates. In this context, we selected four types of heterocycles, namely 2H-1,2-oxazines, 4H-pyrans, pyridines and 1,2,3-triazoles (Figure 2), due to their widely Heterocyclic compounds are considered as the backbone of drug discovery efforts. The ability to access heterocyclic frameworks in a general and rapid manner is essential for medicinal chemists, which would allow them to drive structure−activity relationships (SARs) and to address physicochemical and/or disposition liabilities of common heterocyclic templates. In this context, we selected four types of heterocycles, namely 2H-1,2-oxazines, 4H-pyrans, pyridines and 1,2,3-triazoles (Figure 2), due to their widely recognized impact in medicinal chemistry projects either as pharmacophores and/or modulators of physicochemical properties. Oxazines and their derivatives are heterocyclic compounds containing one oxygen atom and one nitrogen atom ( Figure 2) [10]. These heterocycles have special interest because they constitute an important class of non-natural and natural products, which display useful biological properties [11][12][13] as well as interesting photophysical and lasing properties [14,15]. To the best of our knowledge, this six-membered N,O-heterocycle was never installed before in the BA skeleton. Therefore, a reliable synthetic strategy for its installation in the A-ring of the BA skeleton is quite desirable and will open numerous possibilities for the synthesis of novel families of fused 1,2-oxazine-BA compounds.
Among the plethora of O-heterocycles, the 4H-pyran scaffold ( Figure 2) stands out as it can be found in coumarins, benzopyrans, sugars, flavonoids and xanthones, among others [16]. It also can be regarded as a key pharmacophore playing a pivotal role in several biological activities, especially as anticancer agents [16]. Within the family of 4Hpyrans, special attention should be given to the 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran derivatives, as part of 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromenes, which is a key scaffold in the anticancer agent crolibulin (EPC2407) currently in phase I/II clinical trials [17]. Once again, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that this specific type of 4H-pyran was fused to a lupanetype pentacyclic triterpenoid.
Concerning pyridines (Figure 2), they are one of the most prevalent examples of biologically active heterocycles, being the second most common ring in small molecule drugs. This is quite understandable since the pyridine ring is often used as an isosteric  Heterocyclic compounds are considered as the backbone of drug discovery efforts. The ability to access heterocyclic frameworks in a general and rapid manner is essential for medicinal chemists, which would allow them to drive structure−activity relationships (SARs) and to address physicochemical and/or disposition liabilities of common heterocyclic templates. In this context, we selected four types of heterocycles, namely 2H-1,2-oxazines, 4H-pyrans, pyridines and 1,2,3-triazoles ( Figure 2), due to their widely recognized impact in medicinal chemistry projects either as pharmacophores and/or modulators of physicochemical properties. Oxazines and their derivatives are heterocyclic compounds containing one oxygen atom and one nitrogen atom ( Figure 2) [10]. These heterocycles have special interest because they constitute an important class of non-natural and natural products, which display useful biological properties [11][12][13] as well as interesting photophysical and lasing properties [14,15]. To the best of our knowledge, this six-membered N,O-heterocycle was never installed before in the BA skeleton. Therefore, a reliable synthetic strategy for its installation in the A-ring of the BA skeleton is quite desirable and will open numerous possibilities for the synthesis of novel families of fused 1,2-oxazine-BA compounds.
Among the plethora of O-heterocycles, the 4H-pyran scaffold ( Figure 2) stands out as it can be found in coumarins, benzopyrans, sugars, flavonoids and xanthones, among others [16]. It also can be regarded as a key pharmacophore playing a pivotal role in several biological activities, especially as anticancer agents [16]. Within the family of 4Hpyrans, special attention should be given to the 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran derivatives, as part of 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromenes, which is a key scaffold in the anticancer agent crolibulin (EPC2407) currently in phase I/II clinical trials [17]. Once again, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that this specific type of 4H-pyran was fused to a lupanetype pentacyclic triterpenoid.
