Interactive Effects of Molybdenum, Zinc and Iron on the Grain Yield, Quality, and Nodulation of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in North-Western India

Micronutrient deficiency is a major constraint for the growth, yield and nutritional quality of cowpea which results in nutritional disorders in humans. Micronutrients including molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) play a pivotal role in crop nutrition, and their role in different metabolic processes in crops has been highlighted. In order to increase the nutritional quality of cowpea, a field experiment was conducted for two years in which the effect of Mo along with iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) on productivity, nitrogen and micronutrient uptake, root length and the number of nodules in cowpea cultivation was investigated. It was found that the foliar application of Fe and Zn and their interaction with Mo application through seed priming as well as soil application displayed increased yield, nutrient concentration, uptake and growth parameters which helped to enhance the nutritional quality of cowpea for consumption by the human population. The results of the above experiments revealed that among all the treatments, the soil application of Mo combined with the foliar application of 0.5% each of FeSO4·7H2O and ZnSO4·7H2O (M2F3 treatment) enhanced the grain and stover yield of cowpea, exhibiting maximum values of 1402 and 6104.7 kg ha−1, respectively. Again, the M2F3 treatment resulted in higher Zn, Fe and Mo concentrations in the grain (17.07, 109.3 and 30.26 mg kg−1, respectively) and stover (17.99, 132.7 and 31.22 mg kg−1, respectively) of cowpea. Uptake of Zn, Fe and Mo by the grain (25.23, 153.3 and 42.46 g ha−1, respectively) as well as the stover (104.2, 809.9 and 190.6 g ha−1, respectively) was found to be maximum for the M2F3 treatment. The root length (30.5 cm), number of nodules per plant (73.0) and N uptake in grain and stover (55.39 and 46.15 kg ha−1) were also higher for this treatment. Overall, soil application of Mo along with the foliar application of FeSO4·7H2O (0.5%) and ZnSO4·7H2O (0.5%) significantly improved yield outcomes, concentration, uptake, root length, nodules plant−1 and N uptake of cowpea to alleviate the micronutrient deficiency.


Introduction
More than half of the world's population consumes micronutrients at concentrations lower than their daily minimal requirements [1]. Recent data on human nutrient deficiency have shown that 'hidden hunger' affects more than two billion people globally [2]. Among different micronutrients, molybdenum (Mo) is also an essential trace nutrient due to its pivotal role in more than 60 enzymes that catalyze various redox reactions [3]. Its crucial

Treatment Details
The present experiment involved three main plot treatments of Mo application, i.e., no molybdenum (M 0 ), seed priming with 500 mg kg −1 Mo solution (M 1 ), soil application of Mo with 1.25 kg ha −1 (M 2 ) and four subplot treatments of Zn and Fe as foliar application, i.e., no foliar spray (F 0 ), 0.5% FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O (F 1 ), 0.5% ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O (F 2 ) and 0.5% each of FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O + ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O (F 3 ), respectively. The details of the treatments are given in Table 1. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The recommended doses of N (19.0 kg ha −1 ) and P (55 kg ha −1 ) were applied as basal through urea and di-ammonium phosphate at the time of sowing. The sowing of the cowpea variety 'CL 857 was performed at 30 cm plant to plant spacing and 45 cm row to row spacing. The foliar application of FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O and ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O was applied twice (at 40 days and 50 days of sowing) as per the experimental details.

Harvesting and Analysis
The plants were manually harvested at the physiological maturity stage and grain as well as stover samples were collected for further analysis. Grain and stover yields were measured from the net plot area leaving the border rows and were later converted to kg ha −1 . In order to measure the growth parameters, five plant samples were selected randomly from the central rows to measure the root length and the number of nodules. Root samples were washed with distilled water and the residual water was removed with absorbent paper. The nodules were removed quickly from the roots and counted.
To measure the dry weight, the samples were air-dried before drying in an oven at 65 • C for 48 h. A mechanical grinder was used to grind oven-dried plant samples to a fine powder. On an electric hot plate, the grounded samples of grain and stover weighing 1.0 g each were subjected to the digestion using a mixture of di-acid, i.e., HNO 3 and HClO 4 acid in a 3:1 ratio [25]. The micronutrient contents of Zn and Fe in digested extracts of the plant were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Model AAS 240 FS, Company Varian, Labexchange -Die Laborgerätebörse GmbH, Bruckstr. 58, D-72393 Burladingen Germany) [26]. The samples were analyzed for N using Kjeldahl's method [27]. Additionally, the Mo content in samples was measured by the method given by Purushottam et al. [28]. A sample (5 g) was weighed into a dry 25 mL graduated cylinder and digested with 5 mL of aqua regia for about an hour on a hot plate. After complete decomposition of the sample, 0.5 mL of phosphoric acid was added and the solution was made up to a suitable volume with demineralized water in order to determine the Mo content using AAS. The micronutrient uptake by the grain and stover of cowpea (g ha −1 ) was calculated using the following equation:

