Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Potential of Wild Moroccan Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton Leaves

Medicinal plants offer imperative sources of innovative chemical substances with important potential therapeutic effects. Among them, the members of the genus Inula have been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases. The present study investigated the antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays) and the in vitro anti-hyperglycemic potential of aerial parts of Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton (I. viscosa) extracts through the inhibition of digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), responsible of the digestion of poly and oligosaccharides. The polyphenolic profile of the Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton EtOAc extract was also investigated using HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS analysis, whereas the volatile composition was elucidated by GC-MS. The chemical analysis resulted in the detection of twenty-one polyphenolic compounds, whereas the volatile profile highlighted the occurrence of forty-eight different compounds. Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton presented values as high as 87.2 ± 0.50 mg GAE/g and 78.6 ± 0.55mg CE/g, for gallic acid and catechin, respectively. The EtOAc extract exhibited the higher antioxidant activity compared to methanol and chloroform extracts in different tests with (IC50 = 0.6 ± 0.03 µg/mL; IC50 = 8.6 ± 0.08 µg/mL; 634.8 mg ± 1.45 AAE/g extract) in DPPH, ABTS and FRAP tests. Moreover, Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton leaves did show an important inhibitory effect against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. On the basis of the results achieved, such a species represents a promising traditional medicine, thanks to its remarkable content of functional bioactive compounds, thus opening new prospects for research and innovative phytopharmaceuticals developments.


Introduction
In the last years, the use of traditional medicine has meaningly expanded in the world, due to its effectiveness and minor side effects compared to synthetic drugs and, thus, selected medicinal herbs remedies have been employed, especially in less developed countries [1,2]. Morocco has a rich and ancient tradition in such a field and antique knowledge of medicinal plants has been used for therapeutical and nutritional purposes since long time [3]. Recently, there is a great interest by the Moroccan market in order to look for new and safe molecules capable to prevent and manage various diseases especially the ones related to free radical mechanism [4]. In addition to the use and development of synthetic drugs, different products have been obtained starting from plant species displaying many valuable effects on human health due to the great diversity of secondary metabolites, such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids and vitamins [5].
In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the potential of a traditionally used herbal medicine, Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton (I. viscosa) as an interesting source of antioxidant compounds. I. viscosa (L.) Aiton [Dittrichia viscosa L. Greuter] is an herbaceous perennial Mediterranean plant of the family Asteraceae [6]. It exhibits simple alternate leaves, characterized by glandular hairs, covered with glands secreting a sticky substance and bright yellow flowers that bloom between August and November [7]; it is widely distributed in Asia, Europe, Africa and predominant in the Mediterranean area, comprising of more than 100 species [8]. In Morocco, it is vernacularly known as "Bagramane" or "Magramane" and it has been employed topically, according to the traditional Pharmacopoeia to treat animal injuries. I. viscosa root and leaf decoctions have been used as useful and precious remedies for hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardiac diseases [9,10]. Several recent experimental works have shown that extract of I. viscosa possess antifungal [11], antibacterial [12], hypoglycemic [13], antihypertensive [14], antiproliferative [15], anti-inflammatory [16] and strong antioxidant activity [17,18]. In addition, numerous secondary metabolites, isolated from Inula species, have shown their effectiveness against oxidative stress related diseases (cancer, diabetes and inflammation, etc.), as well as neurodegenerative disorders. For instance, alantolactone has been reported to be a polyvalent compound, displaying important bioactivities against these diseases [19]. Rutin has been reported to display good enzyme inhibitory properties, as well. In addition, other isolated compounds such as luteolin, nepitrin, nepetin, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 1,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, hispiduloside and jaceosidin have exhibited notable anti-inflammatory activity [20].
This work was designed to evaluate the total phenolics and flavonoids contents, the antioxidant properties (ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assays) and the potential inhibitory effects against key enzymes implicated in diabetes (α-amylase, α-glucosidase activities). In addition, the phytochemical profile, viz. polyphenols and volatile content of I. viscosa leaves extracts were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively.