Concerning pyridines (Figure 2), they are one of the most prevalent examples of biologically active heterocycles, being the second most common ring in small molecule drugs. This is quite understandable since the pyridine ring is often used as an isosteric Oxazines and their derivatives are heterocyclic compounds containing one oxygen atom and one nitrogen atom ( Figure 2) [10]. These heterocycles have special interest because they constitute an important class of non-natural and natural products, which display useful biological properties [11][12][13] as well as interesting photophysical and lasing properties [14,15]. To the best of our knowledge, this six-membered N,O-heterocycle was never installed before in the BA skeleton. Therefore, a reliable synthetic strategy for its installation in the A-ring of the BA skeleton is quite desirable and will open numerous possibilities for the synthesis of novel families of fused 1,2-oxazine-BA compounds.
Among the plethora of O-heterocycles, the 4H-pyran scaffold ( Figure 2) stands out as it can be found in coumarins, benzopyrans, sugars, flavonoids and xanthones, among others [16]. It also can be regarded as a key pharmacophore playing a pivotal role in several biological activities, especially as anticancer agents [16]. Within the family of 4Hpyrans, special attention should be given to the 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran derivatives, as part of 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-chromenes, which is a key scaffold in the anticancer agent crolibulin (EPC2407) currently in phase I/II clinical trials [17]. Once again, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that this specific type of 4H-pyran was fused to a lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid.
Concerning pyridines (Figure 2), they are one of the most prevalent examples of biologically active heterocycles, being the second most common ring in small molecule drugs. This is quite understandable since the pyridine ring is often used as an isosteric and/or bioisosteric replacer of phenyl rings [18,19]. There is only one example of a pyridinefused BA compound [20]. It was prepared by treatment of betulonic acid (BoA) with propargyl amine via an intermediate enamine, which in the presence of CuCl catalyst performs a ring closure to form pyridine (Scheme 1). However, this method is quite limited both in reaction yield and the ability to install different substitution patterns. Nevertheless, this pyridine-fused BA compound was further tested against the axenic amastigotes of Leishmania donovani and inhibited 88% at 50 µM, but only 26% at 15 µM, demonstrating the potential of the pyridine installation in the BA scaffold. and/or bioisosteric replacer of phenyl rings [18,19]. There is only one example of a pyridine-fused BA compound [20]. It was prepared by treatment of betulonic acid (BoA) with propargyl amine via an intermediate enamine, which in the presence of CuCl catalyst performs a ring closure to form pyridine (Scheme 1). However, this method is quite limited both in reaction yield and the ability to install different substitution patterns. Nevertheless, this pyridine-fused BA compound was further tested against the axenic amastigotes of Leishmania donovani and inhibited 88% at 50 µM, but only 26% at 15 µM, demonstrating the potential of the pyridine installation in the BA scaffold. Scheme 1. Synthesis of a pyridine-fused BA compound [20].
Bioisosteres can be categorized into classical and nonclassical subtypes, with pyridines being a classical subtype. In this field, we also should look upon the tremendous role of 1,2,3-triazoles ( Figure 2), as nonclassical surrogates of amide bond-containing molecules [21]. Despite the 1,2,3-triazole moiety being present in several drugs, they were first developed as antifungal agents such as fluconazole, isavuconazole and itraconazole, followed by the widening of their application in the treatment of various medicinal conditions [21]. Among chosen heterocycles, 1,2,3-triazole-containing lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenoids are the most found ones in the literature [6,9]. The employed methodology to prepare 1,2,3-trizole-linked BA compounds is the copper-catalyzed azidealkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), which allowed the derivatization of BA at positions 2, 3, 28 and 30 and the synthesis of BA-based compounds with anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-hepatitis C virus properties, among others [6].