Micronutrient Use Efficiency Indices
The mobilization efficiency index (MEI) determines the translocation of nutrients towards the grain as well as the stover of crops. In the present study, the MEI calculation was performed using the following equation: MEI = Nutrient cocnentartion in grain mg kg −1 Nutrient concentration in stover mg kg −1 (2) The physiological efficiency (PE) indicates the increase in yield per unit of absorbed nutrient by plants and identifies the role of nutrients in increasing the crop yield. In the present study, the determination of PE of Zn, Fe and Mo viz. (PE Zn ), (PE Fe ), (PE Mo ) was completed through the equations given below [29]: where, Y t and Y c denote the grain yield (kg ha −1 ) of cowpea in Mo, Zn and Fe-treated plots as well as in the control, respectively; NU t and NU c denote the total nutrient (Zn, Fe and Mo) uptake (kg ha −1 ) of cowpea in Mo, Zn and Fe-treated plots as well as in the control, respectively.

Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed statistically using SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) packages. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Duncan Multiple Range test were performed to assess the significant difference between the treatment results on the crop.

Results
The results of the study suggest that the Mo seed, as well as soil application along with a combined foliar spray of Fe and Zn, improved the yield, N and micronutrient uptake, root length and the number of nodules. The various parameters analyzed in the present study are described in the following sections.

Grain and Stover Yield
The two-year mean data for Kharif 2020 and 2021 seasons demonstrated that the application of Mo, Fe and Zn had a significant effect on the grain and stover yield of cowpea (Table 2). In the main plot treatments, the average of the two-year data revealed that Mo application irrespective of the application method (M 1 and M 2 ) had a significant positive impact on the grain and stover yield ( Figure 1a). Moreover, Mo application through soil (M 2 ) resulted in a significantly higher grain and stover yield (1307.4 and 3886.8 kg ha −1 ) as compared to the Mo seed priming (M 1 ). In sub-plot treatments, F 2 showed a significantly higher grain and stover yield (1306.6 and 3966.5 kg ha −1 ) over the other treatments followed by F 1 , F 2 and F 0 (Figure 1b). The effect of the interaction between Mo application and foliar spray further suggests that there was a significant improvement in the grain yield with the maximum value of 1402.9 kg ha −1 observed for the M 2 F 3 treatment (Mo soil application + Fe + Zn foliar spray) which was statistically on par with the M 2 F 1 treatment (Mo soil application + Fe foliar spray) and M 1 F 3 (Mo seed application + Fe + Zn foliar spray) with grain yields of 1322.3 and 1311.6kg ha −1 , respectively. However, the grain yield was minimum with the M 0 F 0 treatment, i.e., the control with the mean value of 866.5 kg ha −1 which was statistically on par with M 1 F 0 treatment, i.e., Mo seed application with no foliar spray (947.7 kg ha −1 ).
Likewise, the interactive effect of Mo as well as Fe and Zn foliar application showed that the M 2 F 3 treatment resulted in a maximum stover yield of 6104.7 kg ha −1 which was statistically on par with the M 2 F 1 treatment (3947.9 kg ha -1 ). However, the minimum value of stover yield was observed with the M 0 F 0 treatment with a mean value of 2818.24 kg ha −1 . Therefore, the results conclude that Mo soil treatment along with the combined spray of Fe and Zn significantly improved the grain as well as the stover yield of cowpea.
The effect of the interaction between Mo application and foliar spray further showed a significant improvement in grain yield with the maximum value of 1402.9 kg ha −1 observed for the M 2 F 3 treatment (Mo soil application + Fe + Zn foliar spray) which was not statistically different from the M 2 F 1 treatment (Mo soil application + Fe foliar spray) and M 1 F 3 (Mo seed application + Fe + Zn foliar spray) with grain yields of 1322.3 and 1311.6kg ha −1 , respectively. However, the grain yield was minimum in the M 0 F 0 treatment, i.e., the control with the mean value of 866.5 kg ha −1 which was statistically on par with the M 1 F 0 treatment, i.e., Mo seed application with no foliar spray (947.7 kg ha −1 ).
Likewise, the interactive effect of Mo as well as Fe and Zn foliar application showed that the M 2 F 3 treatment resulted in a maximum stover yield of 6104.7 kg ha −1 which was statistically on par with the M 2 F 1 treatment (3947.9 kg ha −1 ). However, the minimum value of stover yield was observed with the M 0 F 0 treatment with a mean value of 2818.24 kg ha −1 . Therefore, the results conclude that Mo soil treatment along with the combined spray of Fe and Zn significantly improved the grain as well as the stover yield of cowpea.
Likewise, the interactive effect of Mo as well as Fe and Zn foliar application sh that the M2F3 treatment resulted in a maximum stover yield of 6104.7 kg ha −1 which statistically on par with the M2F1 treatment (3947.9 kg ha −1 ). However, the minimum of stover yield was observed with the M0F0 treatment with a mean value of 2818. ha −1 . Therefore, the results conclude that Mo soil treatment along with the combined of Fe and Zn significantly improved the grain as well as the stover yield of cowpea.