Determination of Total Phenolics and Total Flavonoids Contents
The total phenolics and flavonoids contents (TPC and TFC) extracted from the leaves of I. viscosa are summarized in Table 1. In particular, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract showed the highest TPC (87.2 ± 0.50 mg GAE/g of extract) and TFC (78.6 ± 0.55 mg CE/g of extract). On the other hand, the chloroform extract was found to be least rich in TPC (34.0 ± 0.48 mg GAE/g of extract) and TFC (18.3 ± 0.40 mg CE/g of extract). Such results are in agreement with previous studies where some variability among EtOAc, methanol and chloroform extracts was reported. The TPC values of Moroccan I. viscosa collected from the Taza region were higher than those reported by other authors [21] with values of 8.5 ± 1.04 mg GAE/g of extract and 2.6 ± 0.68 mg GAE/g of extract, for EtOAc and methanol leaves extracts, respectively. However, the results reported in reference [22], indicated a higher value of TPC (123.07 ± 1.69 mg GAE/g extract and lower value of TFC (30.9 ± 50 mg QE/g extract, for I. viscosa methanol extracts collected from Tunisia. In addition, a high value of TPC (274.4 ± 6.94 mg GAE/g DW) was attained for an EtOAc I. viscosa collected from the Sefrou region in Morocco [23]. The results of this study clearly indicate that the TPC and TFC of I. viscosa crude extracts vary according to the solvent extraction procedure and plant origin [24]. Additionally, numerous studies have shown the antioxidant capacity of plants to constructively correlate with TPC and TFC [25][26][27][28]. Phenolic acids and flavonoids are better extracted with hydrophilic solvents, whereas less hydrophilic ones such as chloroform may extract more lipophilic components such as triterpenoids that preferentially inhibits 5-lipoxygenase activity [29]. Indeed, multiple assays are usually recommended when determining the in vitro antioxidant capacity of plant samples [30].

Antioxidant Activity
The different extracts of I. viscosa were investigated for their antioxidant capacity using three complementary tests, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP ( Table 2). The extracts showed an important antioxidant activity, especially the EtOAc extract with a value equal to (IC 50 = 0.6 ± 0.03 µg/mL), which is close to the value obtained by the BHT used as positive control (IC 50 = 0.38 ± 0.11 µg/mL); the methanol extract presented an IC 50 value of 8.2 ± 1.16 µg/mL, whereas the chloroform extract exhibited an IC 50 value equal to 40.8 ± 0.88 µg/mL. A similar trend was also observed for the ABTS test: the EtOAc extract yielded the highest antioxidant ability with a value of IC 50 equal to 8.6 ± 0.15 µg/mL, compared to the methanol (IC 50 = 25.5 ± 0.45 µg/mL) and chloroform (IC 50 = 81.6 ± 0.05 µg/mL). Furthermore, in the FRAP method the highest reducing power was detected also in the EtOAc extract (634.8 ± 1.45 mg AAE/g extract), followed by methanol extract (552.1 ± 0.88 mg AAE/g extract) and chloroform extract with a value of 90.1 ± 0.66 mg AAE/g extract), In these assays, I. viscosa revealed interested antioxidant effects with slight variances among the tested extracts. I. viscosa EtOAc extract showed the highest antioxidant capacity compared with the reported results of Albano on the same plant from Portugal [29] with an IC 50 = 3.6 µg/mL and Brahmi-Chendouh [31] with an IC 50 = 14.1 ± 1.3 µg/mL for I. viscosa collected from Algeria. According to the results found by Mohti et al. [3] an IC 50 of 148 µg ± 0.11 µg/mL (DPPH test) was attained for the methanolic extract of Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton leaves collected from Morocco. DPPH test. ABTS values for the extracts of the Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton investigated in this work are also greater compared to the values reported found in ref. [31] (IC 50 = 24.2 ± 1.0 µg/mL) and reference [32] (IC 50 = 16.7 ± 0.26 µg/mL) for methanolic leaves extracts. Hence, the relatively good radical scavenging ability demonstrated by the Inula species in the current work can be attributed to the polyphenolic compounds occurring in this plant contributing more effectively for the scavenging of free DPPH radicals. In fact, several secondary metabolites (rutin, quercitrin, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, isoquercitrin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, β-caryophyllene and 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid) present in Inula species have been found to possess radical scavenging properties by DPPH and/or ABTS methods [19,33]. In addition, numerous other Inula species have been evidenced to exert antioxidant activity by radical scavenging property [32,34].

