Coagulant Effects and Mechanism of Schefflera heptaphylla (L.) Frodin

Schefflera heptaphylla (L.) Frodin, are commonly used in anti-inflammatory, analgesic, traumatic bleeding and hemostasisas. In this paper, the coagulation effect of the ethanol extract (Set), ethyl acetate phase (Sea) and n-butanol phase (Sbu) was evaluated by prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and fibrinogen content (FIB) assays in vitro. Then, Three main lupanine triterpenes (compounds A–C) were isolated and identified from Sea and Sbu by a bioassay-guided method and their structure were identified as 3α-Hydroxy-lup-20(29)-ene-23, 28-dioic acid, betulinic acid 3-O-sulfate and 3α-Hydroxy-lup-20(29)-ene-23, 28-dioic acid 28-O-(α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→4)-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl(1→6))-β-d-glucopyranoside) by spectroscopic data analysis. Among of them, compound B was confirmed to have significant coagulant effect in vitro. Furthermore, the pro-coagulation mechanism of S. heptaphylla extracts and compound B were investigated by measuring whole blood viscosity (WBV), plasma viscosity (PV), erythrocyte sedimentetion rate (ESR), pack cell volume (PCV), APTT, PT, TT, and FIB in vivo. Meanwhile, the levels of thromboxane B2 (TXB2), 6-keto prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and (endothelin-1) ET-1 were detected. The bleeding time (BT) was tested by tail bleeding method, which proved the traumatic bleeding and hemostasis activities of S. heptaphylla. The pharmacology experiments showed that the Set, Sea, Sbu and compound B has significant pro-coagulation effect. In addition, compound B might be the main constituent of pro-coagulation in S. heptaphylla These results could support the fact that S. heptaphylla could be used traditionally to cure traumatic bleeding, and the pro-coagulation effects were associated with the regulation of vascular endothelium active substance and hemorheology parameters.

Molecules 2019, 24, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 13 As shown in Figure 2, Sea and Sbu could significantly shorten TT, PT, APTT (p < 0.01, p < 0.001), and significantly increase the content of FIB (p < 0.001) compared with the control group. However, these effects were not as obvious as compared with Yunnan abaaiyao (YNBY) (p > 0.05). The results showed that both of Sea and Sbu had significant pro-coagulant activity.

The Coagulation Effect of Compound A-C in vitro
In Figure 3, compound A could significantly prolong PT, APTT, TT (p < 0.001) and decrease the content of FIB (p < 0.001) compared with the control group, which indicated that compound A had anti-coagulation effect. However, compound B could significantly shorten PT, APTT, TT (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively) and increase the content of FIB (p < 0.001) compared with the control group. APTT, TT and FIB of compound B were better than that of YNBY (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). The results showed that compound B had significant coagulant activity.

The Coagulation Effect of Compound A-C in vitro
In Figure 3, compound A could significantly prolong PT, APTT, TT (p < 0.001) and decrease the content of FIB (p < 0.001) compared with the control group, which indicated that compound A had anti-coagulation effect. However, compound B could significantly shorten PT, APTT, TT (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively) and increase the content of FIB (p < 0.001) compared with the control group. APTT, TT and FIB of compound B were better than that of YNBY (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). The results showed that compound B had significant coagulant activity. As shown in Figure 2, Sea and Sbu could significantly shorten TT, PT, APTT (p < 0.01, p < 0.001), and significantly increase the content of FIB (p < 0.001) compared with the control group. However, these effects were not as obvious as compared with Yunnan abaaiyao (YNBY) (p > 0.05). The results showed that both of Sea and Sbu had significant pro-coagulant activity.

The Coagulation Effect of Compound A-C in vitro
In Figure 3, compound A could significantly prolong PT, APTT, TT (p < 0.001) and decrease the content of FIB (p < 0.001) compared with the control group, which indicated that compound A had anti-coagulation effect. However, compound B could significantly shorten PT, APTT, TT (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively) and increase the content of FIB (p < 0.001) compared with the control group. APTT, TT and FIB of compound B were better than that of YNBY (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). The results showed that compound B had significant coagulant activity.