Micronutrient Concentration in Grain and Stover
The mean of two-year data pertaining to the concentrations of micronutrients grain and stover of cowpea is presented in Table 3

Micronutrient Concentration in Grain and Stover
The mean of two-year data pertaining to the concentrations of micronutrients in the grain and stover of cowpea is presented in Table 3. The concentration of micronutrients (Zn, Fe and Mo) in grain, as well as the stover of cowpea, increased significantly with the application of Mo either alone or in combination with the foliar application of Zn and Fe over the treatments in which no Mo, Fe and Zn were added. In the main plot treatments, the Mo application (M 1 and M 2 ) had a significant positive impact on the Zn and Fe concentrations in grain and stover ( Figure 2a). Further, Mo application through the soil (M 2 ) resulted in significantly higher Zn and Fe concentrations in the grain (14.72 and 98.14 mg kg −1 ) and stover (17.01 and 125.2 mg kg −1 ) as compared to the Mo seed priming (M 1 ). For the Mo concentration in grain and stover, the results of M 2 (25.66 and 27.09 mg kg −1 ) were significantly higher than M 0 , whereas the results of M 1 (23.36 and 24.74 mg kg −1 ) were statistically on par with M 0 (21.34 and 23.54 mg kg −1 ). In the sub-plot treatments, the F 3 treatment resulted in the maximum Zn, Fe and Mo concentrations in grain (15.49, 98.22 and 26.05 mg kg −1 ) and stover (17.25, 127.7 and 28.09 mg kg −1 ) followed by F 1 and F 2 , whereas minimum values were recorded in F 0 ( Figure 2b). The concentration of micronutrients (Zn, Fe and Mo) in the grain as well as the stover of cowpea, increased significantly with the application of Mo either alone or in combination with the foliar application of Zn and Fe over the treatments in which no Mo, Fe and Zn were added.

Micronutrient Uptake by Grain and Stover
The uptake of micronutrients increased significantly in both grain as well as the stover of cowpea with the combined application of Mo, Fe and Zn over the treatments in which no or sole application of Mo, Fe and Zn was carried out (Table 4). In the main plot

Micronutrient Uptake by Grain and Stover
The uptake of micronutrients increased significantly in both grain as well as the stover of cowpea with the combined application of Mo, Fe and Zn over the treatments in which no or sole application of Mo, Fe and Zn was carried out (Table 4). In the main plot treatments, the highest increase in micronutrient uptake was observed in the M 2      In the case of Zn, Fe and Mo uptake in stover, the combined use of Mo soil treatment along with Fe and Zn foliar application, i.e., M 2 F 3 treatment, further enhanced the Zn, Fe and Mo uptake to 104.2, 809.9 and 190.6 g ha −1 , respectively. The results of this treatment were statistically on par with the M 2 F 1 (88.29 g ha −1 ) and M 1 F 3 (88.66 g ha −1 ) treatments in the case of Zn. Similarly for Fe, the M 2 F 3 treatment was not statistically different from the M 2 F 1 treatment with values of 757.4 g ha −1 . However, the minimum uptake of 41.24, 431.5 and 89.21 g ha −1 for Zn, Fe and Mo micronutrients was observed in the M 0 F 0 treatment, i.e., the control.

