Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Effects of Diarylheptanoids Isolated from Curcuma comosa Rhizomes on Leukaemic Cells

Curcuma comosa belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. In this study, two natural compounds were isolated from C. comosa, and their structures were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance. The isolated compounds were identified as 7-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-1-phenyl-(1E)-1-heptene (1) and trans-1,7-diphenyl-5-hydroxy-1-heptene (2). Compound 1 showed the strongest cytotoxicity effect against HL-60 cells, while its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties were stronger than those of compound 2. Compound 1 proved to be a potent antioxidant, compared to ascorbic acid. Neither compounds had any effect on red blood cell haemolysis. Furthermore, compound 1 significantly decreased Wilms’ tumour 1 protein expression and cell proliferation in KG-1a cells. Compound 1 decreased the WT1 protein levels in a time- and dose- dependent manner. Compound 1 suppressed cell cycle at the S phase. In conclusion, compound 1 has a promising chemotherapeutic potential against leukaemia.


Introduction
Curcuma comosa belongs to the Curcuma genus. In Thailand, C. comosa is commonly known as "Wan Chak Motluk" and is found in the northern and south-eastern parts of the country. Its rhizomes are round, lack horizontal branches, are brown coloured on the inside and have an aromatic smell. The plant has been used as a folk medicine for women to manage unpleasant symptoms associated with the urogenital system, such as vaginal dryness, dysmenorrhoea (painful menstruation), amenorrhoea (absence of menstruation), and menorrhagia (abnormal menstruation, or too much menstruation) [1]. Moreover, the Curcuma genus exhibits anticancer [2], antioxidant [3], and anti-inflammatory properties [4]. It can also suppress abdominal pain associated with chronic pelvic disorders by enabling uterine contractions in the urogenital system [5]. The isolated compounds from C. comosa has been well identified in their structure, estrogenic activity, and osteoblast proliferation and differentiation [6,7]. The plant contains bioactive compounds with anticancer, antioxidant, or anti-inflammatory properties. Compound-092, (3S)-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-phenyl-(6E)-6-hepten-3-ol from C. comosa demonstrates pro-oxidant activity (GSH and ROS determination) of diarylheptanoid bearing a catechol moiety in the induction of apoptosis in murine P388 leukaemia [8]. Two previously identified compounds 1 and 2 were isolated in our study [6]. Compound 1 was previously studied for its antioxidant and cytotoxicity effects on murine P388 leukaemic cells whereas compound 2 had estrogenic activity. Our study compares and demonstrates the role of F-EtOAc, F-Hex, and purified compounds of C. comosa in cancer cytotoxicity, red blood cell haemolysis, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, antiproliferation via Wilms' tumour 1 (WT1) protein suppression following non-cytotoxic dose (at IC 20 value) treatment was observed in the KG-1a leukaemic cell model. The WT1 protein is a leukaemic cell biological marker involved in leukaemic cell proliferation [9]. Thus, the aim of this study was to purify compounds from C. comosa, characterise their chemical structures and study their biological activities in leukaemic cells.

Fractional Extracts and Pure Compounds following Column Chromatography
In this study, 5 kg of dried rhizomes were extracted using ethyl acetate and hexane with relative polarities of 0.228 and 0.009, respectively, compared to water (1.000). The ethyl acetate fraction (F-EtOAc) and the hexane fraction (F-Hex) were obtained by maceration and evaporation. The yields of the extracts were 2.09% and 2.80%, respectively. Both fractions were separated using silica gel column chromatography, which led to the isolation of two known compounds 1 and 2. The structures of these purified compounds were identified using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by comparison of their 1 H and/or 13 C NMR data with previously published data. The details of these two compounds have been demonstrated and clarified in the experimental section and Figures S1-S4.
Molecules 2020, 25, x 2 of 15 are round, lack horizontal branches, are brown coloured on the inside and have an aromatic smell. The plant has been used as a folk medicine for women to manage unpleasant symptoms associated with the urogenital system, such as vaginal dryness, dysmenorrhoea (painful menstruation), amenorrhoea (absence of menstruation), and menorrhagia (abnormal menstruation, or too much menstruation) [1]. Moreover, the Curcuma genus exhibits anticancer [2], antioxidant [3], and antiinflammatory properties [4]. It can also suppress abdominal pain associated with chronic pelvic disorders by enabling uterine contractions in the urogenital system [5]. The isolated compounds from C. comosa has been well identified in their structure, estrogenic activity, and osteoblast proliferation and differentiation [6,7]. The plant contains bioactive compounds with anticancer, antioxidant, or anti-inflammatory properties. Compound-092, (3S)-1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7-phenyl-(6E)-6hepten-3-ol from C. comosa demonstrates pro-oxidant activity (GSH and ROS determination) of diarylheptanoid bearing a catechol moiety in the induction of apoptosis in murine P388 leukaemia [8]. Two previously identified compounds 1 and 2 were isolated in our study [6]. Compound 1 was previously studied for its antioxidant and cytotoxicity effects on murine P388 leukaemic cells whereas compound 2 had estrogenic activity. Our study compares and demonstrates the role of F-EtOAc, F-Hex, and purified compounds of C. comosa in cancer cytotoxicity, red blood cell haemolysis, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, antiproliferation via Wilms' tumour 1 (WT1) protein suppression following non-cytotoxic dose (at IC20 value) treatment was observed in the KG-1a leukaemic cell model. The WT1 protein is a leukaemic cell biological marker involved in leukaemic cell proliferation [9]. Thus, the aim of this study was to purify compounds from C. comosa, characterise their chemical structures and study their biological activities in leukaemic cells.