Effects on Plasma Coagulation Parameters
In the model group, PT and FIB were significantly prolonged and decreased (p < 0.001 vs. control group), indicating that the heparin rats model was established successfully. In Figure 4. PT were shortened and the content of FIB was increased significantly in rats of the Set, Sea, Sbu groups compared with the model group (0.01 < p < 0.05 or 0.001 < p < 0.01). The effect of Sea on PT was even better than that of YNBY (0.01 < p < 0.001). Compound B (M, H) groups could short PT and increase the content of FIB effectively, the effect of compound B H was better than that of YNBY (0.01 < p < 0.001). Among the six groups (Set, Sea, Sbu, compound B (H, M, L), compound B H (0.16 g/kg) had the best pro-coagulant effect.
In the model group, PT and FIB were significantly prolonged and decreased (p < 0.001 vs. control group), indicating that the heparin rats model was established successfully. In Figure 4. PT were shortened and the content of FIB was increased significantly in rats of the Set, Sea, Sbu groups compared with the model group (0.01 < p < 0.05 or 0.001 < p < 0.01). The effect of Sea on PT was even better than that of YNBY (0.01 < p < 0.001). Compound B (M, H) groups could short PT and increase the content of FIB effectively, the effect of compound B H was better than that of YNBY (0.01 < p < 0.001). Among the six groups (Set, Sea, Sbu, compound B (H, M, L), compound B H (0.16 g/kg) had the best pro-coagulant effect.
Blood coagulation results from a series of proteolytic reactions involving the step-wise activation of coagulation factors I-XII. Subsets of these factors can be activated by two distinct pathways, the extrinsic and the intrinsic pathway [24,25]. The APTT is commonly used for determining the overall efficiency of the intrinsic coagulation pathway, while PT is the screening test for the extrinsic coagulation pathway [26,27]. FIB is synthesized by the liver and can be hydrolyzed by the clotting enzyme to form peptide A and peptide B, eventually form the insoluble fibrin to stop bleeding [28]. Our experiments showed that Sea, Sbu and compound B could significantly shorten TT, PT, APTT, and increase the content of FIB, which indicated that compound B may be the main pro-coagulant active ingredient and promotes coagulation through the extrinsic and the intrinsic pathway, and promoting fibrin formation.

Effects on Whole Blood Viscosity (WBV) and Plasma Viscosity (PV)
Hemorheology, used for diagnosis cardiovascular diseases in clinic, is related to blood flow and pressure, flow volume, and resistance of blood vessels, including WBV, PV, ESR and PCV [29][30][31]. In this paper, the hemorheology index were measured to study the mechanism of pro-coagulant effect of compound B in vivo. WBV and PV are closely related to ESR and PCV, which has been shown that PCV is the main factor influencing the plasma viscosity and there is a positive correlation between PCV and PV.
In Figure 5, WBV and PV in the model group were significantly increased at all shear rates in the blood stasis (p < 0.001 vs. control group), indicating that the heparin rats model was established successfully. Set, Sea, Sbu and compound B (H, M) groups could significantly increase WBV and PV at all shear rates (p < 0.001, 0.001 < p < 0.01, p < 0.05 vs. model group). WBV was significantly increased in the compound B M group, the effect is similar to the YNBY group at all shear rates (p > 0.05). The effect of compound B (H, M) on increasing PV was similar to YNBY at low shear rate (p > 0.05). Blood coagulation results from a series of proteolytic reactions involving the step-wise activation of coagulation factors I-XII. Subsets of these factors can be activated by two distinct pathways, the extrinsic and the intrinsic pathway [24,25]. The APTT is commonly used for determining the overall efficiency of the intrinsic coagulation pathway, while PT is the screening test for the extrinsic coagulation pathway [26,27]. FIB is synthesized by the liver and can be hydrolyzed by the clotting enzyme to form peptide A and peptide B, eventually form the insoluble fibrin to stop bleeding [28]. Our experiments showed that Sea, Sbu and compound B could significantly shorten TT, PT, APTT, and increase the content of FIB, which indicated that compound B may be the main pro-coagulant active ingredient and promotes coagulation through the extrinsic and the intrinsic pathway, and promoting fibrin formation.

