Evaluation of Organo [18F]Fluorosilicon Tetrazine as a Prosthetic Group for the Synthesis of PET Radiotracers

Fluorine-18 is the most widely used positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclide currently in clinical application, due to its optimal nuclear properties. The synthesis of 18F-labeled radiotracers often requires harsh reaction conditions, limiting the use of sensitive bio- and macromolecules as precursors for direct radiolabeling with fluorine-18. We aimed to develop a milder and efficient in vitro and in vivo labeling method for trans-cyclooctene (TCO) functionalized proteins, through the bioorthogonal inverse-electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction with fluorine-18 radiolabeled tetrazine ([18F]SiFA-Tz). Here, we used TCO-modified bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the model protein, and isotopic exchange (IE) (19F/18F) chemistry as the labeling strategy. The radiolabeling of albumin-TCO with [18F]SiFA-Tz ([18F]6), providing [18F]fluoroalbumin ([18F]10) in high radiochemical yield (99.1 ± 0.2%, n = 3) and a molar activity (MA) of 1.1 GBq/µmol, confirmed the applicability of [18F]6 as a quick in vitro fluorination reagent for the TCO functionalized proteins. While the biological evaluation of [18F]6 demonstrated defluorination in vivo, limiting the utility for pretargeted applications, the in vivo stability of the radiotracer was dramatically improved when [18F]6 was used for the radiolabeling of albumin-TCO ([18F]10) in vitro, prior to administration. Due to the detected defluorination in vivo, structural optimization of the prosthetic group for improved stability is needed before further biological studies and application of pretargeted PET imaging.


Introduction
Fluorine-18 is an ideal radionuclide for labeling of radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET), due to its nuclear and physical characteristics, including the relatively long half-life (109.7 min), the low energy levels of emitted positrons (Emax = 0.635 MeV), and high positron decay probability (97%) [1]. Fluorine-18 can be produced via the 18 O(p,n) 18 F reaction, by irradiating 18 O-enriched water with protons, yielding high molar activity [ 18 F]fluoride, in aqueous solutions.

F]fluoride into
Here, we investigated the use of a SiFA as a reaction strategy for the [ 18 F]fluorination of tetrazines, under mild reaction conditions, with the possibility to yield a more hydrophobic tetrazine variant for the regulation of the pharmacokinetics of biomolecules labeled with [ 18 F]SiFA-Tz. The aim of this study was to investigate [ 18 F]SiFA-Tz as a standalone tracer, to reveal its potential for pretargeted imaging and its applicability for the rapid in vitro radiolabeling of TCO-containing biomolecules, under physiological conditions.

Chemistry
SiFA-Tz (6) was synthesized via a three-step route, providing good yields for each step (Scheme 1) [14]. The first step comprised of an amide coupling reaction under argon, between a carboxylic acid and an amine, forming the t-Boc protected aminooxy-tetrazine 3, in 65% yield after silica gel column chromatography purification. The next reaction step was the deprotection of 3 with hydrochloric acid in methanol, to give 4 as a pink solid in cold diethyl ether in 65% yield. This hydrochloric salt intermediate was used such for the next reaction, the oxime bond formation between compounds 4 and 5 generating an imine double bond such as Eand Z-isomers of SiFA-Tz (6) [28]. The reaction mixture was purified with semi-preparative HPLC, providing the desired product 6 in 90% yield. 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, 19 F-NMR spectra and ESI-TOF-MS were acquired for characterization of the final product, SiFA-Tz (6).
Molecules 2020, 25, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 19 vivo IEDDA pretargeting of antibodies and nanoparticles and were able to prove this approach to be highly successful [26,27].
Here, we investigated the use of a SiFA as a reaction strategy for the [ 18 F]fluorination of tetrazines, under mild reaction conditions, with the possibility to yield a more hydrophobic tetrazine variant for the regulation of the pharmacokinetics of biomolecules labeled with [ 18 F]SiFA-Tz. The aim of this study was to investigate [ 18 F]SiFA-Tz as a standalone tracer, to reveal its potential for pretargeted imaging and its applicability for the rapid in vitro radiolabeling of TCO-containing biomolecules, under physiological conditions.