Fractional Extracts and Pure Compounds following Column Chromatography
In this study, 5 kg of dried rhizomes were extracted using ethyl acetate and hexane with relative polarities of 0.228 and 0.009, respectively, compared to water (1.000). The ethyl acetate fraction (F-EtOAc) and the hexane fraction (F-Hex) were obtained by maceration and evaporation. The yields of the extracts were 2.09% and 2.80%, respectively. Both fractions were separated using silica gel column chromatography, which led to the isolation of two known compounds 1 and 2. The structures of these purified compounds were identified using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by comparison of their 1 H and/or 13 C NMR data with previously published data. The details of these two compounds have been demonstrated and clarified in the experimental section and Figures S1-S4.

Cytotoxicity of Fractional Extracts and Pure Compounds against Leukaemic Cells Compared to Other Cancer Cells Using MTT Assay
The cytotoxicity of F-Hex, F-EtOAc, and two purified active compounds was investigated using the MTT assay in leukaemic cell lines (K562, KG-1a, and HL-60) and compared to lung cancer (A549) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. K562, KG-1a, HL-60, A549, and MCF-7 cells were treated with F-EtOAc, compound 1 (purified active compound from F-EtOAc), PPF-Hex, or compound 2 (purified active compound from F-Hex). All extracts and purified compounds showed cytotoxic effects against all cell lines, as shown by the MTT assay. The IC50 values (inhibitory concentration at 50% growth) of F-EtOAc, compound 1, F-Hex, and compound 2 on HL-60 cells were 10 Figure 3). The compound 1 (4 µM) was previously reported to induce apoptosis in P388 leukaemic cells by activating caspase 3. Apoptosis cell death was characterized by chromatin condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies, DNA fragmentation, and externalization of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine [8].

Cytotoxicity of Fractional Extracts and Pure Compounds against Leukaemic Cells Compared to Other Cancer Cells Using MTT Assay
The cytotoxicity of F-Hex, F-EtOAc, and two purified active compounds was investigated using the MTT assay in leukaemic cell lines (K562, KG-1a, and HL-60) and compared to lung cancer (A549) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. K562, KG-1a, HL-60, A549, and MCF-7 cells were treated with F-EtOAc, compound 1 (purified active compound from F-EtOAc), PPF-Hex, or compound 2 (purified active compound from F-Hex). All extracts and purified compounds showed cytotoxic effects against all cell lines, as shown by the MTT assay. The IC 50 values (inhibitory concentration at 50% growth) of F-EtOAc, compound 1, F-Hex, and compound 2 on HL-60 cells were 10 Figure 3). The compound 1 (4 µM) was previously reported to induce apoptosis in P388 leukaemic cells by activating caspase 3. Apoptosis cell death was characterized by chromatin condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies, DNA fragmentation, and externalization of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine [8].

Cytotoxicity of Fractional Extracts and Pure Compounds against Leukaemic Cells Compared to Other Cancer Cells Using MTT Assay
The cytotoxicity of F-Hex, F-EtOAc, and two purified active compounds was investigated using the MTT assay in leukaemic cell lines (K562, KG-1a, and HL-60) and compared to lung cancer (A549) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. K562, KG-1a, HL-60, A549, and MCF-7 cells were treated with F-EtOAc, compound 1 (purified active compound from F-EtOAc), PPF-Hex, or compound 2 (purified active compound from F-Hex). All extracts and purified compounds showed cytotoxic effects against all cell lines, as shown by the MTT assay. The IC50 values (inhibitory concentration at 50% growth) of F-EtOAc, compound 1, F-Hex, and compound 2 on HL-60 cells were 10 Figure 3). The compound 1 (4 µM) was previously reported to induce apoptosis in P388 leukaemic cells by activating caspase 3. Apoptosis cell death was characterized by chromatin condensation, formation of apoptotic bodies, DNA fragmentation, and externalization of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine [8].