Herein, aiming at valorizing biomass derived compounds, our goal was to decorate BA with 2H-1,2-oxazine, 4H-pyran, pyridine and 1,2,3-triazole moieties at its A-ring in order to obtain oxygen and nitrogen heterocycle-containing methyl betulonate (BoOMe) compounds (Scheme 2). To do so, simple and straightforward synthetic methodologies were established using easily accessible and cheap reagents. Scheme 1. Synthesis of a pyridine-fused BA compound [20].
Bioisosteres can be categorized into classical and nonclassical subtypes, with pyridines being a classical subtype. In this field, we also should look upon the tremendous role of 1,2,3triazoles ( Figure 2), as nonclassical surrogates of amide bond-containing molecules [21]. Despite the 1,2,3-triazole moiety being present in several drugs, they were first developed as antifungal agents such as fluconazole, isavuconazole and itraconazole, followed by the widening of their application in the treatment of various medicinal conditions [21]. Among chosen heterocycles, 1,2,3-triazole-containing lupane-type pentacyclic triterpenoids are the most found ones in the literature [6,9]. The employed methodology to prepare 1,2,3-trizole-linked BA compounds is the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), which allowed the derivatization of BA at positions 2, 3, 28 and 30 and the synthesis of BA-based compounds with anti-inflammatory, anticancer and anti-hepatitis C virus properties, among others [6].
Herein, aiming at valorizing biomass derived compounds, our goal was to decorate BA with 2H-1,2-oxazine, 4H-pyran, pyridine and 1,2,3-triazole moieties at its A-ring in order to obtain oxygen and nitrogen heterocycle-containing methyl betulonate (BoOMe) compounds (Scheme 2). To do so, simple and straightforward synthetic methodologies were established using easily accessible and cheap reagents.

Diastereoselective Michael Addition of Nitromethane to Methyl (E)-2-Benzylidenebetulonate Derivatives towards the Synthesis of 1,2-Oxazine-Fused BoOMe Compounds
In order to fuse a 1,2-oxazine unit to the A-ring of BoOMe, a three-step approach was developed (Scheme 3). Starting from a base-promoted aldol condensation reaction of BoOMe (1) with benzaldehydes 2a-c, methyl (E)-2-benzylidenebetulonate derivatives 3a-c were obtained, which underwent a Michael addition of nitromethane, affording Michael adducts 4a-c. Then, the subsequent reduction in their nitro group and nucleophilic intramolecular ring cyclization led to the formation of the desired 1,2-oxazine-fused BoOMe compounds 5a-c.
Secondly, a Michael addition of nitromethane to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds 3a-c was accomplished in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as a base, under neat conditions (i.e., nitromethane was used as reagent as well as solvent), affording Michael adducts 4a-c in good yields (69-79%). This reaction led to the creation of two new stereocenters and, consequently, it would be expected that a mixture of diastereomers I to IV would be obtained ( Figure 3). However, a single diastereomer was formed. Usually, the asymmetric Michael addition of nitromethane involves the use of complex organocatalysts [23][24][25], however, in our particular case, their use was not required, since the observed diastereoselectivity was inducted by the defined stereochemistry of the triterpene scaffold.
The relative stereochemistry of the obtained diastereomer was established by NOESY experiments ( Figure S7 for derivative 4b). There was evidence of close proximity of: H-solvent), affording Michael adducts 4a-c in good yields (69-79%). This reaction led to the creation of two new stereocenters and, consequently, it would be expected that a mixture of diastereomers I to IV would be obtained ( Figure 3). However, a single diastereomer was formed. Usually, the asymmetric Michael addition of nitromethane involves the use of complex organocatalysts [23][24][25], however, in our particular case, their use was not required, since the observed diastereoselectivity was inducted by the defined stereochemistry of the triterpene scaffold. The relative stereochemistry of the obtained diastereomer was established by NOESY experiments ( Figure S7 for derivative 4b). There was evidence of close proximity of: H-2 with Ha-1, H-5 and H-23, and H-1′ with Hb-1 (Figure 3 inset), which suggests that diastereomer I was the most plausible obtained structure.