Chemistry
SiFA-Tz (6) was synthesized via a three-step route, providing good yields for each step (Scheme 1) [14]. The first step comprised of an amide coupling reaction under argon, between a carboxylic acid and an amine, forming the t-Boc protected aminooxy-tetrazine 3, in 65% yield after silica gel column chromatography purification. The next reaction step was the deprotection of 3 with hydrochloric acid in methanol, to give 4 as a pink solid in cold diethyl ether in 65% yield. This hydrochloric salt intermediate was used such for the next reaction, the oxime bond formation between compounds 4 and 5 generating an imine double bond such as E-and Z-isomers of SiFA-Tz (6) [28]. The reaction mixture was purified with semi-preparative HPLC, providing the desired product 6 in 90% yield. 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, 19 F-NMR spectra and ESI-TOF-MS were acquired for characterization of the final product, SiFA-Tz (6). Bovine serum albumin (7) was functionalized with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester of transcyclooctene (TCO) (200 eq), from the lysine residues available in the protein structure (Scheme 2). The analysis of the TCO:albumin ratio was carried out with MALDI-MS, which revealed a TCO:albumin ratio 40:1. The MALDI-MS analysis indicates that 65% of the total 62 lysine residues were functionalized with a TCO in one albumin molecule. The IEDDA cycloaddition product of SiFA-Tz (6) and albumin-TCO (9), fluoroalbumin (10), was synthesized as a reference for the radiolabeling studies by mixing the two reagents together at room temperature. Bovine serum albumin (7) was functionalized with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester of transcyclooctene (TCO) (200 eq), from the lysine residues available in the protein structure (Scheme 2). The analysis of the TCO:albumin ratio was carried out with MALDI-MS, which revealed a TCO:albumin ratio 40:1. The MALDI-MS analysis indicates that 65% of the total 62 lysine residues were functionalized with a TCO in one albumin molecule. The IEDDA cycloaddition product of SiFA-Tz (6) and albumin-TCO (9), fluoroalbumin (10), was synthesized as a reference for the radiolabeling studies by mixing the two reagents together at room temperature.  (7) with trans-cyclooctene (8) to form albumintrans-cyclooctene (TCO) (9), followed by the inverse-electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) cycloaddition with SiFA-Tz (6) to form fluoroalbumin (10) (molar ratio 1:1.5 SiFA-Tz:fluoroalbumin).

Radiochemistry
Two different synthetic sequences were investigated for the radiosynthesis of [ 18 F]6-a one-step direct radiolabeling of compound 6 and a two-step method where we first radiolabeled the SiFA moiety 5, before linking it to the tetrazine 4 (Scheme 3). The one-step radiolabeling of 6, resulted in 21% radiochemical yield (n = 1), but the yield was detected to decrease rapidly as a function of time, indicating decomposition of the precursor 6 in the reaction mixture, under the alkaline conditions (pH 8.5-9). In the two-step method, the radiolabeling of the SiFA-moiety 5 resulted in incorporation yields ranging from 89 to 99.6 ± 0.5% (n = 4), at the optimal time point (2 min) analyzed by radio-TLC. The radiochemical impurities (maximum 11% of total radioactivity) formed in the first step were analyzed by radio-HPLC and are shown in the Supplementary Data ( Figure S6). The SiFA radiolabeling was followed by an oxime bond formation between the [ 18 F]SiFA ([ 18 F]5) and tetrazine oxyamine 4 at 42.7 ± 14.2% (n = 8) yield in the reaction mixture ( Figure S7). Radio-TLC analysis of product [ 18 F]6 revealed the formation of two isomers, with the (E)-isomer of [ 18 F]6 being predominant with the amount of the radiolabeled 6 (Z)-isomer only 1.45 ± 0.35% (n = 16). The final product [ 18 F]6 was isolated at >98% radiochemical purity ( Figure S9, radio-TLC) and was subsequently used as a prosthetic group to chemoselectively radiolabel the TCO-functionalized albumin in vitro. The [ 18 F]fluorinated albumin [ 18 F]10 was radiolabeled at 99.1 ± 0.2% radiochemical yield (RCY) (n = 3) (Figure S12, radio-TLC) and good molar activity (1.1 ± 0.2 GBq/µmol, n = 2). To achieve 99% RCY and the total consumption of added [ 18 F]6 (0.26 nmol), minimum of 0.27 nmol of albumin-TCO was to be used. This resulted in 2.5% of the TCOs in the albumin-TCO labeled with [ 18 F]6. A radiochemical yield of >99% of  The stability of [ 18 F]6 in 0.01M PBS pH 7.4 was shown to be excellent at 90 min, with minimal detachment of fluorine-18 (<1%) during the incubation ( Figure S10). Plasma protein binding and metabolic stability of [ 18 F]6 were also evaluated by incubating the radiotracer in plasma and analyzing the deproteinized samples through radio-TLC and radio-HPLC methods, at selected time-points after incubation ( Figure 2). Molecules 2020, 25,  The stability of [ 18 F]6 in 0.01M PBS pH 7.4 was shown to be excellent at 90 min, with minimal detachment of fluorine-18 (<1%) during the incubation ( Figure S10). Plasma protein binding and metabolic stability of [ 18 F]6 were also evaluated by incubating the radiotracer in plasma and analyzing the deproteinized samples through radio-TLC and radio-HPLC methods, at selected timepoints after incubation ( Figure 2).