Enzyme Inhibitory Activities
Type 2 diabetes is a form of diabetes that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance and relative lack of insulin and it represents over 90% of diabetes cases worldwide. The decrease or inhibition of carbohydrate absorption by reducing digestive enzymes such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase is one of the highest widely used strategies to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia. In our study, Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton organic extracts were also tested for their inhibitory activities against the enzymes α-glucosidase and α-amylase. The α-glucosidase is a key intestinal enzyme in carbohydrate digestion. Inhibitors of α-glucosidase can postpone the uptake of dietary carbohydrates and suppress postprandial hyperglycemia. This can also lead to the reduction of oxidative damage, which is a key mechanism in insulin resistance [35]. The obtained results are listed in (Table 3). All extracts presented a higher effect of α-glucosidase inhibition compared than the standard drug acarbose (IC 50 = 33.0 µg/mL). The latter is a potent inhibitor of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Moreover, the methanolic extract of Inula. I. viscosa revealed the ultimate inhibition potential activity against α-glucosidase with an IC 50 = 22.3 µg/mL; as highlighted in (Table 3), the percentage of the enzyme inhibition versus concentration of I. viscosa extract ranged from 333 µg/mL to 10 µg/mL. The difference in inhibitory effects among the three solvent of leaves extracts of I. viscosa is certainly due to the difference in chemical functional compounds extracted by each solvent. However, several side effects are associated to the consumption of acarbose. For instance, it incites diarrhea by disproportionate inhibition of the amylase enzyme in the gastrointestinal tract [36]. The excessive inhibition of pancreatic amylase can lead to abnormal bacterial fermentation of carbohydrate foods in the colon, which may lead to adverse digestive disorders [36,37]. Additional studies have described hepatotoxicity and hepatic injury [38] and elevation of liver enzyme levels [38] resulting from acarbose intake. In this context, medicinal plants may have high effectiveness and less harmful effects than existing drugs [39,40]. For this aim, studies are constantly performed to find alternatives source from medicinal plants as treatment for type 2 diabetes. The results achieved reveal the potential properties of I. viscosa to reduce the postprandial increase of blood glucose amounts in diabetic persons and their capacities to prevent type 2 of diabetes and attributes the antioxidant and the inhibitory activities of aerial part extracts to the phenolic and flavonoid contents of the plant. Table 3. Digestive enzymes inhibition activity (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) of I. viscosa extracts expressed in IC 50 and percentage of inhibition (%). Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3).