Lastly, the desired 1,2-oxazine-fused BoOMe compounds 5a-c were obtained in poor yields (23-36%) through the reaction of Michael adducts 4a-c with an excess of zinc and ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) in a mixture of dichloromethane (DCM)/methanol (1:1) at room temperature for 6 h (Scheme 3). The low yields can be justified by the formation of an identified by-product together with the desired product.
Previous studies developed by our group disclosed that the incomplete reduction of the nitro group led to an intramolecular aza-nucleophilic addition, originating Δ 1 -pyrroline-N-oxide or N-hydroxypyrrolidine derivatives depending on the substrate [23,26]. Interestingly, herein, it is worth mentioning that the reaction cascade involves the reduction of the nitro group to a hydroxylamino group, followed by an intramolecular oxanucleophilic addition and dehydration, leading to the formation of a 1,2-oxazine-type ring as depicted in Scheme 4.   (69-79%). This reaction led to the creation of two new stereocenters and, consequently, it would be expected that a mixture of diastereomers I to IV would be obtained ( Figure 3). However, a single diastereomer was formed. Usually, the asymmetric Michael addition of nitromethane involves the use of complex organocatalysts [23][24][25], however, in our particular case, their use was not required, since the observed diastereoselectivity was inducted by the defined stereochemistry of the triterpene scaffold. The relative stereochemistry of the obtained diastereomer was established by NOESY experiments ( Figure S7 for derivative 4b). There was evidence of close proximity of: H-2 with Ha-1, H-5 and H-23, and H-1′ with Hb-1 (Figure 3 inset), which suggests that diastereomer I was the most plausible obtained structure.
Lastly, the desired 1,2-oxazine-fused BoOMe compounds 5a-c were obtained in poor yields (23-36%) through the reaction of Michael adducts 4a-c with an excess of zinc and ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) in a mixture of dichloromethane (DCM)/methanol (1:1) at room temperature for 6 h (Scheme 3). The low yields can be justified by the formation of an identified by-product together with the desired product.
Previous studies developed by our group disclosed that the incomplete reduction of the nitro group led to an intramolecular aza-nucleophilic addition, originating Δ 1 -pyrroline-N-oxide or N-hydroxypyrrolidine derivatives depending on the substrate [23,26]. Interestingly, herein, it is worth mentioning that the reaction cascade involves the reduction of the nitro group to a hydroxylamino group, followed by an intramolecular oxanucleophilic addition and dehydration, leading to the formation of a 1,2-oxazine-type ring as depicted in Scheme 4. Lastly, the desired 1,2-oxazine-fused BoOMe compounds 5a-c were obtained in poor yields (23-36%) through the reaction of Michael adducts 4a-c with an excess of zinc and ammonium acetate (NH 4 OAc) in a mixture of dichloromethane (DCM)/methanol (1:1) at room temperature for 6 h (Scheme 3). The low yields can be justified by the formation of an identified by-product together with the desired product.
Previous studies developed by our group disclosed that the incomplete reduction of the nitro group led to an intramolecular aza-nucleophilic addition, originating ∆ 1 -pyrroline-Noxide or N-hydroxypyrrolidine derivatives depending on the substrate [23,26]. Interestingly, herein, it is worth mentioning that the reaction cascade involves the reduction of the nitro group to a hydroxylamino group, followed by an intramolecular oxa-nucleophilic addition and dehydration, leading to the formation of a 1,2-oxazine-type ring as depicted in Scheme 4. quired, since the observed diastereoselectivity was inducted by the defined stereochemistry of the triterpene scaffold. The relative stereochemistry of the obtained diastereomer was established by NOESY experiments ( Figure S7 for derivative 4b). There was evidence of close proximity of: H-2 with Ha-1, H-5 and H-23, and H-1′ with Hb-1 (Figure 3 inset), which suggests that diastereomer I was the most plausible obtained structure.
