Investigation of 5’-Norcarbocyclic Nucleoside Analogues as Antiprotozoal and Antibacterial Agents

Carbocyclic nucleosides have long played a role in antiviral, antiparasitic, and antibacterial therapies. Recent results from our laboratories from two structurally related scaffolds have shown promising activity against both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and several parasitic strains. As a result, a small structure activity relationship study was designed to further probe their activity and potential. Their synthesis and the results of the subsequent biological activity are reported herein.


Introduction
Carbocyclic nucleoside analogues, compounds in which a methylene group replaces the oxygen atom in the furanose sugar moiety, have a distinguished history as anti-infectious agents, including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antiviral drugs abacavir, entecavir, and lobucavir, as well as the naturally occurring neplanocin and aristeromycin ( Figure 1) [1,2]. 5 -Norcarbocyclic nucleoside analogues were originally created as inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHase), a cellular enzyme involved in many biological methylations [3]. Recently it was reported that 5′-norcarbocyclic nucleoside analogues can serve as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) with Ki's of 5-19 µM for wild type and 1-55 µM for some mutant strains of HIV reverse transcriptase ( Figure  2) [4,5]. Other compounds from this group also proved to be potent inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values between 10 and 40 µg/mL and the multi-drug resistant (MDR) strain MS-115 with MIC values ranging from 5 to 20 µg/mL ( Figure 2) [6,7]. In both cases the 5′-norcarbocyclic nucleosides exhibited activity against resistant strains. More recently 5′-norcarbocyclic nucleoside analogues were screened against the major kinetoplastid pathogens Trypanosoma and Leishmania ( Figure 3) [8]. Among the tested compounds the most active proved to be 5-tetradecinyluracil possessing two 5'-norcarbocyclic moieties at the N1 and N3 positions of the pyrimidine base (1). Compound 1 exhibited equivalent activity against both pathogens with an EC50 of 8.0-11.9 µM, and was effective against resistant forms of these pathogens (both resistant to other pyrimidines and to first-line clinical drugs). This rendered it an interesting lead for further structural optimization. The strong correlation between the trypanocidal and antileishmanial activities indicated that this mechanism is likely shared between the two species. Recently it was reported that 5 -norcarbocyclic nucleoside analogues can serve as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) with Ki's of 5-19 µM for wild type and 1-55 µM for some mutant strains of HIV reverse transcriptase ( Figure 2) [4,5]. Other compounds from this group also proved to be potent inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values between 10 and 40 µg/mL and the multi-drug resistant (MDR) strain MS-115 with MIC values ranging from 5 to 20 µg/mL ( Figure 2) [6,7]. In both cases the 5 -norcarbocyclic nucleosides exhibited activity against resistant strains. Recently it was reported that 5′-norcarbocyclic nucleoside analogues can serve as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) with Ki's of 5-19 µM for wild type and 1-55 µM for some mutant strains of HIV reverse transcriptase ( Figure  2) [4,5]. Other compounds from this group also proved to be potent inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values between 10 and 40 µg/mL and the multi-drug resistant (MDR) strain MS-115 with MIC values ranging from 5 to 20 µg/mL ( Figure 2) [6,7]. In both cases the 5′-norcarbocyclic nucleosides exhibited activity against resistant strains. More recently 5′-norcarbocyclic nucleoside analogues were screened against the major kinetoplastid pathogens Trypanosoma and Leishmania ( Figure 3) [8]. Among the tested compounds the most active proved to be 5-tetradecinyluracil possessing two 5'-norcarbocyclic moieties at the N1 and N3 positions of the pyrimidine base (1). Compound 1 exhibited equivalent activity against both pathogens with an EC50 of 8.0-11.9 µM, and was effective against resistant forms of these pathogens (both resistant to other pyrimidines and to first-line clinical drugs). This rendered it an interesting lead for further structural optimization. The strong correlation between the trypanocidal and antileishmanial activities indicated that this mechanism is likely shared between the two species. More recently 5 -norcarbocyclic nucleoside analogues were screened against the major kinetoplastid pathogens Trypanosoma and Leishmania ( Figure 3) [8]. Among the tested compounds the most active proved to be 5-tetradecinyluracil possessing two 5'-norcarbocyclic moieties at the N1 and N3 positions of the pyrimidine base (1). Compound 1 exhibited equivalent activity against both pathogens with an EC 50 of 8.0-11.9 µM, and was effective against resistant forms of these pathogens (both resistant to other pyrimidines and to first-line clinical drugs). This rendered it an interesting lead for further structural optimization. The strong correlation between the trypanocidal and anti-leishmanial activities indicated that this mechanism is likely shared between the two species.