In Vitro Studies of [ 18 F]6 and [ 18 F]10.
The stability of [ 18 F]6 in 0.01M PBS pH 7.4 was shown to be excellent at 90 min, with minimal detachment of fluorine-18 (<1%) during the incubation ( Figure S10). Plasma protein binding and metabolic stability of [ 18 F]6 were also evaluated by incubating the radiotracer in plasma and analyzing the deproteinized samples through radio-TLC and radio-HPLC methods, at selected timepoints after incubation ( Figure 2). Through radio-TLC analysis, [ 18 F]6 demonstrated good stability in plasma with up to 6% detachment of the radiolabel over 180 min (94.9 ± 1.6 % intact tracer, n = 2). The slight difference in the stability profiles between radio-TLC and radio-HPLC analysis can be explained due to their different ability to quantify free fluoride from the samples. The retention of free fluoride on the silica-based C18 HPLC-column material makes the quantification of free fluoride with HPLC less accurate. Representative radio-TLC and radio-HPLC chromatograms from the experiment are shown in the Supplementary Data (Figures S15 and S16). A radio-HPLC analysis revealed no other radiometabolites of [ 18 F]6 during the 180 min incubation (Figure 3), in addition to a highly polar component, most likely the free fluoride. Despite the observed minor defluorination, the enzymatic stability was found to be sufficient for proceeding into in vivo evaluation. Through radio-TLC analysis, [ 18 F]6 demonstrated good stability in plasma with up to 6% detachment of the radiolabel over 180 min (94.9 ± 1.6 % intact tracer, n = 2). The slight difference in the stability profiles between radio-TLC and radio-HPLC analysis can be explained due to their different ability to quantify free fluoride from the samples. The retention of free fluoride on the silicabased C18 HPLC-column material makes the quantification of free fluoride with HPLC less accurate. Representative radio-TLC and radio-HPLC chromatograms from the experiment are shown in the Supplementary Data ( Figure S15 and S16). A radio-HPLC analysis revealed no other radiometabolites of [ 18 F]6 during the 180 min incubation (Figure 3), in addition to a highly polar component, most likely the free fluoride. Despite the observed minor defluorination, the enzymatic stability was found to be sufficient for proceeding into in vivo evaluation.  The LogDpH7.4 of [ 18 F]6 (1.6 ± 0.2, n = 9) was determined by the shake-flask method, as previously reported [16]. It has been shown that lipophilic compounds tend to exhibit a higher plasma-protein binding than the more hydrophilic compounds [29], which support the findings of the measured LogD-value and the value obtained for the plasma protein-bound [ 18   The LogD pH7.4 of [ 18 F]6 (1.6 ± 0.2, n = 9) was determined by the shake-flask method, as previously reported [16]. It has been shown that lipophilic compounds tend to exhibit a higher plasma-protein binding than the more hydrophilic compounds [29], which support the findings of the measured LogD-value and the value obtained for the plasma protein-bound [ 18 F]6, in this study.