Lastly, the desired 1,2-oxazine-fused BoOMe compounds 5a-c were obtained in poor yields (23-36%) through the reaction of Michael adducts 4a-c with an excess of zinc and ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) in a mixture of dichloromethane (DCM)/methanol (1:1) at room temperature for 6 h (Scheme 3). The low yields can be justified by the formation of an identified by-product together with the desired product.
Previous studies developed by our group disclosed that the incomplete reduction of the nitro group led to an intramolecular aza-nucleophilic addition, originating Δ 1 -pyrroline-N-oxide or N-hydroxypyrrolidine derivatives depending on the substrate [23,26]. Interestingly, herein, it is worth mentioning that the reaction cascade involves the reduction of the nitro group to a hydroxylamino group, followed by an intramolecular oxanucleophilic addition and dehydration, leading to the formation of a 1,2-oxazine-type ring as depicted in Scheme 4. The formation of 1,2-oxazine-fused BoOMe compounds 5a-c was confirmed by 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Thus, in their 13 C NMR spectra, the appearance of two non-protonated carbons at δ C 92.6-98.9 and 180.8-182.1 ppm, which were unequivocally assigned as C-2 and C-3, respectively, by their HMBC connectivities with H-1 and H-3 , and H-3 and 4-(CH 3 ) 2 (Figure 4), proves the fusion of a 1,2-oxazine-type ring to the A-ring of BoOMe. In addition, the band at 3300-3350 cm −1 observed in the ATR-FTIR spectrum of compound 5b confirms the presence of a secondary amino group in the structure of this compound ( Figure S14). Furthermore, the relative configuration of the C-4 stereocenter was unveiled through NOESY spectroscopy (Figure 4). Close proximity was observed between H-4 and H-25 in the NOESY spectra of compounds 5a-c ( Figure S17 illustrates the main NOE effects for derivative 5c).
H-3′ and 4-(CH3)2 (Figure 4), proves the fusion of a 1,2-oxazine-type ring to the A-ring of BoOMe. In addition, the band at 3300-3350 cm −1 observed in the ATR-FTIR spectrum of compound 5b confirms the presence of a secondary amino group in the structure of this compound ( Figure S14). Furthermore, the relative configuration of the C-4′ stereocenter was unveiled through NOESY spectroscopy (Figure 4). Close proximity was observed between H-4′ and H-25 in the NOESY spectra of compounds 5a-c ( Figure S17 illustrates the main NOE effects for derivative 5c).

Michael Addition of Malononitrile to Methyl (E)-2-(4-Methoxybenzylidene)betulonate towards the Synthesis of a Pyran-Fused BoOMe Compound
Using the methyl (E)-2-(4-methoxybenzylidene)betulonate (3b) as substrate, we were able to fuse a highly functionalized 4H-pyran to the A-ring of the triterpene scaffold through a one-pot microwave (MW)-assisted Michael addition of malononitrile to the α,βunsaturated carbonyl derivative 3b, followed by an intramolecular cyclization (Scheme 5). This reaction was performed under classical reaction conditions described in the literature to prepare 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyrans [27]. Thus, using an excess of malononitrile, in the presence of a catalytic amount of DBU, at 100 °C under MW irradiation for 30 min, the desired 4H-pyran-fused BoOMe compound 6 was obtained in 64% yield (Scheme 5), although there were still traces of starting material 3b in the crude reaction media.
Contrarily to what was previously observed for the Michael addition of nitromethane, herein, the conjugate addition of malononitrile to the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl derivative 3b did not occur in a diastereoselective manner, since compound 6 was obtained as an inseparable mixture of two diastereomers ( Figure 5).  The relative stereoch experiments ( Figure S7 fo with Ha-1, H-5 and H-23, omer I was the most plau Lastly, the desired 1, yields (23-36%) through ammonium acetate (NH4 room temperature for 6 h an identified by-product Previous studies dev the nitro group led to an roline-N-oxide or N-hydr Interestingly, herein, it is tion of the nitro group to nucleophilic addition and as depicted in Scheme 4. Using the methyl (E)-2-(4-methoxybenzylidene)betulonate (3b) as substrate, we were able to fuse a highly functionalized 4H-pyran to the A-ring of the triterpene scaffold through a one-pot microwave (MW)-assisted Michael addition of malononitrile to the α,βunsaturated carbonyl derivative 3b, followed by an intramolecular cyclization (Scheme 5).