Root Length, Nodules and N Uptake
The results of two years' mean data concerning the root length, the number of nodules plant −1 and N concentration in grain as well as the stover of cowpea are given in Table 5. In the main plot treatments (Figure 4a), the root length of cowpea increased significantly with Mo application over the control (24.1 cm). The results of seed priming of Mo (29.5 cm) were statistically on par with the soil application of Mo (29.5 cm). Moreover, the number of plant -1 nodules increased significantly with Mo application over the control (39.0). Moreover, the results under soil application (64.0) were significantly higher over the seed priming of Mo (58.0). The N uptake increased significantly with the Mo application over the control in the grain and stover of cowpea (39.75 and 35.07 kg ha −1 , respectively).
The results of the seed-primed Mo treatment (M 1 ) were statistically on par with the soil application of Mo treatment (M 2 ). In the sub-plot treatment (Figure 4b), the root length also increased significantly with the foliar application of Fe+Zn (29.8 cm) over the control (25.9 cm). The number of plant −1 nodules was significantly higher with the combined application of Fe+Zn (59.0), i.e., F 3 over the F 0 (49.0), F 1 (51.0) and F2 (57.0). For grain N uptake, the highest values were obtained with the combined application of Fe+Zn (52.20 kg ha −1 ) under the F 3 treatment, which was significantly higher over the F 0 (37.56 kg ha −1 ). A similar trend was observed for stover N uptake with the foliar application of Fe and Zn. Under the interactive effects, the root length showed a nonsignificant variation. The highest number of plant −1 nodules in cowpea were recorded in M 2 F 3 (73.0), whereas the lowest value was recorded in M 0 F 0 (31.0). The results of M 2 F 3 were statistically on par with the M 2 F 2 treatment (69.0). The interactive effects of Mo, Fe and Zn also showed significant effects on N uptake in the grain and stover. The maximum N uptake in grain was recorded under the M 2 F 1 treatment (55.91 kg ha −1 ), whereas the minimum value was observed under the M 0 F 0 treatment (29.36 kg ha −1 ). The results of M 2 F 1 were statistically at par with M 1 F 3 and M 2 F 3 . The data for stover N uptake showed that the highest results were obtained under the M 1 F 1 treatment (56.20 kg ha −1 ) and the lowest value was recorded under the M 0 F 0 treatment (22.07 kg ha −1 ).  The results of the seed-primed Mo treatment (M1) were statistically on par with the soil application of Mo treatment (M2). In the sub-plot treatment (Figure 4b), the root length also increased significantly with the foliar application of Fe+Zn (29.8 cm) over the control (25.9 cm). The number of plant −1 nodules was significantly higher with the combined application of Fe+Zn (59.0), i.e., F3 over the F0 (49.0), F1 (51.0) and F2 (57.0). For grain N uptake, the highest values were obtained with the combined application of Fe+Zn (52.20 kg ha −1 ) under the F3 treatment, which was significantly higher over the F0 (37.56 kg ha −1 ). A similar trend was observed for stover N uptake with the foliar application of Fe and Zn. Under the interactive effects, the root length showed a non-significant variation. The highest number of plant −1 nodules in cowpea were recorded in M2F3 (73.0), whereas the lowest value was recorded in M0F0 (31.0). The results of M2F3 were statistically on par with the M2F2 treatment (69.0). The interactive effects of Mo, Fe and Zn also showed significant effects on N uptake in the grain and stover. The maximum N uptake in grain was recorded under the M2F1 treatment (55.91 kg ha −1 ), whereas the minimum value was observed under the M0F0 treatment (29.36 kg ha −1 ). The results of M2F1 were statistically at par with M1F3 ab Figure 4. (a) Effect of different methods of Mo and (b) Fe and Zn application on root length, nodules plant −1 , N uptake in grain and stover yield of cowpea. The column representing the mean with a similar or dissimilar letter(s) was evaluated with the least significant difference (LSD) multiple range tests using a probability level of p ≤ 0.05 along with standard deviation.