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Compound 1 and Compound 2
To compare the antioxidant activity of compound 1 and compound 2, the antioxidant activities of the purified compounds are shown in Table 1. Compound 1 demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant activity than compound 2 (p < 0.05). Interestingly, compound 1 showed potent antioxidant activities with Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and antioxidant equivalent concentration (EC1) values comparable to those of ascorbic acid, a widely known potent antioxidant, both directly via radical scavenging and indirectly through regeneration of other antioxidant systems [15,16]. Therefore, compound 1 was suggested as an antioxidant with potent radical-scavenging properties and ferric-reducing antioxidant powers. Compound 1 contributes to the overall antioxidant activity of C. comosa. Since antioxidants have the ability to reduce oxidative stress in cells, they are useful for the treatment of various conditions, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases [17][18][19]. Compound-092 or compound 1 in this study decreased GSH levels but did not significantly increase intracellular ROS [8].
The dose-response curve of RAW 264.7 cell viability of compounds purified from C. comosa extract is shown in Figure 5. The IC20 values, which represent the concentrations at which 80% of RAW 264.7 cells were viable, of compounds 1 and 2 were 18.47 ± 0.36 and 26.61 ± 0.40 µg/mL, respectively. Therefore, compound 2 tended to be safer for use in RAW 264.7 cells than compound 1. The concentration at the IC20 value of each sample was used for further anti-inflammatory activity determination. Figure 6 illustrates the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds purified from the C. comosa extract. Compound 1 showed potent inhibitory activity against both IL-6 and TNF-α. Interestingly, compound 1 exhibited a significantly more potent inhibition of IL-6 than

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Compound 1 and Compound 2
To compare the antioxidant activity of compound 1 and compound 2, the antioxidant activities of the purified compounds are shown in Table 1. Compound 1 demonstrated significantly higher antioxidant activity than compound 2 (p < 0.05). Interestingly, compound 1 showed potent antioxidant activities with Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and antioxidant equivalent concentration (EC 1 ) values comparable to those of ascorbic acid, a widely known potent antioxidant, both directly via radical scavenging and indirectly through regeneration of other antioxidant systems [15,16]. Therefore, compound 1 was suggested as an antioxidant with potent radical-scavenging properties and ferric-reducing antioxidant powers. Compound 1 contributes to the overall antioxidant activity of C. comosa. Since antioxidants have the ability to reduce oxidative stress in cells, they are useful for the treatment of various conditions, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases [17][18][19]. Compound-092 or compound 1 in this study decreased GSH levels but did not significantly increase intracellular ROS [8].
The dose-response curve of RAW 264.7 cell viability of compounds purified from C. comosa extract is shown in Figure 5. The IC 20 values, which represent the concentrations at which 80% of RAW 264.7 cells were viable, of compounds 1 and 2 were 18.47 ± 0.36 and 26.61 ± 0.40 µg/mL, respectively. Therefore, compound 2 tended to be safer for use in RAW 264.7 cells than compound 1.
The concentration at the IC 20 value of each sample was used for further anti-inflammatory activity determination. Figure 6 illustrates the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds purified from the C. comosa extract. Compound 1 showed potent inhibitory activity against both IL-6 and TNF-α. Interestingly, compound 1 exhibited a significantly more potent inhibition of IL-6 than dexamethasone (p < 0.05). The IC 50 values of compound 1 against IL-6 and TNF-α, which were 3.96 ± 0.12 ng/mL and 0.94 ± 0.03 µg/mL, were almost 100 times lower than that of dexamethasone. In addition, compound 1 inhibited TNF-α inhibition unlike dexamethasone (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, compound 2 did not affect IL-6 and only a slight inhibitory effect on TNF-α secretion. This suggests that compound 1 is a more potent anti-inflammatory agent.
Results expressed as mean ± SD of triplicate samples. Superscript letters (a, b, and c) within the same column denote significant differences in means between different samples determined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05).
Results expressed as mean ± SD of triplicate samples. Superscript letters (a, b, and c) within the same column denote significant differences in means between different samples determined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05).