Effects on Whole Blood Viscosity (WBV) and Plasma Viscosity (PV)
Hemorheology, used for diagnosis cardiovascular diseases in clinic, is related to blood flow and pressure, flow volume, and resistance of blood vessels, including WBV, PV, ESR and PCV [29][30][31]. In this paper, the hemorheology index were measured to study the mechanism of pro-coagulant effect of compound B in vivo. WBV and PV are closely related to ESR and PCV, which has been shown that PCV is the main factor influencing the plasma viscosity and there is a positive correlation between PCV and PV.
In Figure 5, WBV and PV in the model group were significantly increased at all shear rates in the blood stasis (p < 0.001 vs. control group), indicating that the heparin rats model was established successfully. Set, Sea, Sbu and compound B (H, M) groups could significantly increase WBV and PV at all shear rates (p < 0.001, 0.001 < p < 0.01, p < 0.05 vs. model group). WBV was significantly increased in the compound B M group, the effect is similar to the YNBY group at all shear rates (p > 0.05). The effect of compound B (H, M) on increasing PV was similar to YNBY at low shear rate (p > 0.05). Molecules 2019, 24, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 13

Effects of S. heptaphylla Extracts and Compound B on ESR and PCV
In Figure 6, ESR and PCV in the model group were significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.001, p < 0.05), which suggested that the heparin rats model was established successfully. Set, Sbu and compound B L groups had no significant difference compared with model group. In Sea, compound B M and compound B H groups, ESR (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p > 0.05, respectively) and PCV (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively) were significantly higher than that of the model group. The effects of compound B M were similar to YNBY.
The results showed that ESR and PCV of compound B (M, H) groups were significantly higher than that of the model group, meanwhile, compound B (H, M) groups could significantly increase WBV and PV compared with control group, which revealed that compound B had an pro-coagulant effect by regulating PCV and ESR. Figure 6. Effects of YNBY, Set, Sea, Sbu and compound B on ESR (a) and PCV (b) (n = 8, *** p < 0.001, 0.01 < * p < 0.05 vs. control group, ### p < 0.001, 0.001 < ## p < 0.01, # p < 0.05 vs. model group).

Effects of S. heptaphylla on Tail Bleeding Time
In order to explore the mechanism of compound B in promoting blood coagulation and hemostasis, the bleeding rat model was established by deep subcutaneous injection of heparin sodium salt (500 U/kg) to rats. The tail bleeding time of rats was the most vital parameter to evaluate the hemostatic activity of drugs. In Figure 7, the group of heparin (500 U/kg) significantly prolonged the bleeding time compared with control group (p < 0.001). YNBY (300 mg/kg) as a positive control could shorten bleeding time significantly (p < 0.001). Sea, compound B M and compound B H showed obvious influence on rat's bleeding time (p < 0.001). The hemostatic effect of compound B M group was the best, which is equivalent to that of YNBY. In our research, sea and compound B (M, H) could significantly shorten the bleeding time, which maybe get benefit from increasing the content of FIB.  Figure 6, ESR and PCV in the model group were significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.001, p < 0.05), which suggested that the heparin rats model was established successfully. Set, Sbu and compound B L groups had no significant difference compared with model group. In Sea, compound B M and compound B H groups, ESR (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p > 0.05, respectively) and PCV (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively) were significantly higher than that of the model group. The effects of compound B M were similar to YNBY.  Figure 6, ESR and PCV in the model group were significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.001, p < 0.05), which suggested that the heparin rats model was established successfully. Set, Sbu and compound B L groups had no significant difference compared with model group. In Sea, compound B M and compound B H groups, ESR (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p > 0.05, respectively) and PCV (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively) were significantly higher than that of the model group. The effects of compound B M were similar to YNBY.
The results showed that ESR and PCV of compound B (M, H) groups were significantly higher than that of the model group, meanwhile, compound B (H, M) groups could significantly increase WBV and PV compared with control group, which revealed that compound B had an pro-coagulant effect by regulating PCV and ESR.