BoOMe. In addition, the band at 3300-3350 cm −1 observed in the ATR-FTIR spectrum of compound 5b confirms the presence of a secondary amino group in the structure of this compound ( Figure S14). Furthermore, the relative configuration of the C-4′ stereocenter was unveiled through NOESY spectroscopy (Figure 4). Close proximity was observed between H-4′ and H-25 in the NOESY spectra of compounds 5a-c ( Figure S17 illustrates the main NOE effects for derivative 5c).

Michael Addition of Malononitrile to Methyl (E)-2-(4-Methoxybenzylidene)betulonate towards the Synthesis of a Pyran-Fused BoOMe Compound
Using the methyl (E)-2-(4-methoxybenzylidene)betulonate (3b) as substrate, we were able to fuse a highly functionalized 4H-pyran to the A-ring of the triterpene scaffold through a one-pot microwave (MW)-assisted Michael addition of malononitrile to the α,βunsaturated carbonyl derivative 3b, followed by an intramolecular cyclization (Scheme 5). This reaction was performed under classical reaction conditions described in the literature to prepare 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyrans [27]. Thus, using an excess of malononitrile, in the presence of a catalytic amount of DBU, at 100 °C under MW irradiation for 30 min, the desired 4H-pyran-fused BoOMe compound 6 was obtained in 64% yield (Scheme 5), although there were still traces of starting material 3b in the crude reaction media.
Contrarily to what was previously observed for the Michael addition of nitromethane, herein, the conjugate addition of malononitrile to the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl derivative 3b did not occur in a diastereoselective manner, since compound 6 was obtained as an inseparable mixture of two diastereomers ( Figure 5). This reaction was performed under classical reaction conditions described in the literature to prepare 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyrans [27]. Thus, using an excess of malononitrile, in the presence of a catalytic amount of DBU, at 100 • C under MW irradiation for 30 min, the desired 4H-pyran-fused BoOMe compound 6 was obtained in 64% yield (Scheme 5), although there were still traces of starting material 3b in the crude reaction media.
Contrarily to what was previously observed for the Michael addition of nitromethane, herein, the conjugate addition of malononitrile to the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl derivative 3b did not occur in a diastereoselective manner, since compound 6 was obtained as an inseparable mixture of two diastereomers ( Figure 5). This could be demonstrated by the two sets of signals assigned to the p-substituted protons observed in the aromatic region of the 1 H NMR spectrum ( Figure S18). In addition, other important features should be highlighted in the 1 H NMR spectrum of 6, namely the resonances of protons from the 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran moiety, as follows: (i) a broad singlet at δH 4.35 ppm corresponding to the 2′-NH2 group, and (ii) two singlets at δH 3.64 and 3.63 ppm corresponding to H-4′ of both diastereomers. In the 13 C NMR spectrum of 6 ( Figure S19), it can be observed that several pairs of resonances can be attributed to the same carbon in different diastereomers, notably: δC 120.3 and 120.4 ppm assigned to 3′-C≡N group; δC 60.88 and 60.92 ppm to C-3′; δC 147.82 and 147.91 ppm to C-3; δC 106.4 This could be demonstrated by the two sets of signals assigned to the p-substituted protons observed in the aromatic region of the 1 H NMR spectrum ( Figure S18). In addition, other important features should be highlighted in the 1 H NMR spectrum of 6, namely the resonances of protons from the 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran moiety, as follows: (i) a broad singlet at δ H 4.35 ppm corresponding to the 2 -NH 2 group, and (ii) two singlets at δ H 3.64 and 3.63 ppm corresponding to H-4 of both diastereomers. In the 13 C NMR spectrum of 6 ( Figure S19), it can be observed that several pairs of resonances can be attributed to the same carbon in different diastereomers, notably: δ C 120.3 and 120.4 ppm assigned to 3 -C≡N group; δ C 60.88 and 60.92 ppm to C-3 ; δ C 147.82 and 147.91 ppm to C-3; δ C 106.4 and 107.1 ppm to C-2; and lastly, one resonance at δ C 159.0 ppm assigned to C-2 .