Efficiency Indices
The results of Table 6 demonstrate that MEI-Zn was at a maximum with the M 2 F 3 treatment (0.949) showing the soil-applied Mo along with Fe and Zn foliar application and was lowest in the M 1 F 0 treatment (0.726). Similarly, for Fe and Mo, MEI was highest in the M 2 F 3 treatment with values of 0.824 and 0.969, respectively and was lowest in the M 0 F 0 treatment for Fe (0.602), and M 1 F 2 for Mo (0.708). Additionally, the results of PE-Zn, PE-Fe and PE-Mo were highest in the M 2 F 0 treatment with values of 0.572 q/g, 0.069 q/g and 0.350 q/g, respectively. However, the lowest PE values were observed in the M 2 F 3 treatment (0.323 q/g) for Zn, M 2 F 1 (0.051 q/g) for Fe and M 2 F 3 (0.195 q/g) for Mo, respectively.

Grain and Stover Yield
The results displayed in Table 2 and Figure 1 reveal that the grain as well as the stover yield of cowpea significantly increased for two years and was the maximum for M 2 treatment among the Mo treatments. Thus, the presence of Mo in the M 1 and M 2 treatments improved the grain as well as the stover yield as compared to the control. The trend might be attributed to the vital role of Mo in the synthesis and activity of molybdoenzymes which regulates the N fixation, thus increasing the N content and crop yield [30]. The improved yield with Mo application could also be ascribed to its outstanding role in photosynthesis and respiration processes. In the absence of molybdenum in soil, the plant molybdoenzymes could break and adversely affect the nitrogen fixation by soil bacteria which results in a reduced yield [31]. Additionally, the higher yield observed in the foliar Fe application as compared to Zn was largely related to the crucial role of Fe in the synthesis of growth promoters such as auxins, photosynthesis, seed maturation and nucleic acid metabolism which results in a significantly higher grain and stover yield [32,33]. However, Zn foliar application reduced the yield attributes which may have been due to the lower macronutrient concentrations in the grain.
Additionally, the double and triple micronutrient application exhibited superior grain and stover yields over single micronutrients which might have been due to the synergistic interactions involved among Mo, Fe and Zn. Combined soil treatment with Mo along with the foliar application of Fe had a favorable effect on nitrogenase activity in nodules and nitrate reductase activity in the plant system. Studies in the literature have reported that the application of essential nutrients (N, Fe and Mo) at the optimum level positively influences the metabolic processes and thus leads to a higher yield of cowpea. The application of Mo along with micronutrients and Rhizobium inoculation has also recorded enhanced cowpea growth and nodulation [34]. Another study reported that the seed treatment with Mo solution can overcome the internal Mo deficiencies and thus maintain the activity of molybdoenzymes [35]. Similarly, a significant effect on the root growth and yield of soybean has been observed under the seed inoculation with Rhizobium and Mo [36].

Micronutrient Concentrations in the Grain and Stover
The data (Table 3 and Figure 2) revealed that the sole and combined application of Mo, Fe and Zn led to a significant improvement in the micronutrient concentrations in cowpea grain and stover as compared to control which might have been due to the immediate absorption of available micronutrients by plant leaves. Among the Mo treatments, the M 2 treatment proved beneficial for enhancing the micronutrient concentration, where Mo played a major role in the functioning of nitrate and nitrite reductase [31]. The present findings are concordant with previous studies, where Mo supplementation increased the Mo concentration in 'Le-Conte' pear [37], grapes (cv. Merlot) [38], peanut [39] and lettuce [40]. Togay et al. [41] also reported the enhanced concentration of Fe, P, Mn, Cu and Mo in lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) through the combined Fe (20 kg ha −1 ) and Mo (6 g kg −1 seed) application. Our findings are in line with the aforementioned studies, suggesting that the application of Mo increased the concentration of Zn, Fe and Mo in the grain and stover of cowpea.
However, the foliar application of Fe+Zn in the F 3 treatment also resulted in an increased micronutrient concentration in cowpea as compared to other treatments including the control, i.e., F 0 . This might have been due to the higher availability of these micronutrients to the crop at the optimum level of application [13]. Another important point is the interaction between micronutrients which affects their uptake, distribution and utilization in plants [42]. Additionally, the combined application of Mo through soil treatment along with the Fe and Zn foliar spray further increased the micronutrient levels in both the grain and stover of cowpea; thus, it could be inferred that Mo, Fe and Zn possessed the appropriate mechanisms for the translocation of micronutrients to the grain and stover in cowpea. The enhancement in the nutrient content might have been due to an increased absorption as well as the assimilation of the micronutrients that resulted in balanced nutritional value in the crop for higher growth and thereby a higher nutrient content. Similar results were observed by Hristozkova et al. [43] where Mo enhanced the accumulation of nutrients in cowpea plant tissues. Gad and Kandil [44] added that the presence of Mo and N significantly increased the composition of minerals such as N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Mo in cowpea with all nitrogen levels as compared to the untreated plants.