Chemistry
As a result of these observations, a series of 5'-norcarbocyclic uracil derivatives with various 5alkynyl or 5-arylalkynyl substituents ( Figure 3) were designed relative to the parent compound 1, in an effort to explore their potential biological activity and function. Conveniently, compound 12, the key intermediate for the target products synthesis (Scheme 1), was previously reported as side product [9]. As a result, we used the same method of synthesis, but enhanced an excess of epoxy-cyclopentene (3 mol eqv instead of 1.3) to improve the yield. Unlike many synthetic routes to realize carbocyclic nucleosides [10,11], the synthesis of the compounds was straightforward and followed a route previously reported from our group [7,9]. Products 1-11 were obtained as racemic mixtures, in good yields, but the presence of a large number of minor impurities in the reaction mixture forced us to consistently use two different chromatographic systems. All target compounds were verified for structural accuracy and purity using spectroscopic and analytical methods as described in the experimental section. Scheme 1. Synthesis of the target compounds.

Biological Evaluation
The results of the initial screening against T. brucei and Leishmania strains are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Against T. brucei, the highest activity was observed for compound 2 (R = decyl), with an EC50 of 3.1 +/−0.1 µM, followed by 7 and 8 (R = 4-tBu-phenyl and 4-pentylphenyl, EC50 of ~8 µM each), 3 and 4 (R = octyl and hexyl, EC50 of ~13 µM each) ( Table 1). It thus appears that long aliphatic R chains (C10, C12) have the best antitrypanosomal activity, with C8 and C6 still displaying EC50 values < 15 µM, whereas short or aromatic R chains (C2, C3, Ph) or polar substituents (in compounds 10, 11) displayed little or no activity at the highest concentration tested. In order to probe whether their mode of action depended on uracil metabolism, we tested the compounds in parallel against a pyrimidine auxotrophic cell line that is hypersensitized to pyrimidine antimetabolites such as 5-fluorouracil (5FU) (PYR6-5 -/-) [12] and against a 5FU-resistant strain (5FURes) [13]. Several of the

Chemistry
As a result of these observations, a series of 5'-norcarbocyclic uracil derivatives with various 5-alkynyl or 5-arylalkynyl substituents ( Figure 3) were designed relative to the parent compound 1, in an effort to explore their potential biological activity and function.
Conveniently, compound 12, the key intermediate for the target products synthesis (Scheme 1), was previously reported as side product [9]. As a result, we used the same method of synthesis, but enhanced an excess of epoxy-cyclopentene (3 mol eqv instead of 1.3) to improve the yield. Unlike many synthetic routes to realize carbocyclic nucleosides [10,11], the synthesis of the compounds was straightforward and followed a route previously reported from our group [7,9]. Products 1-11 were obtained as racemic mixtures, in good yields, but the presence of a large number of minor impurities in the reaction mixture forced us to consistently use two different chromatographic systems. All target compounds were verified for structural accuracy and purity using spectroscopic and analytical methods as described in the experimental section.

Chemistry
As a result of these observations, a series of 5'-norcarbocyclic uracil derivatives with various 5alkynyl or 5-arylalkynyl substituents ( Figure 3) were designed relative to the parent compound 1, in an effort to explore their potential biological activity and function. Conveniently, compound 12, the key intermediate for the target products synthesis (Scheme 1), was previously reported as side product [9]. As a result, we used the same method of synthesis, but enhanced an excess of epoxy-cyclopentene (3 mol eqv instead of 1.3) to improve the yield. Unlike many synthetic routes to realize carbocyclic nucleosides [10,11], the synthesis of the compounds was straightforward and followed a route previously reported from our group [7,9]. Products 1-11 were obtained as racemic mixtures, in good yields, but the presence of a large number of minor impurities in the reaction mixture forced us to consistently use two different chromatographic systems. All target compounds were verified for structural accuracy and purity using spectroscopic and analytical methods as described in the experimental section.