Kröhnke Pyridine Synthesis-Synthesis of a Diarylpyridine-Fused BoOMe Compound
A diarylpyridine-fused BoOMe compound 8 was prepared following a Kröhnke synthetic route (Scheme 6). Once again, using the methyl (E)-2-(4-methoxybenzylidene)betulonate (3b) as starting material, the reaction was performed in the presence of an excess of the Kröhnke salt 7 and ammonium acetate, in refluxing acetic acid for 24 h. Compound 8 was obtained in poor yield (25%), still recovering some starting material 3b. In the literature, for simpler triarylpyridine derivatives, prepared through a similar methodology, it was observed that the presence of strong electron-donating groups, such as dimethylamino or methoxy groups, did not favor the reaction, since the corresponding triarylpyridines were obtained in poor yields (24-37%) [28]. Therefore, this might have happened for the diarylpyridine-fused BoOMe compound 8, as the starting material 3b also possesses a strong electron-donating methoxy substituent.

BoOMe compound 6.
This could be demonstrated by the two sets of signals assigned to the p-substituted protons observed in the aromatic region of the 1 H NMR spectrum ( Figure S18). In addition, other important features should be highlighted in the 1 H NMR spectrum of 6, namely the resonances of protons from the 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran moiety, as follows: (i) a broad singlet at δH 4.35 ppm corresponding to the 2′-NH2 group, and (ii) two singlets at δH 3.64 and 3.63 ppm corresponding to H-4′ of both diastereomers. In the 13 C NMR spectrum of 6 ( Figure S19), it can be observed that several pairs of resonances can be attributed to the same carbon in different diastereomers, notably: δC 120.3 and 120.4 ppm assigned to 3′-C≡N group; δC 60.88 and 60.92 ppm to C-3′; δC 147.82 and 147.91 ppm to C-3; δC 106.4 and 107.1 ppm to C-2; and lastly, one resonance at δC 159.0 ppm assigned to C-2′.

Kröhnke Pyridine Synthesis-Synthesis of a Diarylpyridine-Fused BoOMe Compound
A diarylpyridine-fused BoOMe compound 8 was prepared following a Kröhnke synthetic route (Scheme 6). Once again, using the methyl (E)-2-(4-methoxybenzylidene)betulonate (3b) as starting material, the reaction was performed in the presence of an excess of the Kröhnke salt 7 and ammonium acetate, in refluxing acetic acid for 24 h. Compound 8 was obtained in poor yield (25%), still recovering some starting material 3b. In the literature, for simpler triarylpyridine derivatives, prepared through a similar methodology, it was observed that the presence of strong electron-donating groups, such as dimethylamino or methoxy groups, did not favor the reaction, since the corresponding triarylpyridines were obtained in poor yields (24-37%) [28]. Therefore, this might have happened for the diarylpyridine-fused BoOMe compound 8, as the starting material 3b also possesses a strong electron-donating methoxy substituent. The key structural features found in the 1 H NMR spectrum of 8 ( Figure S20) comprise the singlet at δH 7.39 ppm corresponding to the resonance of H-3′ of the pyridine moiety, and additionally, further multiplets at the aromatic region are observed, corresponding to the resonances of the protons from the phenyl ring (resulting from Kröhnke salt). The key structural features found in the 1 H NMR spectrum of 8 ( Figure S20) comprise the singlet at δ H 7.39 ppm corresponding to the resonance of H-3 of the pyridine moiety, and additionally, further multiplets at the aromatic region are observed, corresponding to the resonances of the protons from the phenyl ring (resulting from Kröhnke salt).