Effects of Fractional Extracts and Pure Compounds on Red Blood Cell Haemolysis
Haemolysis is the destruction of red blood cells, which causes the release of haemoglobin and ultimately anaemia. The effects of crude extracts, fractions, and purified compound extracts on red blood cell haemolysis should be determined prior to use. A red blood cell haemolysis assay was performed to determine the effects of F-EtOAc, compound 1, F-Hex, and compound 2 on red blood cells at the concentration increased up to IC50 values of each fractional extract and pure compound. dexamethasone (p < 0.05). The IC50 values of compound 1 against IL-6 and TNF-α, which were 3.96 ± 0.12 ng/mL and 0.94 ± 0.03 µg/mL, were almost 100 times lower than that of dexamethasone. In addition, compound 1 inhibited TNF-α inhibition unlike dexamethasone (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, compound 2 did not affect IL-6 and only a slight inhibitory effect on TNF-α secretion. This suggests that compound 1 is a more potent anti-inflammatory agent.
Results expressed as mean ± SD of triplicate samples. Superscript letters (a, b, and c) within the same column denote significant differences in means between different samples determined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's test (p < 0.05).

Effects of Fractional Extracts and Pure Compounds on Red Blood Cell Haemolysis
Haemolysis is the destruction of red blood cells, which causes the release of haemoglobin and ultimately anaemia. The effects of crude extracts, fractions, and purified compound extracts on red blood cell haemolysis should be determined prior to use. A red blood cell haemolysis assay was performed to determine the effects of F-EtOAc, compound 1, F-Hex, and compound 2 on red blood cells at the concentration increased up to IC50 values of each fractional extract and pure compound.

Effects of Fractional Extracts and Pure Compounds on Red Blood Cell Haemolysis
Haemolysis is the destruction of red blood cells, which causes the release of haemoglobin and ultimately anaemia. The effects of crude extracts, fractions, and purified compound extracts on red blood cell haemolysis should be determined prior to use. A red blood cell haemolysis assay was performed to determine the effects of F-EtOAc, compound 1, F-Hex, and compound 2 on red blood cells at the concentration increased up to IC 50 values of each fractional extract and pure compound. Figure 7 illustrates the effect of F-EtOAc, compound 1, F-Hex, and compound 2 at indicated doses on red blood cell haemolysis. Interestingly, all concentrations tested with F-EtOAc, compound 1, F-Hex, and compound 2 showed less than 5% haemolysis, suggesting that they are not haemolysis inducing agents [20].
Molecules 2020, 25, x 6 of 15 Figure 7 illustrates the effect of F-EtOAc, compound 1, F-Hex, and compound 2 at indicated doses on red blood cell haemolysis. Interestingly, all concentrations tested with F-EtOAc, compound 1, F-Hex, and compound 2 showed less than 5% haemolysis, suggesting that they are not haemolysis inducing agents [20]. Each bar represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments performed in triplicate. Asterisks (*) denote significant differences between C. comosa extracts and positive control (*** p < 0.001).

Formatting Effects of Fractional Extracts and Pure Compounds on WT1 Protein Expression and Cell Proliferation
In this study, the WT1 protein was used as a biomarker of leukaemic cell proliferation and was determined using Western blotting. KG-1a cells were used as the leukaemic cell model, since this cell line has high levels of WT1 protein [21,22]. The IC20 values of F-EtOAc, compound 1, F-Hex, and compound 2 (4.58, 2.30, 26.96, and 29.90 µg/mL, respectively) were used to treat and evaluate WT1 protein expression. WT1 expression following treatment decreased 64.07 ± 5.04, 60.52 ± 7.82, 52.40 ± 7.99, and 14.01 ± 11.27%, respectively, when compared to vehicle control ( Figure 8A). The levels of WT1 protein following treatment with F-EtOAc, compound 1, and F-Hex were significantly decreased and correlated with their effects on total cell numbers, as shown in Figure 8B. Compound 2 reduced total KG-1a cell number, but it did not significantly decrease WT1 protein expression. This suggests that compound 2 may target other proteins that are associated with cell proliferation. Moreover, F-Hex may contain other compounds aside from compound 2 that suppress WT1 protein expression. Each bar represents the mean ± SD of three independent experiments performed in triplicate. Asterisks (*) denote significant differences between C. comosa extracts and positive control (*** p < 0.001).