Effects of S. heptaphylla on Tail Bleeding Time
In order to explore the mechanism of compound B in promoting blood coagulation and hemostasis, the bleeding rat model was established by deep subcutaneous injection of heparin sodium salt (500 U/kg) to rats. The tail bleeding time of rats was the most vital parameter to evaluate the hemostatic activity of drugs. In Figure 7, the group of heparin (500 U/kg) significantly prolonged the bleeding time compared with control group (p < 0.001). YNBY (300 mg/kg) as a positive control could shorten bleeding time significantly (p < 0.001). Sea, compound B M and compound B H showed obvious influence on rat's bleeding time (p < 0.001). The hemostatic effect of compound B M group was the best, which is equivalent to that of YNBY. In our research, sea and compound B (M, H) could significantly shorten the bleeding time, which maybe get benefit from increasing the content of FIB. The results showed that ESR and PCV of compound B (M, H) groups were significantly higher than that of the model group, meanwhile, compound B (H, M) groups could significantly increase WBV and PV compared with control group, which revealed that compound B had an pro-coagulant effect by regulating PCV and ESR.

Effects of S. heptaphylla on Tail Bleeding Time
In order to explore the mechanism of compound B in promoting blood coagulation and hemostasis, the bleeding rat model was established by deep subcutaneous injection of heparin sodium salt (500 U/kg) to rats. The tail bleeding time of rats was the most vital parameter to evaluate the hemostatic activity of drugs. In Figure 7, the group of heparin (500 U/kg) significantly prolonged the bleeding time compared with control group (p < 0.001). YNBY (300 mg/kg) as a positive control could shorten bleeding time significantly (p < 0.001). Sea, compound B M and compound B H showed obvious influence on rat's bleeding time (p < 0.001). The hemostatic effect of compound B M group was the best, which is equivalent to that of YNBY. In our research, sea and compound B (M, H) could significantly shorten the bleeding time, which maybe get benefit from increasing the content of FIB.

TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1α in Serum
Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is potent vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation [32,33], which could stimulate platelet deformation and aggregation and cause the contraction of vascular smooth muscle. Prostacyclin (PGI2) could effectively inhibit platelet aggregation and blood vessel expansion. TXB2 and 6-Keto-PGF1 , which are mutually antagonistic, are the stable metabolites of TXA2 and PGI2, respectively [34]. The dynamic balance of TXB2/6-Keto-PGF1 is important for the regulation of vessel wall intensity and regional flow. In Figure 8, the level of TXB2 in heparin model rats (80.22 ± 16.44 ng/L) was significantly lower than that of the control group (125.61 ± 29.25 ng/L) (p < 0.05), whereas the level of 6-keto-PGF1α in heparin model rats (62.57 ± 7.99 ng/L) was significantly higher than that of control group (33.43 ± 6.70 ng/L) (p < 0.001), which indicated that the heparin rats model was established successfully. Set, Sea, Sbu and compound B (H, M, L) could significantly increase the level of TXB2 and decrease the level of 6-keto-PGF1αin heparin model rats (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Meanwhile, Set, Sea, Sbu and compound B (H, M, L) could increase the ratio of TXB2/6-keto-PGF1αcompared with the model group (p < 0.001) and compound B H was better than that of YNBY group.
The results suggested that Set, Sea, Sbu and compound B (H, M, L) could significantly increase the level of TXB2 and decrease the level of 6-keto-PGF1αin heparin model rats. In addition, all the experimental groups could increase the ratio of TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α compared with the model group and compound B H group was even better than that of YNBY group. We speculated that the hemostasis and pro-coagulation effects of them maybe were associated with the regulation of TXA2 and PGI2.

TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF 1α in Serum
Thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ) is potent vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation [32,33], which could stimulate platelet deformation and aggregation and cause the contraction of vascular smooth muscle. Prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) could effectively inhibit platelet aggregation and blood vessel expansion. TXB 2 and 6-Keto-PGF 1α , which are mutually antagonistic, are the stable metabolites of TXA 2 and PGI 2 , respectively [34]. The dynamic balance of TXB 2 /6-Keto-PGF 1α is important for the regulation of vessel wall intensity and regional flow. In Figure 8, the level of TXB2 in heparin model rats (80.22 ± 16.44 ng/L) was significantly lower than that of the control group (125.61 ± 29.25 ng/L) (p < 0.05), whereas the level of 6-keto-PGF 1α in heparin model rats (62.57 ± 7.99 ng/L) was significantly higher than that of control group (33.43 ± 6.70 ng/L) (p < 0.001), which indicated that the heparin rats model was established successfully. Set, Sea, Sbu and compound B (H, M, L) could significantly increase the level of TXB 2 and decrease the level of 6-keto-PGF 1α in heparin model rats (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Meanwhile, Set, Sea, Sbu and compound B (H, M, L) could increase the ratio of TXB2/6-keto-PGF1αcompared with the model group (p < 0.001) and compound B H was better than that of YNBY group.

TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1α in Serum
Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is potent vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation [32,33], which could stimulate platelet deformation and aggregation and cause the contraction of vascular smooth muscle. Prostacyclin (PGI2) could effectively inhibit platelet aggregation and blood vessel expansion. TXB2 and 6-Keto-PGF1 , which are mutually antagonistic, are the stable metabolites of TXA2 and PGI2, respectively [34]. The dynamic balance of TXB2/6-Keto-PGF1 is important for the regulation of vessel wall intensity and regional flow. In Figure 8, the level of TXB2 in heparin model rats (80.22 ± 16.44 ng/L) was significantly lower than that of the control group (125.61 ± 29.25 ng/L) (p < 0.05), whereas the level of 6-keto-PGF1α in heparin model rats (62.57 ± 7.99 ng/L) was significantly higher than that of control group (33.43 ± 6.70 ng/L) (p < 0.001), which indicated that the heparin rats model was established successfully. Set, Sea, Sbu and compound B (H, M, L) could significantly increase the level of TXB2 and decrease the level of 6-keto-PGF1αin heparin model rats (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Meanwhile, Set, Sea, Sbu and compound B (H, M, L) could increase the ratio of TXB2/6-keto-PGF1αcompared with the model group (p < 0.001) and compound B H was better than that of YNBY group.
The results suggested that Set, Sea, Sbu and compound B (H, M, L) could significantly increase the level of TXB2 and decrease the level of 6-keto-PGF1αin heparin model rats. In addition, all the experimental groups could increase the ratio of TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α compared with the model group and compound B H group was even better than that of YNBY group. We speculated that the hemostasis and pro-coagulation effects of them maybe were associated with the regulation of TXA2 and PGI2. and compound B H group was even better than that of YNBY group. We speculated that the hemostasis and pro-coagulation effects of them maybe were associated with the regulation of TXA 2 and PGI 2 .