General Remarks
The melting points were measured with a Büchi Melting Point B-540 apparatus and are uncorrected. NMR spectra were recorded with Bruker Avance 300 (300.13 MHz for 1 H and 75.47 MHz for 13 C) or Bruker Avance 500 (500.13 MHz for 1 H and 125.77 MHz for 13 C) spectrometers, in CDCl3 as solvent. Chemical shifts (δ) are reported in ppm and coupling constants (J) in Hz; the internal standard was tetramethylsilane (TMS). Unequivocal 13 C assignments were made with the aid of 2D gHSQC and gHMBC (delays for one-bond and long-range JC/H couplings were optimized for 145 and 7 Hz, respectively) experiments. Positive-ion ESI mass spectra were acquired with a Q-TOF 2 or an LTQ Orbitrap XL spectrometer. MW-assisted reactions were carried out in a CEM Discover SP apparatus. Preparative TLC was performed with Macherey-Nagel silica gel G/UV254. All chemicals and solvents were obtained from commercial sources and used as received or dried by standard procedures. BA was purchased from Aktin Chemicals, Inc. (Chengdu, China). BoOMe (1) was prepared from BA following a methodology described in the literature [22]. The following step involved the 1,3-cycloaddition reaction of intermediate 10 with sodium azide under MW irradiation, giving rise to the desired methyl (E)-2-[(5-phenyl-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methylene]betulonate 11 in quantitative yield (Scheme 7). In the 13 C NMR spectrum of this compound, the most important feature is the C-4 and C-5 resonances from the 1,2,3-triazole moiety, at δ C 140.0 and 146.4 ppm, respectively.

General Remarks
The melting points were measured with a Büchi Melting Point B-540 apparatus and are uncorrected. NMR spectra were recorded with Bruker Avance 300 (300.13 MHz for 1 H and 75.47 MHz for 13 C) or Bruker Avance 500 (500.13 MHz for 1 H and 125.77 MHz for 13 C) spectrometers, in CDCl 3 as solvent. Chemical shifts (δ) are reported in ppm and coupling constants (J) in Hz; the internal standard was tetramethylsilane (TMS). Unequivocal 13 C assignments were made with the aid of 2D gHSQC and gHMBC (delays for one-bond and long-range J C/H couplings were optimized for 145 and 7 Hz, respectively) experiments. Positive-ion ESI mass spectra were acquired with a Q-TOF 2 or an LTQ Orbitrap XL spectrometer. MW-assisted reactions were carried out in a CEM Discover SP apparatus. Preparative TLC was performed with Macherey-Nagel silica gel G/UV254. All chemicals and solvents were obtained from commercial sources and used as received or dried by standard procedures. BA was purchased from Aktin Chemicals, Inc. (Chengdu, China). BoOMe (1) was prepared from BA following a methodology described in the literature [22]. (10) t BuOK (71.7 mg, 0.639 mmol) was added to a solution of BoOMe (1) (100 mg, 0.213 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL). After 15 min, the appropriate benzaldehyde 2a-c or 3-(4-methoxyphenyl) propiolaldehyde (9) (0.256 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred at reflux overnight for 3a-c or at room temperature for 2 h for 10. After this period, it was poured onto ice (10 g) and H 2 O (5 mL), and the pH was adjusted to 1 with diluted HCl. Then, this aqueous solution was extracted twice with DCM and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 . The solvent was evaporated to dryness and the obtained residue was purified by preparative TLC using a mixture of Hex/EtOAc (10:1) as eluent. Methyl (E)-2-benzylidenebetulonate (3a) and methyl (E)-2-(4-methoxybenzylidene)betulonate (3b) presented similar data to the one described in the literature [22].