Formatting Effects of Fractional Extracts and Pure Compounds on WT1 Protein Expression and Cell Proliferation
In this study, the WT1 protein was used as a biomarker of leukaemic cell proliferation and was determined using Western blotting. KG-1a cells were used as the leukaemic cell model, since this cell line has high levels of WT1 protein [21,22]. The IC 20 values of F-EtOAc, compound 1, F-Hex, and compound 2 (4.58, 2.30, 26.96, and 29.90 µg/mL, respectively) were used to treat and evaluate WT1 protein expression. WT1 expression following treatment decreased 64.07 ± 5.04, 60.52 ± 7.82, 52.40 ± 7.99, and 14.01 ± 11.27%, respectively, when compared to vehicle control ( Figure 8A). The levels of WT1 protein following treatment with F-EtOAc, compound 1, and F-Hex were significantly decreased and correlated with their effects on total cell numbers, as shown in Figure 8B. Compound 2 reduced total KG-1a cell number, but it did not significantly decrease WT1 protein expression. This suggests that compound 2 may target other proteins that are associated with cell proliferation. Moreover, F-Hex may contain other compounds aside from compound 2 that suppress WT1 protein expression.

Effects of Contact Times and Concentrations of Fractional Extracts and Pure Compounds on WT1 Protein Expression and Total Cell Numbers in KG-1a
We observed WT1 protein levels following treatment of KG-1a cells with F-EtOAc and compound 1 for 24, 48, and 72 h. F-EtOAc could significantly decrease the WT1 protein levels in a time-dependent manner by 36.55 ± 5.98% (p < 0.05), 94.75 ± 1.34% (p < 0.01), and 95.11 ± 1.30% (p < 0.001), as compared to vehicle control. Compound 1 could significantly decrease the WT1 protein levels in a time-dependent manner by 17.96 ± 7.62% (p < 0.05), 37.11 ± 4.94% (p < 0.01), and 56.56 ± 1.69% (p < 0.001), respectively as compared to the vehicle control ( Figure 9A). In order to study the effects of doses of the F-EtOAc and compound 1 on WT1 protein levels, the KG-1a cells were treated with various concentrations of F-EtOAc (1.5, 3, and 4.5 µg/mL) for 48 h and compound 1 (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 µg/mL) for 72 h. F-EtOAc significantly decreased the WT1 protein levels by 43.65 ± 5.50, 62.67 ± 4.07, and 91.96 ± 5.46%, as compared to vehicle control (p < 0.05) ( Figure 10A). Compound 1 significantly decreased WT1 protein levels by 36.89 ± 3.12 and 50.57 ± 8.95% in response to the concentrations of 1.5 and 2.5 µg/mL, respectively, as compared to vehicle control (p < 0.05) ( Figure  10C). Thus, WT1 protein levels significantly decreased following treated with F-EtOAc and compound 1 by a time-and dose-dependent manner when compared to the vehicle control. Furthermore, the total cell numbers were also significantly decreased by a time-and dose-dependent manner ( Figures 9B, 10B, and 10D).

Effects of Contact Times and Concentrations of Fractional Extracts and Pure Compounds on WT1 Protein Expression and Total Cell Numbers in KG-1a
We observed WT1 protein levels following treatment of KG-1a cells with F-EtOAc and compound 1 for 24, 48, and 72 h. F-EtOAc could significantly decrease the WT1 protein levels in a time-dependent manner by 36.55 ± 5.98% (p < 0.05), 94.75 ± 1.34% (p < 0.01), and 95.11 ± 1.30% (p < 0.001), as compared to vehicle control. Compound 1 could significantly decrease the WT1 protein levels in a time-dependent manner by 17.96 ± 7.62% (p < 0.05), 37.11 ± 4.94% (p < 0.01), and 56.56 ± 1.69% (p < 0.001), respectively as compared to the vehicle control ( Figure 9A). In order to study the effects of doses of the F-EtOAc and compound 1 on WT1 protein levels, the KG-1a cells were treated with various concentrations of F-EtOAc (1.5, 3, and 4.5 µg/mL) for 48 h and compound 1 (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 µg/mL) for 72 h. F-EtOAc significantly decreased the WT1 protein levels by 43.65 ± 5.50, 62.67 ± 4.07, and 91.96 ± 5.46%, as compared to vehicle control (p < 0.05) ( Figure 10A). Compound 1 significantly decreased WT1 protein levels by 36.89 ± 3.12 and 50.57 ± 8.95% in response to the concentrations of 1.5 and 2.5 µg/mL, respectively, as compared to vehicle control (p < 0.05) ( Figure 10C). Thus, WT1 protein levels significantly decreased following treated with F-EtOAc and compound 1 by a time-and dose-dependent manner when compared to the vehicle control. Furthermore, the total cell numbers were also significantly decreased by a time-and dose-dependent manner ( Figures 9B and 10B,D).