ET-1 and eNOS In Serum
In Figure 9, the level of ET-1 in heparin model rats (121.15 ± 17.38 µg/L) was lower than that of the control group (127.75 ± 8.65) (p > 0.05), whereas the level of eNOS in model rats (6.55 ± 0.92 U/L) was close to the control group (6.99 ± 1.18 U/L) (p > 0.05). The results showed that heparin had weaker effect on this the level of ET-1 and eNOS, so there was no significant difference between the model group and the control group. Set, Sea and compound B H could significantly up-regulate the level of ET-1 compared with model rats (p < 0.001, p < 0.05), and its effect was better than that of YNBY (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Set, Sea, Sbu and compound B (M, H) could significantly down-regulate the level of eNOS compared with the model group (p < 0.001), and the effect of Sbu and compound B H was better than that of YNBY (p < 0.001, p < 0.01). Among these groups, the effect of compound B M on up-regulating the level of ET-1 and down-regulate the level of eNOS was the best. Figure 8. 6-keto-PGF1α (a) and TXB2 (b) levels, and TXB2/6-keto-PGF1α (c) ratios in rats treated with YNBY, S. heptaphylla extracts and Compound B (n = 8, *** p < 0.001, * p < 0.05 vs. control group, ### p < 0.001, 0.001 < ## p < 0.01, # p < 0.05).
2.3.6. ET-1 and eNOS In Serum. In Figure 9, the level of ET-1 in heparin model rats (121.15 ± 17.38 μg/L) was lower than that of the control group (127.75 ± 8.65) (p > 0.05), whereas the level of eNOS in model rats (6.55 ± 0.92 U/L) was close to the control group (6.99 ± 1.18 U/L) (p > 0.05). The results showed that heparin had weaker effect on this the level of ET-1 and eNOS, so there was no significant difference between the model group and the control group. Set, Sea and compound B H could significantly up-regulate the level of ET-1 compared with model rats (p < 0.001, p < 0.05), and its effect was better than that of YNBY (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, p < 0.05). Set, Sea, Sbu and compound B (M, H) could significantly down-regulate the level of eNOS compared with the model group (p < 0.001), and the effect of Sbu and compound B H was better than that of YNBY (p < 0.001, p < 0.01). Among these groups, the effect of compound B M on up-regulating the level of ET-1 and down-regulate the level of eNOS was the best.
Our experimental results showed that Set, Sea and compound B H could significantly upregulate the level of ET-1, which was better than that of YNBY. Set, Sea, Sbu and compound B (M, H) could significantly down-regulate the level of eNOS, and the effect of Sbu. Compound B H was better than that of YNBY. Thus, we speculated that the leaves of S. heptaphylla promoted pro-coagulant action by regulating the leaves of eNOS and ET-1.

Animal
Male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rates (200-220 g) and rabbits (2-2.5 kg) were provided by the Experimental Animal Center of Henan Province (Zhengzhou, Henan, China), They were housed in cages unrestricted access to food and water with a constant temperature (ca.25 ± 1 • C) and humidity(ca.60 ± 2%) and with a 12 h light/dark cycle. The animal procedures were approved by the Ethical Committee in accordance with 'Institute ethical committee guidelines' for Animal Experimentation and Care (The study obtained ethical clearance from the Ethics Committee of College of Medical, Henan University (NO: 2018-36)). All animals were underwent 7 days' adaption, and before experiments, food was not given for 12 h and water was available at any time.

Extraction and Isolation
Dried leaves of (10 kg) were extracted by petroleum ether (50 L) for degreasing, 5 times, every time for 3 days, at room temperature. After the petroleum ether was volatilized, the residues were extracted three times with 75% (v/v) ethanol (50 L) at room temperature, every time for 3 days. The solution was evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain an ethanol extract (1.3 kg). The residue was suspended in distilled water and then extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH), respectively. The solutions were evaporated under reduced pressure to yield an EtOAc extract (800 g) and n-BuOH extract (1 kg).