Phytochemical Profile of I. viscosa by GC-MS and HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS
The attained results of the GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane fraction of I. viscosa showed the presence of forty-eight compounds belonging to different chemical classes ( Table 4).
The % of similarity for the identified compounds ranged from 88 to 98%. Studies in rats have shown, in vitro, that cuminaldehyde has an inhibitory effect on the aldosereductase and α-glucosidase enzymes, leading the way to potential use as an antidiabetic agent [41]; on the other hand, α-Zingiberene, α-Cubebene, β-Cubebene, α-Curcumene, belonging to the sesquiterpenes class, have already demonstrated their antioxidant properties which might explain at some extent the results obtained in the present study [42]. The polyphenolic profile of I. viscosa EtOAc extract, attained by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis, is displayed in Figure 1. Peak identification is reported in Table 5, where a total of 21 polyphenols were detected and 19 out of them were tentatively identified on the basis of retention times, MS and literature data [3,31,32,43,44]. Five of them are phenolic acids, namely caffeic acid, galloylquinic acid, two isomers of di-O-Caffeoylquinic acids and rosmarinic acid, whereas the rest is represented by flavonoids viz. derivatives of quercetin, luteolin, naringin and apigenin. Almost the totality of them have been previously reported as constituents of I. viscosa leaves [3,31,32,43,44] with the exception of peak no. 3 (Figure 1, Table 5), dihydroquercetin, which has never been reported before. As far as quantification is concerned, the most abundant compound was represented by diosmetin (3365.2 mg/Kg, peak no. 13), followed by rosmarinic acid (1529.5 mg/Kg, peak no. 20).  In general, the present polyphenolic profile, particularly rich in mono-and dicaffeoylquinic acids as well as flavonols and flavanones could, at least in part, explain the strong antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity especially of the EtOAc and methanolic extract of I. viscosa So far, previous studies have pinpointed the high ability of dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers to scavenge free radicals [18,45]. The presence of functional groups (hydroxyl and caffeoyl groups) in the structure of the identified phenolics is responsible for their strong antioxidant activity. Being polyphenolic compounds found in numerous medicinal plants and herbal drugs, these bioactive compounds have often been used in pharmacological applications [46]. In fact, they are known to possess a wide range of biological activities such as antioxidant, chemopreventive, anticancer, antimalarial and antidiabetic properties, [47][48][49][50][51][52].

Statistical Analysis
A paired difference test is a statistical technique that is used to compare the difference between the means obtained by each type of solvent. This analysis ( Table 6) showed that there was a significant (p < 0.05) difference between the means of all the assays studied. The statistical analysis (Table 7) shows a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the means obtained by each type of solvent in all the assays studied. EtOAc provided a better quality of the extract than the other solvents with a value of 8.63 ± 0.09 µg/mL, 0.62 ± 0.04 µg/mL and 634.81 ± 1.45 mg/g, respectively, at the level of the analysis of ABTS, DPPH and FRAP; on the other hand, the methanolic extract showed a better quality of extract compared to the other solvents with a value of 22.26 ± 2.82 µg/mL and 27.16 ± 1.6%, respectively, at the level of the analysis of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition. Table 7. Statistical analysis of the means performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Plant Material
Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton, was collected from Taza region in Morocco, in spring season 2018 and dried approximately for 2 weeks at ambient temperature. Identification was confirmed by Professor Mohamed El kadiri, botanist at the faculty of sciences Tetouan, Morocco, and disposed at the herbarium of the laboratory with a voucher specimen code IV-LABP02. Plant material was dried in the shade at room temperature, powdered to achieve a mean particle size and kept in the dark until future analysis.

Preparation of Crude Extracts
The extraction of samples was conducted by Soxhlet apparatus with methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform, to get three extracts with different polarities. A total of 50 g of dried leaves of I. viscosa were rigorously extracted with 250 mL of each solvent, then the obtained extracts were concentrated and free of solvent under reduce pressure, using rotary evaporator then evaporated to dryness. At the end of the extraction operation three crude extracts were obtained and were subsequently weighed to calculate the yield of the extraction for each solvent and stored in a refrigerator (4 • C) in airtight bottles until used for further analysis. For GC-MS analysis, five grams of plant powder was defatted three times in 50 mL of n-hexane and the extraction was performed by sonication in an ultrasound bath (130 kHz) for 45 min. After centrifugation for 5 min, the supernatant was filtered through a paper filter, dried with rotary evaporator and reconstituted with n-hexane, prior to GC-MS analysis.