Effects of F-EtOAc and Compound 1 on Cell Cycle Distribution in KG-1a Cell Line Using Flow Cytometer
This experiment was to determine the effect of F-EtOAc and compound 1 on cell cycle distribution in KG-1a cells. KG-1a cells were cultured with F-EtOAc and compound 1 at the concentrations of IC 5 , IC 10 , and IC 20 values for 48 h and assessed using flow cytometric analysis following DNA staining with PI. The flow cytometry data at 48 h are shown in Figure 11A. We observed that following treatments with F-EtOAc (1.14, 2.29, and 4.58 µg/mL, respectively) and compound 1 (0.58, 1.15, and 2.30 µg/mL, respectively), cells were significantly arrested at the S phase post F-EtOAc treatment (IC 20 value) by 35.50 ± 3.73% (p < 0.05) and compound 1 treatments (IC 5 , IC 10 , and IC 20 values) by 31.90 ± 2.98, 33.90 ± 4.37, and 35.80 ± 1.71%, as compared to vehicle control (24.6 ± 0.40%) ( Figure 11B,C). Sub-G1 (peak of dead cells) was observed following F-EtOAc and compound 1 treatment for 48 h. However, the percent of cell death was less than IC 20 values. The previous study, compound-092 (compound 1 of this study) was investigated by the experiments of externalization of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine, caspase-3 activity, mitochondrial function, and DNA fragmentation. These experiments indicated apoptosis induction in P388 cell line [8]. Thus, we hypothesized that the biochemical pathway of apoptosis was also found in our experiment.

Effects of F-EtOAc and Compound 1 on Cell Cycle Distribution in KG-1a Cell Line Using Flow Cytometer
This experiment was to determine the effect of F-EtOAc and compound 1 on cell cycle distribution in KG-1a cells. KG-1a cells were cultured with F-EtOAc and compound 1 at the concentrations of IC5, IC10, and IC20 values for 48 h and assessed using flow cytometric analysis following DNA staining with PI. The flow cytometry data at 48 h are shown in Figure 11A. We observed that following treatments with F-EtOAc (1.14, 2.29, and 4.58 µg/mL, respectively) and compound 1 (0.58, 1.15, and 2.30 µg/mL, respectively), cells were significantly arrested at the S phase post F-EtOAc treatment (IC20 value) by 35.50 ± 3.73% (p < 0.05) and compound 1 treatments (IC5, IC10, and IC20 values) by 31.90 ± 2.98, 33.90 ± 4.37, and 35.80 ± 1.71%, as compared to vehicle control (24.6 ± 0.40%) ( Figure 11B,C). Sub-G1 (peak of dead cells) was observed following F-EtOAc and compound 1 treatment for 48 h. However, the percent of cell death was less than IC20 values. The previous study, compound-092 (compound 1 of this study) was investigated by the experiments of externalization of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine, caspase-3 activity, mitochondrial function, and DNA fragmentation. These experiments indicated apoptosis induction in P388 cell line [8]. Thus, we hypothesized that the biochemical pathway of apoptosis was also found in our experiment.

Plant Maceration
Curcuma comosa was harvested from Chiang Dao District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, in August 2018. A voucher specimen, No. 023237, was deposited at an herbarium, the Northern Research Center for Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Thailand. The herbarium specimen has been studied using traditional methods of herbarium taxonomy. Fresh rhizomes of C. comosa (5 kg) were peeled and dried at 50 °C. The dried rhizomes were ground to a powder and macerated in hexane for three days. The liquid portion was collected, and the residual powder was further macerated and collected three times. The liquid portions of the extraction were

Plant Maceration
Curcuma comosa was harvested from Chiang Dao District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand, in August 2018. A voucher specimen, No. 023237, was deposited at an herbarium, the Northern Research Center for Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Thailand. The herbarium specimen has been studied using traditional methods of herbarium taxonomy. Fresh rhizomes of C. comosa (5 kg) were peeled and dried at 50 • C. The dried rhizomes were ground to a powder and macerated in hexane for three days. The liquid portion was collected, and the residual powder was further macerated and collected three times. The liquid portions of the extraction were pooled together and filtrated. The filtrate was evaporated using a rotary evaporator (N-1000, EYELA, Shanghai, China) and subsequently dried to obtain the hexane fraction (F-Hex). The residual powder was dried in a hot air oven (45 • C) and underwent another maceration with ethyl acetate to obtain the ethyl acetate fraction (F-EtOAc).