Plasma Anticoagulation Assay In Vitro
Blood samples were drawn from the auricular veins of rabbits. After collection, the blood was decalcified by sodium citrate to prevent blood clotting, the serum was separated from the plasma by centrifugation at 3000 rpm at 5 • C for 15 min [41] to assay activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), thxrombin time (TT) and fibrinogen (FIB) in vitro.
PT and APTT assays APTT and PT were determined. In brief, 25 µL of samples were mixed with serum (50 µL) and APTT assay reagent (50 µL), incubated at 37 • C for 5 min, and then 25 mM CaCl 2 (100 µL) was added. The clotting times were recorded as APTT. For the PT assays, 25 µL of samples were mixed with serum (50 µL), incubated at 37 • C for 3 min. PT assay reagent (50 µL), incubated at 37 • C for 10 min, was added and clotting time was recorded.
TT and FIB assays Samples of (50 µL) was mixed with 200 µL of plasma, incubated for 3 min at 37 • C, then 200 µL of reagent of TT was added and the clotting time was recorded as TT. Samples of (100 µL) was mixed with plasma (200 µL), then buffer (700 µL) was added to obtain mixed solution incubated at 37 • C for 3 min, then 100 µL of all the enzyme solution was added and the content of FIB was recorded.
In the above tests, blank solvent was used as the blank control group and breviscapine, YNBY was used as the positive control group. PT, APTT, TT and FIB tests were measured by a Semi-Automated Coagulation Analyzer.

Biological Activity Assays In Vivo
Experimental model and drug administration Rats were randomly divided into nine groups with eight animals in each group, whose gender was equally distributed throughout groups. The control group: rats were given blank solvent at the same volume. The model group: rats were given blank solvent at the same volume. The YNBY group: rats were given 300 mg/kg YNBY. Groups 4-6 were model + extracts: rats were given Set (1 g/kg), Sea (1 g/kg) and Sbu (1 g/kg), respectively. Groups 7-9 were model + compound B (H, M, L): rats were given compound B (0.16 g/kg, 0.08 g/kg and 0.04 g/kg, respectively).
The control group rats were injected with 0.9% (w/v) NaCl saline solution, and all other group rats were injected subcutaneously with heparin (500 U/kg) 5 min after the last administration. Rats were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate (0.4 mL/100g) 50 min after the injection of heparin, and blood samples were collected after testing bleeding time.

Bleeding Time Assay
Bleeding time was measured after the injection of chloral hydrate immediately. The tail bleeding model was conducted based on the previous methods with slight modifications [42]. The tails of rats were transected with a sterile razor blade the site that 5 mm apart from the tip. The wound was gently wiped with filter paper every 30 s. The bleeding time was from the start of transection to bleeding cessation. The wound stopped bleeding after 30 s without bleeding. Stop counting bleeding if the bleeding time was more than 30 min.

Collection of Blood Samples
Rats were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate (0.4 mL/100 g) 50 min after the last injection of heparin, and blood was drawn from the abdominal aortas. Blood was collected by disposable vein infusion needles. 1 mL of blood sample was collected into centrifuge tube and centrifuged at 3000 r/min for 15 min to get serum, which was used for detection of eNOS, ET-1, 6-keto-PGF 1α , and TXB 2 . 2 mL of the blood sample was taken into plain tubes containing heparin for the detection of the blood viscosity parameters, including blood viscosity of low shear (BVL), blood viscosity of medium shear (BVM), blood viscosity of high shear (BVH) and PV. 3 mL of blood sample was collected into vacuum vasculature with the anticoagulant heparin sodium to measure the indexes of PT and TT. 2 mL of blood sample was kept into vacuum blood tube with the anticoagulant citrate sodium to detect the indexes of PCV and ESR.

Statistical Analysis
All the experimental data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS19.0. Comparison between any two groups was evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Conclusions
S. heptaphylla extracts and compound B possessed remarkable pro-coagulation properties in heparin model rats induced by subcutaneous injection of heparin. Compound B may be the main active ingredient of S. heptaphylla responsible for pro-coagulation, and we found that compound B (H, M) in doses of 160 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg could had effectively pro-coagulant effect in a heparin model rats. This property may be associated with its activation of blood flow, pro-coagulation activity, the regulation of active substances in vascular endothelium and regulation of the balance between TXA 2 and PGI 2 .

Conflicts of Interest:
There is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.