Biodistribution of [ 18 F]6 and [ 18 F]10
The biodistribution of [ 18 F]6 was investigated in healthy 11 to 12 week-old female CD-1 mice. After intravenous administration into the lateral tail vein, [ 18 F]6 (14.4 ± 0.5 MBq/animal in~200 µL of 10% EtOH and 0.5% Solutol HS 15 in 0.01 M PBS pH 7.4) exhibited hepatobiliary excretion and a fast clearance from the blood (Figure 4, Figure S13). The highest percentage of the injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g) for urine (229.5 ± 204.5) and gallbladder (143.9 ± 103.1) was found to be at 60 min post-injection. In addition to the high radioactivity detected in the urine, gallbladder, liver, and the feces, a high bone uptake of 18 F − was observed 60 min post-injection (13.4 ± 1.6% ID/g). No major passage of [ 18 F]6 through the blood-brain barrier was observed (0.7 ± 0.2% ID/g) at 5 min post-injection. In order to study the metabolism of [ 18 F]6, the blood samples were collected at (t = 5, 30, and 60 min) post-injection. The deproteinized plasma samples were analyzed through radio-HPLC and radio-TLC methods, which revealed the formation of a highly polar metabolite (R f 0.00 on TLC) that was retained at the origin. On HPLC, a metabolite ([ 18 F]M1) eluting at 7 min was also detected. Furthermore, there was no indication of more lipophilic metabolites ( Figure S17).   Stability of [ 18 F]10 was further investigated by separating molecules with molecular weight of ≥30 kDa from plasma samples collected after intravenous administration of [ 18 F]10 through ultrafiltration. The proportion of radiolabeled molecules with a MW of ≥30 kDa (presenting intact [ 18 F]10) was over 90% until 180 min post-injection, after which it decreased to 40% over the next 60 min (240 min incubation in total), as shown in Figure 6.  Stability of [ 18 F]10 was further investigated by separating molecules with molecular weight of ≥30 kDa from plasma samples collected after intravenous administration of [ 18 F]10 through ultrafiltration. The proportion of radiolabeled molecules with a MW of ≥30 kDa (presenting intact [ 18 F]10) was over 90% until 180 min post-injection, after which it decreased to 40% over the next 60 min (240 min incubation in total), as shown in Figure 6.
By comparing the bone uptake of 18 F in these two biodistribution studies, it was seen that the 18  Stability of [ 18 F]10 was further investigated by separating molecules with molecular weight of ≥30 kDa from plasma samples collected after intravenous administration of [ 18 F]10 through ultrafiltration. The proportion of radiolabeled molecules with a MW of ≥30 kDa (presenting intact [ 18 F]10) was over 90% until 180 min post-injection, after which it decreased to 40% over the next 60 min (240 min incubation in total), as shown in Figure 6.