Column Chromatography
Silica gel grade 60 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was used as the solid phase for column chromatography. Different ratios of hexane and ethyl acetate were used as liquid phases by increasing polarity to separate different compounds. Fractions were collected in quantities of at least 8 mL in a test tube every 6-8 min. Thin layer chromatography was used to determine fractions that contain compounds. Fractions containing the main purified compounds were pooled and characterized at the Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, to determine chemical structures using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (Bruker, Fällanden, Switzerland). C. comosa fractional extracts and main compounds were stored at −20 • C. The fractional extracts or main compounds were dissolved in DMSO to obtain the working concentration (25 mg/mL) and stored at −20 • C for later use.
Silica gel 60 was packed in a column, and F-EtOAc or PPF-Hex was added to the top of the silica gel. F-EtOAc 1.577 g was first separated. The column was eluted with Hex:EtOAc at a ratio of 1:1. Fractions (8 mL/tube) were collected and observed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Similar TLC patterns of each fraction were selected and pooled together. Pooled fractions were observed using TLC. The most purified pooled fractions (% yield = 32.40) were selected to do the second separation with the same procedure. The column was eluted with hexane/diethyl ether at increasing ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. First F-hex (3.025 g) purifications were accomplished using the same procedure but different gradient elutions of hexane/ethyl acetate of 1:1, 97.5:2.5, 96.5:3.5, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, and 80:20.
Compound 1 was obtained as a brown gum. The 1 H-NMR spectrum showed two sets of aromatic protons. The signals at δ 7.33-7.14 (m, 5H) could be the five protons of a phenyl ring. Another set of aromatic protons displayed at d 6.64 (m, 2H) for two protons and d 6. D − 108 (c 0.37 in EtOH) Compound 2 was obtained as a colorless oil. The 1 H-NMR of compound 2 was similar to that of compound 1 except for the signal of aromatic protons, showing ten protons. This signal indicated that compound 2 had two phenyl rings in the structure. It was also confirmed using the 13 C NMR, which displayed only two quaternary carbons (δ 142.2 and 137.7). By comparison of spectroscopic data with that reported in the literature, compound 2 was suggested to be trans-1,7-diphenyl-5-hydroxy-1-heptene [6,12,13]

Cytotoxicity Determinations by MTT Assay
The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used for detecting the cytotoxicity of C. comosa extracts and purified compounds on cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of F-EtOAc, F-Hex, and main compounds was investigated using MTT assay in K562, KG-1a, HL-60, A549, and MCF-7 cell lines. K562 (1.0 × 10 5 cells/mL), HL-60 (1.0 × 10 5 cells/mL), KG-1a (1.5 × 10 5 cells/mL), A549 (5.0 × 10 4 cells/mL), and MCF-7 (5.0 × 10 4 cells/mL) were added then incubated for 48 h. Following, a 100 µL of the medium was removed, and 15 µL of MTT dye solution was added, and cells were further incubated for 4 h. Following supernatant removal, 200 µL of DMSO was added to each well and mixed thoroughly to dissolve the purple formazan crystals. The optical density was measured using an ELISA plate reader at 578 nm with a reference wavelength at 630 nm. The percentage of surviving cells was calculated from the absorbance values of the test and control wells using the following Equation (1) The average percentage of cells surviving at each concentration obtained from triplicate experiments was plotted as a dose-response curve. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) was defined as the lowest concentration that inhibited cell growth by 50% compared to the untreated control.

Trypan Blue Exclusion
Total cell numbers were counted using the trypan blue exclusion method. Live cells have intact membranes and can exclude trypan blue dye, whereas dead cells with compromised membranes are stained by the trypan blue dye solution. A cell suspension and 0.2% trypan blue were mixed, and viable (unstained) and dead (stained) cells were counted using a hemacytometer. The percentage of viable cells was then calculated.

2,2 -Azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS) Assay
The ABTS •+ scavenging activity of C. comosa extracts and purified compounds were investigated using ABTS assay [23]. The ABTS •+ solution was prepared by mixing 2 mL of 7 mM ABTS solution with 3 mL of 2.45 mM potassium persulfate solution and incubated in the dark. After 24 h, the resulting ABTS •+ solution was diluted 1:20 in absolute ethanol. Then 20 µL of the sample was mixed with 180 µL of ABTS •+ solution, incubated at room temperature (25 • C) for 5 min, and measured UV absorbance at 750 nm using a microplate reader (Spectrostar Nano, BMG Labtech GmbH, Ortenberg, Germany). The results were reported as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). All experiments were conducted in triplicate.