Biological Evaluation
The results of the initial screening against T. brucei and Leishmania strains are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Against T. brucei, the highest activity was observed for compound 2 (R = decyl), with an EC50 of 3.1 +/−0.1 µM, followed by 7 and 8 (R = 4-tBu-phenyl and 4-pentylphenyl, EC50 of ~8 µM each), 3 and 4 (R = octyl and hexyl, EC50 of ~13 µM each) ( Table 1). It thus appears that long aliphatic R chains (C10, C12) have the best antitrypanosomal activity, with C8 and C6 still displaying EC50 values < 15 µM, whereas short or aromatic R chains (C2, C3, Ph) or polar substituents (in compounds 10, 11) displayed little or no activity at the highest concentration tested. In order to probe whether their mode of action depended on uracil metabolism, we tested the compounds in parallel against a pyrimidine auxotrophic cell line that is hypersensitized to pyrimidine antimetabolites such as 5-fluorouracil (5FU) (PYR6-5 -/-) [12] and against a 5FU-resistant strain (5FURes) [13]. Several of the Scheme 1. Synthesis of the target compounds.

Biological Evaluation
The results of the initial screening against T. brucei and Leishmania strains are shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Against T. brucei, the highest activity was observed for compound 2 (R = decyl), with an EC 50 of 3.1 +/−0.1 µM, followed by 7 and 8 (R = 4-tBu-phenyl and 4-pentylphenyl, EC 50 of~8 µM each), 3 and 4 (R = octyl and hexyl, EC 50 of~13 µM each) ( Table 1). It thus appears that long aliphatic R chains (C 10 , C 12 ) have the best antitrypanosomal activity, with C 8 and C 6 still displaying EC 50 values < 15 µM, whereas short or aromatic R chains (C 2 , C 3 , Ph) or polar substituents (in compounds 10, 11) displayed little or no activity at the highest concentration tested. In order to probe whether their mode of action depended on uracil metabolism, we tested the compounds in parallel against a pyrimidine auxotrophic cell line that is hypersensitized to pyrimidine antimetabolites such as 5-fluorouracil (5FU) (PYR6-5 -/-) [12] and against a 5FU-resistant strain (5FURes) [13]. Several of the test compounds displayed a minor but significant reduction in trypanocidal activity against both of these strains (all <2-fold), whereas sensitization or resistance to 5FU was as much as 37.4-and 28.7-fold for the PYR6-5 -/and 5FURes strains, respectively. Similarly, some of the compounds displayed slightly higher EC 50 values against the multi-drug resistant strain B48 (<1.5-fold), which is insignificant compared to the 219-fold resistance to pentamidine. ND ND ND ND 6.5 µg/mL NE, no effect on cell viability at 100 µM. ND, not determined * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001, by Student's unpaired, two-tailed t-test. All numbers are average and SEM of at least three independent determinations. NE, no effect on cell viability at 100 µM. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001, by Student's unpaired, two-tailed t-test. All numbers are average and SEM of at least three independent determinations. ND, not determined.
The cytotoxicity of compounds 1-11 was estimated using the U-937 laboratory adapted monocytic cell line (Table 1). Nonoxynol-9 was also evaluated in parallel as a positive control and was toxic at the expected concentration. While compounds 1, 2, and 4 exhibited some promising selectivity, the toxicity of the remaining compounds was similar to or greater than their activity.
Most of the compounds displayed a moderate effect against L. mexicana promastigotes, in the range 10-30 µM. The same compounds that lacked activity against T. brucei were ineffective against L. mexicana, and also displayed the least activity against Trichomonas vaginalis. Compound 9 (R = hydroxymethyl) was much less active than 2-4, 7, and 8 against T. brucei and Trichomonas vaginalis, and did not show any antileishmanial activity at all. Compounds 5 (R = propyl), 6 (R = phenyl), 10 (R = trifluoroacetamidomethyl), and 11 (R = ethyloxycarbonylmethyl) were completely inactive against all strains.
The fact that short or polar R chains displayed poor activity may reflect a dependence on hydrophobic properties to cross the parasite plasma membrane. We note that all inactive compounds (5, 6, 9, 10, 11) have cLogP values below 2 whereas the active ones had cLogP values in the range 2.61-4.37 (ChemDraw Pro 10.0, CambridgeSoft, PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA).
As with T. brucei, there were significant but only minor (<2.2-fold) differences in EC 50 values between wild-type and a 5FU-resistant strain (Lmex5FURes), compared with a >400-fold resistance to 5FU. We propose that this compound class displays general anti-kinetoplastid activity that likely depends on passive diffusion and does not principally act on pyrimidine transport or metabolism. The activity is relatively specific in that none of the compounds displayed EC 50 values for T. vaginalis under 30 µM.
In order to determine the lead compound(s) prior to evaluation against the virulent strains of M. tuberculosis, all the 11 compounds were initially evaluated for inhibition of an attenuated strain of M. tuberculosis ATCC 25,177 (H37Ra), which is closely related to the virulent laboratory strain H37Rv (Table 3). Compounds 1-4, 7, and 8, displaying better effects against the attenuated strain, were selected for further screening against two virulent strains of M. tuberculosis, a laboratory strain M. tuberculosis H37Rv and a clinical strain M. tuberculosis MS-115 (Table 4) with multiple drug resistance. The antimycobacterial effect was studied by measuring the growth dynamics of strains of M. tuberculosis in the enriched medium Middlebrook 7H9 in the automated growth registration system BACTEC MGIT 960. Different concentrations of the compounds were compared to the growth of strains on media not containing preparations and media containing control preparations at critical concentrations (rifampicin 1 µg/mL, isoniazid 0.1 µg/mL, and levofloxacin 1.5 µg/mL). Each of the concentrations of the tested compounds as well as control samples were assayed in triplicate. In all positive samples, the culture of mycobacteria of the tuberculosis complex was confirmed to grow and there was no contamination with nonspecific microflora. When exposed to control preparations at critical concentrations, growth in the sensitive culture was not observed, and the growth parameters of the MDR strain, when incubated with isoniazid and rifampicin, did not differ from the control without the drug.
The antibacterial activity of the synthesized compounds was also evaluated against different other bacterial species, both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus NRS384, Mycobacterium smegmatis