Discussion
Two PET-tracer candidates, [ 18 6 was synthesized with two different synthesis methods, from which the two-step approach was selected, due its higher RCY and good reproducibility. In the one-step radiolabeling approach, the RCY of the product was observed to decrease rapidly as a function of time, indicating decomposition of the precursor in the alkaline reaction mixture. In the two-step method, aminooxy tetrazine 4 was introduced into the reaction mixture at pH 4.6, which was found to be an advantage to avoid any unnecessary decomposition of the tetrazine group. In addition to the two-step method presented in this study, alterative elution protocols with milder reagents, such as copper salts or weak base solutions, as described by Scott et al., should be investigated for the radiolabeling of base sensitive precursors [31]. The in vivo metabolic profile of [ 18 F]6 displayed hepatobiliary elimination, which is characteristic for compounds with low hydrophilicity. Nevertheless, no observable passage of [ 18 F]6 through the blood-brain barrier was detected (0.7 ± 0.2% ID/g) at 5 min post-injection, despite the favorable lipophilicity of the tracer (LogD = 1.56 ± 0.20). Based on the radio-HPLC metabolite analysis (Supplement. Figure S17) from ex vivo blood samples and the detection of radioactivity in the bone, we concluded that [ 18 F]6 underwent rapid biotransformation, generating highly polar metabolites, one of which was most likely free [ 18 F]fluoride detached from the radiotracer. Furthermore, the accumulation of radioactivity in bone is a characteristic indication of fast defluorination in vivo. After defluorination, the free fluoride is sequestered rapidly from circulation and either binds into the surface of the bone or accumulates irreversibly into the hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, forming fluorapatite (Ca10(PO4)6F2) [30]. Thus, it was evident that unexpected and relatively fast defluorination was observed in vivo. Free fluoride was also excreted into the urine, in vivo. Defluorination of 18 F-radiolabeled tracer [ 18 F]6 could be detected in the bone as early as 10-20 min after injection [30]. The observed rapid defluorination in vivo limited the utility of [ 18 F]6 for pretargeted PET imaging, and further structural optimization was warranted to stabilize the structure towards the defluorination. However, since the stability of biomacromolecular SiFA conjugates has been reported to be good, the possibility of using

Discussion
Two PET-tracer candidates, [ 18 F]SiFA-Tz ([ 18 F]6) and [ 18 F]fluoroalbumin ([ 18 F]10) were synthesized and evaluated in vivo. Compound [ 18 F]6 was synthesized with two different synthesis methods, from which the two-step approach was selected, due its higher RCY and good reproducibility. In the one-step radiolabeling approach, the RCY of the product was observed to decrease rapidly as a function of time, indicating decomposition of the precursor in the alkaline reaction mixture. In the two-step method, aminooxy tetrazine 4 was introduced into the reaction mixture at pH 4.6, which was found to be an advantage to avoid any unnecessary decomposition of the tetrazine group. In addition to the two-step method presented in this study, alterative elution protocols with milder reagents, such as copper salts or weak base solutions, as described by Scott et al., should be investigated for the radiolabeling of base sensitive precursors [31]. The in vivo metabolic profile of [ 18 F]6 displayed hepatobiliary elimination, which is characteristic for compounds with low hydrophilicity. Nevertheless, no observable passage of [ 18 F]6 through the blood-brain barrier was detected (0.7 ± 0.2% ID/g) at 5 min post-injection, despite the favorable lipophilicity of the tracer (LogD = 1.56 ± 0.20). Based on the radio-HPLC metabolite analysis (Supplement. Figure S17) from ex vivo blood samples and the detection of radioactivity in the bone, we concluded that [ 18 F]6 underwent rapid biotransformation, generating highly polar metabolites, one of which was most likely free [ 18 F]fluoride detached from the radiotracer. Furthermore, the accumulation of radioactivity in bone is a characteristic indication of fast defluorination in vivo. After defluorination, the free fluoride is sequestered rapidly from circulation and either binds into the surface of the bone or accumulates irreversibly into the hydroxyapatite Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 , forming fluorapatite (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 F 2 ) [30]. Thus, it was evident that unexpected and relatively fast defluorination was observed in vivo. Free fluoride was also excreted into the urine, in vivo. Defluorination of 18 F-radiolabeled tracer [ 18 F]6 could be detected in the bone as early as 10-20 min after injection [30]. The observed rapid defluorination in vivo limited the utility of [ 18 F]6 for pretargeted PET imaging, and further structural optimization was warranted to stabilize the structure towards the defluorination. However, since the stability of biomacromolecular SiFA conjugates has been reported to be good, the possibility of using [ 18 F]6 as a prosthetic group for the in vitro bioorthogonal radiolabeling of proteins was investigated through administration of [ 18 F]10, to healthy mice. Stability of the [ 18 F]SiFA-Tz group against in vivo defluorination was dramatically improved when the group was bound to albumin (13.4 ± 1.6% ID/g in bone for [ 18 F]6 vs. 3.4 ± 1.5% ID/g in bone for [ 18 F]10, at 60 min post-injection). Furthermore, the blood circulation half-life was 48 min, which is in the order of the reported plasma half-life of 60 min, for the bovine serum albumin in mice [32,33].
There are some examples of small molecular SiFA derivatives and a SiFA-conjugated peptide that have exhibited detectable in vivo defluorination, but not at the level observed in our study [34,35]. Rat serum albumin (RSA) radiolabeled with [ 18 F]SiFA, through isothiocyanate modification of lysine residues has been shown to be relatively stable with only a low rate of defluorination, until 90 min after administration [36]. It has also been shown that the conjugation position of the [ 18 F]SiFA-moiety on the albumin could have an influence on the rate of defluorination in vivo. A more stable maleimido-[ 18 F]SiFA conjugated to RSA via thiol groups is an example of the enhanced stability of the radiolabel in a [ 18 F]SiFA-radiolabeled serum albumin [37]. Thus, this radiolabeling system could be further improved by using a more selective conjugation chemistry (maleimide over N-hydroxysuccinimide) for the addition of the TCO to albumin, while simultaneously optimizing the TCO:albumin ratio and availability of the TCO moiety to the IEDDA reaction, with [ 18 F]6. Nevertheless, our results demonstrated the feasibility of using the highly selective and rapid bioorthogonal reaction strategy for the radiolabeling of biomacromolecules with fluorine-18, under mild reaction conditions.