Analysis and Quantification of Phenolic Contents
Total phenol content of I. viscosa leaves extracts was determined by a spectrophotometric method using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent according to reference [53] with some modification, for determination 100 µL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent solution and the reaction mixture was basified by adding 400 µL of 7.5% sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ); then, the mixture was homogenized and kept in the dark for 60 min at room temperature, the absorbance was measured at 765 nm. The TPC in samples was quantified from a calibration curve prepared with gallic acid standard with different concentrations and expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g of extract (mg GAE/g extract) of the sample.
Total flavonoid content of I. viscosa leaves extract was determined by a spectrophotometric method using the aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ) based on the protocol described by ref. [54] with slight modifications. Briefly, (0.5 mL) of the extract solution mixed with 1.5 mL of 80% methanol, 0.1 mL of 10% aluminum chloride, 0.1 mL of 1 M potassium acetate (CH 3 COOK) and 2.8 mL of deionized water. After incubation at room temperature for 30 min, the absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 415 nm against deionized water blank. The TFC in samples was quantified from a calibration curve prepared with catechin standard with different concentrations and expressed as mg of catechin equivalents (CE) per g of extract (mg CE/g extract) of the sample.

Scavenging Capacity of DPPH Radical
Free radical scavenging activity of antioxidants was estimated by the method described by ref. [55], slightly modified, using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), a stable free radical, different concentration of samples prepared in methanol solution and 500 µL of 0.2 mM of DPPH methanolic solution was added to the mixture and it was vortexed thoroughly, after 30 min incubation time in darkness at room temperature the absorbance was measured at 517 nm, with a blank containing DPPH and methanol. The butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was used as a standard. DPPH scavenging activity was expressed as the concentration of sample necessary to give a 50% reduction in the sample absorbance (IC 50 ).

Scavenging Capacity of ABTS Radical Cation
The total antioxidant capacity of the components was measured by the (2,20-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) ABTS decolorization assay involving preformed ABTS+ radical cations, as described previously by ref. [56]. The ABTS stock solution was produced by reacting ABTS aqueous solution (7 mM) with potassium persulfate aqueous solution (2.45 mM), the mixture was kept in the dark at room temperature for 12-16 h, then the ABTS + stock solution was diluted with methanol to an absorbance of 0.7 ± 0.02 at 734 nm, 3.9 mL of the ABTS+ solution was mixed with 0.1 mL of test sample diluted at different concentrations, then the mixture was incubated for 10 min in the dark, ascorbic acid was used as a standard, the absorbance of the resulting solution was measured at 734 nm. ABTS radical scavenging activity was expressed as the concentration of sample necessary to give a 50% reduction in the sample absorbance (IC 50 ).

Total Reducing Power Assay Fe (III) to Fe (II)
The capacity of I. viscosa extracts to reduce iron (III) to iron (II) was evaluated according to the method reported in reference [57] and slightly modified by reference [58]. Briefly, 1 mL of the sample test mixed with 2.5 mL of phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 6.6) and 2.5 mL of potassium hexacyanoferrate III (1%), after 30 min of incubation at 50 • C, 2.5 mL of trichloroacetic acid (10%) were added, then the mixture was centrifuged for 10 min at 3000 rpm. Finally, the supernatant fractions (2.5 mL) were mixed with distilled water (2.5 mL) and FeCl 3 (0.1 mL, 0.1%). The absorbance of the resulting solution was measured at 700 nm. Reducing power was expressed in relation to the reducing power of ascorbic acid, as a positive control ascorbate equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) (mg AAE/g DE).
3.6. Enzyme Inhibitory Activities 3.6.1. α-Glucosidase Inhibition Assay The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was achieved in PBS (0.1 M KH 2 PO 4 -K 2 HPO 4 , pH 6.7), using ρ-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (ρNPG) as a substrate according to the method described by reference [59] with some modifications. Generally, all tested extracts were dissolved in PBS to a series of different concentrations. Briefly, a mixture of 165 µL of the samples and 110 µL of PBS containing the enzyme α-glucosidase solution (0.1 U/mL) were incubated at 37 • C for 10 min. Then, 220 µL ρ-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (1 mM) were added to the mixture to initiate the reaction. After further incubation at 37 • C for 30 min, Then, the reaction was terminated by the addition 605 µL of sodium carbonate solution. Na 2 CO 3 (0.1 M) and the absorbance was measured at 405 nm. Acarbose was used as a standard inhibitor. The inhibition effect was calculated as follows: % α-glucosidase Inhibition = (absorbance of negative control-absorbance of sample)/absorbance of negative control) ×100. The IC 50 value indicates the effective concentration that could inhibit 50% of glucosidase activity.

