Advances in Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Sensing Techniques for Exhaled Breath Diagnostics
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Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editors: Cristina Achim, Mioara Bercu and Ana Bratu
Molecules 2020, 25(9), 2227; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092227
Received: 3 April 2020
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Revised: 28 April 2020
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Accepted: 29 April 2020
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Published: 9 May 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Photoacoustic Spectroscopy)
Human exhaled breath consists of more than 3000 volatile organic compounds, many of which are relevant biomarkers for various diseases. Although gas chromatography has been the gold standard for volatile organic compound (VOC) detection in exhaled breath, recent developments in mid-infrared (MIR) laser spectroscopy have led to the promise of compact point-of-care (POC) optical instruments enabling even single breath diagnostics. In this review, we discuss the evolution of MIR sensing technologies with a special focus on photoacoustic spectroscopy, and its application in exhaled breath biomarker detection. While mid-infrared point-of-care instrumentation promises high sensitivity and inherent molecular selectivity, the lack of standardization of the various techniques has to be overcome for translating these techniques into more widespread real-time clinical use.
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Keywords:
exhaled breath analysis; mid-infrared; MIR; non-invasive diagnostics; point-of-care (POC); infrared lasers; photoacoustic spectroscopy; quantum cascade lasers; QCL; biomarkers
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MDPI and ACS Style
Selvaraj, R.; Vasa, N.J.; Nagendra, S.M.S.; Mizaikoff, B. Advances in Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Sensing Techniques for Exhaled Breath Diagnostics. Molecules 2020, 25, 2227. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092227
AMA Style
Selvaraj R, Vasa NJ, Nagendra SMS, Mizaikoff B. Advances in Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Sensing Techniques for Exhaled Breath Diagnostics. Molecules. 2020; 25(9):2227. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092227
Chicago/Turabian StyleSelvaraj, Ramya, Nilesh J. Vasa, S. M.S. Nagendra, and Boris Mizaikoff. 2020. "Advances in Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Sensing Techniques for Exhaled Breath Diagnostics" Molecules 25, no. 9: 2227. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25092227
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