Materials and Methods
All reagents and solvents were purchased from commercial providers and used as received without further purification. Hyox-18 18  High performance liquid chromatography was carried out with a Shimadzu HPLC system consisting of a DGU-20A degasser, an LC-20AD UPLC LC unit, a SIL-20A HT autosampler, a CTO20 AC column oven, a CBM-20A communications bus module, a Scionix Holland scintillation detector with a 51 BP 51/2 NaI(Tl) crystal and an SPD-M20A diode array detector. For the [ 18

Radiochemistry
No-carrier-added 18 F-Fluoride was produced in-house with Cyclone 10/5 cyclotron (IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium) through a 18 O(p,n) 18  In the one-step method, precursor 6, dissolved in 500 µL of anhydrous acetonitrile, was added into the dried K[ 18 F]F/K2.2.2 and incubated for 2 min (25 • C). The reaction mixture was diluted with an additional 500 µL of anhydrous acetonitrile for the radio-TLC and radio-HPLC analysis.
In the two-step method, after evaporation of the solvent, SiFA (5)    A total of 40 µL of [ 18 F]6 was incubated in 0.01 M PBS at room temperature, in a microtube for 90 min, with mixing (400 rpm). At selected time-points (t = 5, 30, 60 and 90 min, n = 1), the samples were injected into an HPLC with PDA-and radiodetector, for analysis. Radiotracer [ 18 F]6 (40 µL) was incubated in 50% human plasma (anonymous donor FFP-24 plasma provided by the Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland) in PBS at 37 • C, and in mouse plasma (separated from CD-1 mouse blood). At selected time-points (5, 60, 120, and 240 min, n = 2 for each), 100 µL of the samples were taken, diluted with 200 µL of cold acetonitrile, and centrifuged at 10,000 g for 5 min. The radioactivity in the precipitated pellet (protein-bound fraction) and supernatant (free fraction) were measured with a gamma counter and 100 µL of the samples were injected into HPLC, for radio-HPLC analysis.