2,2 -Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) Assay
The DPPH • scavenging activity of C. comosa extracts and purified compounds were investigated using DPPH assay [13]. Briefly, 20 µL of the sample was mixed with 180 µL of 167 µM DPPH solution, incubated at room temperature in the dark for 30 min, and measured UV absorbance at 520 nm microplate reader (DTX880, Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA). The scavenging activity was calculated using the following Equation (2): where A is a UV absorbance mixture without a sample solution, and B is a UV absorbance mixture with a sample solution. l-Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control. Dose response curve was plotted and IC 50 value was calculated by GraphPad Prism (version 2.01, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA, https//www.graphpad.com/scientific-software/prism/). All experiments were conducted in triplicate.

Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay
The ferric reducing antioxidant power of C. comosa extracts and purified compounds were evaluated using FRAP assay [23]. FRAP solution was freshly prepared by mixing 10 mL of 0.3 M acetate buffer pH 3.6, 1 mL of 10 mM 2,4,6 tripyridyl-S-triazine (TPTZ) solution in 40 mM HCl, and 1 mL of 20 mM ferric chloride. Then 20 µL of the sample was mixed with 180 µL of FRAP solution, incubated at room temperature in the dark for 5 min, and the UV absorbance was measured at 595 nm using a microplate reader (Beckman Coulter DTX880, Beckman Coulter Inc., Brea, CA, USA). The results were expressed as equivalent capacity (EC 1 ). l-Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control. All experiments were conducted in triplicate.

Anti-inflammatory Activity Determination
Anti-inflammatory activities of C. comosa extracts and purified compounds were investigated employing inhibitory activities against IL-6 and TNF-α secretion [24]. The mouse monocyte macrophage RAW 264.7 cells (ATCCTIB-71, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammatory processes. The cell incubated with LPS served as vehicle control, of which the secreted cytokines were defined as 100%, whereas non-treated RAW 264.7 cells served as a negative control. Dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory drug, was used as a positive control.
Briefly, 1 × 10 5 cells per well in DMEM were seeded and incubated for 24 h in a CO 2 incubator set at 37 • C and 5% CO 2 -95% air. Then 1 µL of C. comosa extracts or purified compounds was added. Following a 2-h incubation in a CO 2 incubator, LPS was added to make a final concentration of 1 µg/mL. After 24 h in a CO 2 incubator, the media were removed and centrifuged at 13,500× g for 10 min and ELISA analysed 100 µL of the supernatant according to the manufacturer's protocol (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). The optical density was measured at 450 nm and corrected with the reference wavelength of 570 nm using a multimode detector (Beckman Coulter DTX880).
RAW 264.7 cell viability was also determined simultaneously with the ELISA using MTT assay. The supernatant was removed, and MTT was added to the cells. After 2 h in a CO 2 incubator, the supernatant was removed, and the formazan crystals were dissolved with DMSO. The optical density was measured at 570 nm and corrected with the reference wavelength of 690 nm using a multimode detector (Beckman Coulter DTX880). IL-6 and TNF-α secretion inhibitions were calculated using the following Equation (3): where A is the optical density of the mixture without the sample, while B is the optical density of the mixture with the sample. Dexamethasone was used as a positive control. All experiments were conducted in triplicate.

RBC Haemolysis Induction
EDTA blood samples were collected from normal subjects. Post centrifugation, RBCs were collected and washed twice with 0.9% NaCl. For RBC hemolysis induction, 1 mL of 5% RBC suspension was then incubated with F-EtOAc, Compound 1, F-Hex, and Compound 2 at 37 • C water bath for

Statistical Analysis
Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) or the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) from triplicate samples of three independent experiments. The statistical differences between the means were determined using one-way ANOVA and student T-test. The differences were considered significant when the probability value obtained was found to be less than 0.05 (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
This study has identified two diarylheptanoids; both were active components in the ethyl acetate and hexane fractional extracts of C. comosa. Bioassays of diarylheptanoids against cancer cells confirmed their anti-leukaemic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Compound 1 is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent against both IL-6-and TNF-α-mediated inflammation. Additionally, compound 1 showed significant suppression of WT1 protein expression and leukaemic cell proliferation. WT1 protein was decreased in a time-and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, compound 1 could arrest cell cycle distribution at the S phase. These results suggest that compound 1 has a chemotherapeutic potential against human leukaemia, particularly acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML).

Supplementary Materials:
The following are available online. Figure S1: 1 H NMR spectrum of compound 1 in CDCl 3 , Figure S2: 13 C NMR spectrum of compound 1 in CDCl 3 , Figure S3: 1 H NMR spectrum of compound 2, Figure S4: 13