Discussion
Infectious diseases could be said to be making a come-back, due to chronic under-investment in anti-infective drug development, reduced acceptance of vaccines, and the increasing spread and severity of drug resistance [14,15]. Most antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic drugs are decades old, and the continued lack of development threatens the treatability of many infectious diseases. Even when new therapies are proposed they are often developed from existing antimicrobial agents, e.g., new penicillins, new tetracyclines, diamidines, new minor groove binders etc. [16][17][18][19]. While such strategies can (temporarily) circumvent resistance, it was inherent to this approach that resistance to the class of compound was already widespread in the microbial populations targeted.
Here we report on the antimicrobial activities of a very novel class of compounds and test for reduced activity against pathogen strains with acquired resistance to important antibiotic and antiparasitic drugs. For T. b. brucei we utilized a panel of indicative strains for which EC 50 values were determined in parallel with the wild-type sensitive strain. The B48 line is highly resistant to many of the most potent trypanocides, including the diamidines (pentamidine, diminazene, furamidines) [20][21][22][23], melaminophenyl arsenicals (Melarsoprol, Cymelarsan) [20], and many nucleoside analogues [24,25], because of defects in the TbAT1/P2 and HAPT1/TbAQP2 drug transporters [26][27][28]. Indeed, drug resistance in protozoa is very often linked to transporter or other uptake defects [29][30][31]. The current series of test compounds did not display notably reduced effectiveness against this multi-drug resistant line. In fact, the observations that the most effective test compounds are also the most hydrophobic, and that drug uptake likely proceeds through passive diffusion, would seem an advantage in avoiding many cross-resistance mechanisms. We can also rule out that the test compounds, despite having uracil at their core, are taken up by uracil transporters as both the T. b. brucei and L. mexicana 5FURes strains display much-reduced uptake of uracil and 5FU [12] and the kinetoplastid uracil transporters are known not to accept substrates with large substitutions on their 5-position, even methyl [32,33]. As the uracil transporters are not essential to these parasites and are easily lost or diminished under drug pressure [12,13], this serves to further highlight the importance of uptake through passive diffusion for this compound series.
The pyrimidine auxotrophic cell line PYR6-5 is hypersensitive to pyrimidine antimetabolites because it is incapable of synthesizing its own pyrimidines, which would compete with the antimetabolite for the target enzyme(s) [13]. The lack of a clear difference in trypanocidal activity of the current test compounds against this strain and the wild-type control indicates that their mode of action is not any pyrimidine-dependent pathway but remains to be elucidated. None of the compounds displayed more than marginal activity against T. vaginalis, an unrelated protozoan parasite, or against a range of bacteria, showing that despite the probable cell entry by diffusion the cytotoxic affects were moderately species specific.
The current study builds on our recent work on 5'-norcarbocyclic uridine analogues, extending, in particular, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the analogues by adding a substantial chain to the 5-position of the pyrimidine ring. In addition, we extended the study to include antibacterial activities. In the previous study, compound 1 was the most active, and in the current study a modest improvement was observed with 2 being more than twice as potent against T. brucei. More importantly, it became clear that there was a minimum chain length when the chain is aliphatic, or more likely, a minimum LogP [34], which likely was enabling passive diffusion into the cell.
It appears that the actual type of side chain may not be important, but rather it may be its role in enabling the entry of the pharmacophore into the cell. Similarly, we have recently shown that by linking inhibitors of Trypanosome Alternative Oxidase (TAO) to lipophilic cations via a sufficiently long linker, this enabled better interactions with the target enzyme's binding site [35,36]. This correlates with the results seen with our earlier study [8] thus extending the SAR of the pharmacophore by coupling to a suitable, hydrophobic side chain at the 5-position is appropriate. Moreover, using the triple bond may serve to keep the flexible side chain suitably clear of the pharmacophore. Moreover, since the compounds do not appear to act on pyrimidine-binding enzymes, future SAR efforts will include alterations to the functional groups of the uracil moiety, as well as to identify the drug target through induction of resistance followed by whole-genome sequencing, metabolomics, and cellular assays. This will in turn inform further SAR studies.
We anticipated strong activity for this series as antimycobacterial agents, as we have previously shown for the other 5'-norcarbocyclic nucleosides [6,7]. Unfortunately, this particular group of compounds showed antimycobacterial activity only at a concentration that exerts a cytotoxic effect on eukaryotic cells. Efforts are underway to expand the work on the synthesis of new compounds, which may exhibit a higher inhibitory effect against mycobacteria and lower cytotoxicity. The results of those studies will be reported in due course as they become available.