α-Amylase Inhibition Assay
The α-amylase inhibitory potential was performed by reacting different concentrations of extracts with α-amylase and starch solution, as described by reference [60] with some modifications. Sample's solution (250 µL) was mixed with 250 µL of 0.02 M PBS (pH 6.9) containing the α-amylase enzyme (240 U/mL) and incubated for 20 min at 37 • C. Soluble starch (1%, PBS 0.02, pH 6.9) was added to the mixture and further incubated at 37 • C for 20 min. The reaction was stopped by adding 250 µL of dinitrosalicylic acid and the incubation of the solution at 90 • C in a water bath for 10 min. The cooled reaction mixture was diluted with 1 mL deionized water and the absorbance was measured at 540 nm. The α-amylase inhibitory activity was expressed as a percentage of inhibition.

GC-MS
The analysis of the volatile fraction was carried out on a GC-MS-QP2020 system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) with an "AOC-20i" system auto-injector. The chromatographic column was an SLB-5ms column (30 m in length × 0.25 mm in diameter × 0.25 µm in thickness of film, Merck Life Science, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). The initial temperature was set at 50 • C, afterwards increased up to 350 • C (increase rate: 3 • C/min; holding time: 5 min). GC-MS parameters were as follows: injection temperature: 280 • C; injection volume: 0.3 µL (split ratio: 10:1); pure helium gas (99.9%); linear velocity: 30.0 cm/s; Inlet pressure: 26.7 KPa. EI source temperature: 220 • C; Interface temperature: 250 • C. The acquisition of MS spectra was carried out in full scan mode, in the mass range of 40-660 m/z, with an event time of 0.2 s. Relative quantity of the chemical compounds present in each sample was expressed as percentage based on peak area produced in the GC chromatogram.

HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS
The LC analysis of the polyphenolic content was carried out on a Shimadzu liquid chromatography system (Kyoto, Japan) consisting of a CBM-20A controller, two LC-20AD dual-plunger parallel-flow pumps, a DGU-20A5R degasser, a SIL-20AC autosampler, an SPD-M30A photo diode array detector and an LCMS-8050 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, through an ESI source (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).

Statistical Analysis
All data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The experiments were carried out in triplicates and the results are expressed as the average of the three measurements ±SD. The comparison of means between analysis study was performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Differences were considered significant when p < 0.05.

Conclusions
The present study investigated the polyphenolic content, antioxidant activity and en-zymes inhibitory activities of EtOAc, methanol and chloroform extracts of I. viscosa, obtained using Soxhlet extraction method. The extracts (especially the EtOAc one) showed a considerable antioxidant effect against the DPPH, ABTS and the ferric reducing power FRAP assays. Moreover, they showed an important inhibitory capacity against the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase compared to the standard synthetic compounds. These results suggest that the polar extracts from this Mediterranean and underused species from Morocco can be useful in therapeutic side due to its remarkable antioxidant and antidiabetic abilities. The antidiabetic effects are related to the inhibition of enzymes im-plicated in sugar metabolism. Moreover, antioxidant effects of I. viscosa can also be beneficial to improve the management of people with diabetes. The obtained results of this study reveal the potential application use of I. viscosa crude ex-tracts in the field of pharmaceutical industries, in particularly as antioxidant and antihyperglycemic treatment. However, further investigations regarding the isolation of these main compounds and evaluation of their antioxidant and antidiabetic activities.

Conflicts of Interest:
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.