Biological Studies
All animal experiments were conducted under a project license approved by the National Board of Animal Experimentation in Finland (license number ESAVI/12132/04.10.07/2017). The animals were group-housed in standard polycarbonate cages, on aspen bedding, in a HEPA-filtered housing unit (UniProtect, Ehret, Emmendingen, Germany), with food (Envigo Teklad Global Diet 2016) and tap water, available ad libitum. Conditions were maintained at 21 ± 1 • C and 55 ± 15% relative humidity, with a 12:12 lighting cycle. The biodistribution studies were conducted in healthy, female CD-1 mice (weight 25-33 g, 11 to 12 weeks, Charles River). The radiotracers [ 18 F]6 and [ 18 F]10 were injected via the tail vein to CD-1 mice, in the following formulations-10% EtOH and 0.5% Solutol HS 15 in 0.01 M PBS pH 7.4 for [ 18 F]6 and 0.01 M PBS pH 7.4 for [ 18 F]10. At selected time-points (5, 60, 120, and 240 min), the mice were euthanized with CO2 asphyxiation, followed by cervical dislocation, and selected tissues were collected, weighed, and the radioactivity was measured on an automated gamma counter.

Biodistribution of [ 18 F]6
14.3 ± 0.5 MBq (n = 12) (25.4 ± 1.4 µg, 44.2 ± 2.4 nmol) of 96.2% pure [ 18 F]6 was injected into the tail vein of healthy female CD-1 mice (n = 3 per time-point), to evaluate the biodistribution and stability of the tracer in vivo. The mice were euthanized at selected time-points (t = 5, 60, 120, and 240 min) and the tissues were collected and measured with a gamma counter, as described above. For metabolite studies, blood from a cardiac puncture was collected into an Eppendorf tube containing 2 µL of 1% heparin solution in 0.9% NaCl (aq.) and centrifuged at 1000 g, for 10 min, to separate the plasma from the blood cells. Cold acetonitrile (twice the volume of separated plasma) was added into the plasma and centrifuged (at 10 000 g for 5 min) to precipitate the proteins. A small sample (4 µL) was applied onto a silica TLC and analyzed with digital autoradiography.

Biodistribution of [ 18 F]10
A total of 0.6 ± 0.1 MBq (n = 15) (43.2 ± 1.4 µg of protein) of [ 18 F]fluoroalbumin was injected into the tail vein of female CD-1 mice (n = 3-4 per time point). The mice were euthanized at selected time-points and the tissues were collected and measured with a gamma counter, as described above. Blood from a cardiac puncture was collected into an Eppendorf tube containing 2 µL of 1% heparin solution in 0.9% NaCl (aq) and was pretreated before analysis, as described above. After centrifugation, a small sample (4 µL) was applied onto a silica TLC plate and 100 µL of the supernatant was injected into HPLC for radiometabolite analysis. For the radiometabolite studies of [ 18 F]10, the blood was collected into an 1.5-mL microtube containing 1% heparin solution in 0.9% NaCl (aq), and was centrifuged (at 1000 g for 10 min). Plasma was separated from the cell pellet and added onto a 30-kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) centrifugal filter (VWR ® Radnor, PA, USA) and centrifuged (at 6500 rpm for 10 min). The filter with over 30 kDa 18 F-labeled molecules and the microtube containing the below-30-kDa 18 F-labeled molecules in the eluate, were measured with a gamma counter, to determine the percentage of small molecular weight metabolites from over 30 kDa molecules representing the intact BSA in the plasma.

Statistical Analysis
Statistical significance of 18 F bone accumulation after intravenous administration and the tracer blood circulation time were analyzed using an unpaired t-test (GraphPad Prism 8.0.1). The values presented in the synthesis, biodistribution studies, and LogD-measurements are mean ± standard deviation.

Conclusions
Despite of promising hydrolytic stability in vitro, [ 18 F]SiFA-Tz ([ 18 F]6) demonstrated fast defluorination in vivo, after intravenous administration in CD-1 mice limiting its utility as a standalone radiotracer, for pretargeted PET imaging. However, the fluorine-18 label in the biomacromolecular radiotracer [ 18 F]fluoroalbumin ([ 18 F]10), which was radiolabeled as a proof-of-concept model compound with [ 18 F]6, was found to be metabolically more stable, suggesting the utility of [ 18 F]SiFA-Tz as a prosthetic group for in vitro radiolabeling of biomolecules of higher molecular weight. Based on these findings, the structure of [ 18 F]SiFA-Tz warrants further optimization, before it can be considered for use as a radiolabeling tool for low molecular weight biomolecules or as a tracer for pretargeted PET imaging.