General
The reactions were performed with the use of commercial reagents (Acros (Geel, Belgium), Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), and Fluka (Bucharest, Romania)),); anhydrous solvents were purified according to the standard procedures. Column chromatography was performed on Silica Gel 60 0.040-0.063 mm (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) columns. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was performed on Silica Gel 60 F 254 aluminum-backed plates (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Preparative layer chromatography (PLC) was performed on Silica Gel 60 F 254 glass-backed plates (Merck, Darmstadt,Germany). NMR spectra were registered on an AMX III-400 spectrometer (Bruker, Newark, Germany) with the working frequency of 400 MHz for 1 H NMR (Me 4 Si as an internal standard for organic solvents) and 100.6 MHz for 13 C NMR (with carbon-proton interaction decoupling).
High resolution mass spectra were measured on Bruker micrOTOF II instruments using electrospray ionization (ESI HRMS). The measurements were done in positive ion mode (interface capillary voltage 4500 V) in a mass range from m/z 50 to m/z 3000 Da; external or internal calibration was done with ESI Tuning Mix™ (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Nitrogen was applied as a dry gas (6 L/min); the interface temperature was set at 180 • C, nebulizer pressure: 0.4 Bar; flow rate: 3 µL/min. Samples were injected into the mass spectrometer chamber from the Agilent 1260 HPLC system equipped with Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (3.0 × 50 mm; 2,7 µm) and an identically packed security guard, using an autosampler. The samples were injected from acetonitrile (LC-MS grade) solution. The column temperature was 30 • C and 5 µL of the sample solution was injected. The column was eluted in a gradient of concentrations of A (acetonitrile) in B (water) with the flow rate of 400 µL/min in the following gradient parameters: 0-15% A for 6.0 min, 15-85% A for 1.5 min, 85-0% A for 0.1 min, 0% A for 2.4 min.