Micronutrient Uptake by the Grain and Stover
The results of the present study (Table 4 and Figure 3) demonstrated that micronutrient uptake was found to increase significantly with external supplementation. The trend could be coupled with the joint impact of yield as well as concentration. Moreover, the exogenous supply of nutrients through the treatment with Mo, Fe and Zn molecules increased the availability of these nutrients in the soil to a remarkable extent. The results in the present study are in agreement with previous studies in which the application of Mo resulted in an improved Fe, P, Mn and Mo uptake in rice [45]. Similarly, Ndakidemi et al. [46] suggested a significant increase in Mo uptake (0.644 mg plant −1 ) in the roots of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with the Mo application at 12 g kg −1 as compared to the control. This could be attributed to the absorption of an increased quantity of Mo from the soil which led to its improved concentration and uptake in the common bean. Overall, the combined application of Mo, Fe and Zn molecules was most effective in increasing the micronutrient uptake in the grain and stover of cowpea.

Root Length, Nodules and N Concentration of Cowpea
The present findings indicate the beneficial effects of Mo application on root length as with Mo application there was a significant increase in root length of cowpea (Table 5 and Figure 4). The direct effect of Mo on root growth has not been reported yet; however, the results might be attributed to the enhanced activity of various enzymes, such as nitrogenase and nitrate reductase, the growth of root nodules and the promotion of the hormone synthesis to be transported in roots [47,48]. Similar results have been reported by Liu et al. [49] in which Mo application enhanced the root length of soybean. Additionally, Mo also plays a crucial role in N metabolism through Mo enzymes and plays a key role in carrying out redox reactions [8,31]. The trend of the number of nodules and nitrogen uptake can also be explained based on the above reasons. The Mo cofactor 'FeMoCo' increases the activity of enzymes involved in nitrogen fixation that catalyzes the inorganic nitrogen assimilation. After the uptake by roots, the nitrates are directed towards the plant vacuoles. In plants, nitrate is reduced to ammonium (NH 4 + ) through an enzymatic reaction. Initially, the transformation of NO 3 − to NO 2 − occurs in the cytoplasm in the presence of nitrate reductase followed by its conversion in NO 4 + in proplastids or chloroplasts catalyzed by nitrite reductase [50]. The results of the present study have demonstrated the significant association of N accumulation with soil Mo application. The absence of Mo promotes nitrate accumulation and indicates less N assimilation by the plants [40]. Similar results have been reported in alfalfa nodulation with Mo supplementation [51].

Efficiency Indices of Cowpea
The results of MEI indicated that the MEI of Mo was higher in the presence of the Mo soil treatment along with Fe and Zn foliar application ( Table 6). On the other hand, the results of PE indicated an increase in grain production with the absorbed nutrient. The higher values for PE-Zn, PE-Fe and PE-Mo were found in the M 2 F 3 treatment involving Mo soil application along with Fe and Zn foliar application as compared to no or sole applications of Mo, Fe and Zn.

Conclusions
The findings of a two-year study clarified that the supplementation of Mo, Fe and Zn molecules through ammonium molybdate, FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O and ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O influenced the yield, quality and root system of cowpea. The treatment involving Mo soil application along with a foliar spray of FeSO 4 ·7H 2 O (0.5%) + ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O (0.5%) resulted in the highest increased yield, micronutrient concentration and uptake in cowpea. The root length and the number of nodules were also enhanced with the Mo application. The presence of Mo and Fe molecules enhanced the N content and helped in nitrogen fixation which in turn improved the nutritional quality of the produce. Additionally, the efficiency indices, i.e., MEI and PE were maximum in the treatment involving Mo application along with the foliar spray of Fe and Zn. Thus, Mo soil treatment along with Fe and Zn application could be considered the most efficient strategy for enhancing the grain and stover yield along with the availability of micronutrients for improved cultivation of cowpea.