Leishmania mexicana
Promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana strain MNY/BZ/62/M379 was cultured in a minimal essential medium, HO-MEMO-MEME, supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% of a penicillin/streptomycin solution (Gibco) as described previously [39] at 25 • C. The L. mexicana 5FURes strain was the same strain but adapted in vitro to high levels of 5FU exactly as described for T. brucei [12].

Trichomonas vaginalis
The standard metronidazole-susceptible T. vaginalis strain G3was originally obtained from Jeremy Mottram (University of York, UK) and cultured in a modification of Diamond s medium supplemented with 10% horse serum with a composition as described [40] at 37 • C under anaerobic conditions. Cultures were passaged daily.

Trypanosoma brucei
EC 50 values were determined using our standardized resazurin assay [41], based on the reduction of blue, non-fluorescent resazurin sodium salt (Sigma) to pink, fluorescent resorufin [42]. Briefly, the assay was performed in 96-well plates with 11 doubling dilutions of the test compounds, starting at 100 µM. To each well 2 × 10 4 bloodstream form trypanosomes were added, and the plates were incubated 48 h at 37 • C/5% CO 2 at which point 20 µL of resazurin solution was added and the plates incubated for another 24 h. Fluorescence was read on a FLUOstar Optima (BMG Labtech plate reader and the data fitted to a sigmoid curve with variable slope using Prism 6.0 GraphPad, San Diego, CA, USA).

Leishmania mexicana
The resazurin assay for L. mexicana promastigotes was performed exactly as for T. b. brucei, except that incubation times of 72 and 48 h were used before and after the addition of resazurin, respectively, due to the slower metabolism of the dye by Leishmania promastigotes [42].

Trichomonas vaginalis
Drugs were tested on T. vaginalis using a resorufin-based assay that we developed [40,43]. The assay is based on the principle that live T. vaginalis trophozoites are, almost uniquely, able to reduce fluorescent, pink resorufin to non-fluorescent, colorless dihydro-resorufin. This conversion was measured as a dose-dependent increase in fluorescence (with dead cells unable to metabolize the fluorophore; λ exc 544 nm, λ em 599 nm), resulting in a sigmoid curve with variable slope that yielded EC 50 values (Prism 6.0). Plates contained 11 doubling dilutions (1 row) and no-drug control for each compound starting at 100 µM under anaerobic conditions as described [40,43]. Fluorescence was determined in a PheraStar plate reader (BMG Labtech).

Bacterial Strains
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATCC 25,177, Mycobacterium bovis ATCC 35,737, Mycobacerium smegmatis ATCC 700,084, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27,853, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25,922 strains used in these studies were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Staphylococcus aureus strain NRS384 was obtained from BEI Resources. The bacteria were propagated as recommended by the supplier. The virulent laboratory strain of an M. tuberculosis H37Rv susceptible to anti-TB drugs and a clinical MDR strain MS-115 were used. The MDR strain is resistant toward five anti-TB drugs of the first line: rifampicin, isoniazid, streptomycin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Single cells suspension of Mycobacteria at the same growth phase was normalized by CFU [42]. The enriched Dubois medium (Difco, Detroit, MI, USA) was used.

Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration Against M. tuberculosis ATCC 25,177
The susceptibility of M. tuberculosis ATCC 25,177 to the test compounds was evaluated by determining the MIC of each compound using a micro-broth dilution analysis. A standardized inoculum was prepared by direct suspension of bacteria from a Lowenstein-Jensen slant to Middlebrook 7H9 broth with ADC (albumin, dextrose, catalase) enrichment. The broth culture was incubated for 26 days at 37 • C. Following the incubation, the culture was vortexed for approximately 1 min with 1.0 mm glass beads (enough to cover the bottom of the tube) resulting in an OD595 of 0.18 and then further diluted 1:20 to yield 5 × 106 CFU/mL. A total of 100 µL was added to triplicate wells of a 96-well plate containing 100 µL of test compound serially diluted 2-fold in the appropriate broth. This dilution scheme yielded final concentrations of the bacteria estimated to be 2.5 × 106 CFU/mL. The plates were incubated for 7 days at 37 • C at which time 30 µL of resazurin solution at 0.01% was added to each well and the cultures were incubated for an additional 24 h at 37 • C. Following the incubation, the plates were visually scored +/− for color change from blue (no growth) to pink (growth). The MIC for each compound was determined as the lowest compound dilution that completely inhibited microbial growth.

Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration Against M. bovis ATCC 35,737
The susceptibility of M. bovis ATCC 35,737 to the test compounds was evaluated by determining the MIC of each compound using a micro-broth dilution. A standardized inoculum was prepared by direct suspension of bacteria from a Lowenstein-Jensen slant to Middlebrook 7H9 broth with ADC (albumin, dextrose, catalase) enrichment and 40 mM sodium pyruvate. The broth culture was incubated for 23 days at 37 • C. Following the incubation, the culture was vortexed for 1 min with 1.0. mm glass beads (enough to cover the bottom of the tube) as above, resulting in an OD 595 of 0.203 which was further diluted 1:10 to yield 3 × 10 7 CFU/mL. A total of 100 µL was added in triplicate wells of a 96-well plate containing 100 µL of test compound serially diluted 2-fold in the appropriate broth. This dilution scheme yielded final concentrations of the bacteria estimated to be 1.5 × 10 7 CFU/mL. The plates were incubated for 5 days at 37 • C at which time 30 µL of a 0.01% resazurin solution was added to each well. The cultures were incubated for an additional 4 days at 37 • C at which time the plates were visually scored +/− for color change from blue (no growth) to pink (growth). The MIC for each compound was determined as the lowest compound dilution that completely inhibited microbial growth.

Antituberculosis Tests with Virulent Strains of M. tuberculosis
The automated BACTEC MGIT 960 system (BD, city state abbreviation, Westfield, MA, USA) was used [44]. Tested compounds were dissolved in DMSO at a concentration of 40 mg/mL (stock solutions). Water and Twin-80 were added to the stock solutions to provide DMSO/Twin-80/H2O (5:0.5:4.5, v/v/v). The concentration of mycobacterial cells was 106 CFU/mL. Each sample including the control samples lacking the tested compound were studied in triplicate. The antibacterial activity was evaluated with the TB Exist software [45]. The method is based on comparison of the bacterial growth in the samples, containing the tested compounds, and the control samples diluted 100 times if compared with the initially inoculated culture. The culture is susceptible (that is, the compound is active) if the optical density of the control sample is 400 GU (growth units) and that of the tested sample is less than 100 GU. In addition, using the absolute concentrations method a delay in the bacterial growth of the tested sample was measured in comparison with the control samples, which reflected a negative effect of the tested compounds at the concentrations lower than MIC on the bacterial viability. The measurements were carried out automatically every 1 h and registered with the Epicenter Software (BD, city state abbreviation, Westfield, MA, USA).

U-937 Cells
The U-937 cells used in the cytotoxicity evaluation were obtained from the AIDS Research and Reference Program. The cells were cultured as indicated by the supplier in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% heat inactivated FBS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin solution, and 1% l-glutamine.

Evaluation of U-937 Cytotoxicity
U-937 cells plated at 2.5 × 10 3 cells/well in a volume of 100 µL were incubated with serially diluted test compounds in a volume of 100 µL for 6 days at 37 • C/5% CO 2 . Following the incubation, the cells were stained by adding 50 µL tetrazolium dye XTT (Sigma) solution at 5 mg/mL to determine cellular viability and read at 460/650 nm on a spectrophotometer. Toxicity values were calculated using linear regression analysis.

Conclusions
This second generation series of compounds displayed moderate activity against kinetoplastid parasites but at best, only marginal activity against Trichomonas vaginalis and bacteria. The alkyne containing sidechain from the 5-position of the pyrimidine ring is most likely required for uptake via passive diffusion. Further optimization should be possible through exploration of the SAR of the pyrimidine pharmacophore and the identification of the cellular target. Additional studies will be underway soon and the results of those reported elsewhere as they become available.