Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Novel Pyrazoles and Pyrazolyl 1,3,4-Thiadiazine Derivatives

A novel series of pyrazolyl 1,3,4-thiadiazines 5a–c, 8a–c, 12, 15a–c, 17a–c, and 20 was prepared from the reaction of pyrazole-1-carbothiohydrazide 1a,b with 2-oxo-N′-arylpropanehydrazonoyl chloride, 2-chloro-2-(2-arylhydrazono)acetate, and 3-bromoacetylcoumarin. Moreover, the regioselective reaction of 5-pyrazolone-1-carbothiohydrazide 1a with 4-substituted diazonium salts and 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde gave the corresponding hydrazones 21a–c and 22. The newly prepared compounds were characterized by spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Many new synthesized compounds showed considerable antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms. Hydrazones 21a–c and 22 showed remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activities. 4-(2-(p-tolyl)hydrazineylidene)-pyrazole-1-carbothiohydrazide 21a displayed the highest antibacterial and antifungal activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values lower than standard drugs chloramphenicol and clotrimazole, in the range of 62.5–125 and 2.9–7.8 µg/mL, respectively.


Introduction
Recently, the incidence of microbial infections had been increased dramatically because of the misuse of antibiotics has caused the pathogens to become resistant to them and which has led to serious health hazards [1]. The rate of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is higher than the rate of development of new classes of antibiotics [2] so the design and synthesis of new compounds have potential antimicrobial activity are very important issue. Pyrazole derivatives have great attention due to their interesting biological and pharmaceutical activities such as antidepressant [3], antioxidant [4], anti-inflammatory [5], anticancer [6], antimicrobial [7][8][9], antiviral [10,11], anticonvulsant [12], and insecticidal activities [13]. In addition, the natural pyrazole C-glycoside, pyrazofurin (4-hydroxy-3β-D-dribofuranosyl-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide) has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial, antiviral, and antitumor activities [14]. It is well known that pyrazoles possess significant antibacterial activity. There are many antibiotic drugs containing pyrazole moiety such as Sulfaphenazole and PNU172576 ( Figure 1).

Chemistry
My strategy to synthesize a new heterocyclic compounds involved the use of pyrazole-1carbothiohydrazide 1a,b that contains a number of chemically distinct functionalities, which can be reacted with different hydrazonyl chlorides, α-haloketones, diazonium salts, and aldehydes to a library of molecular diverse compounds (Schemes 1-4). As illustrated in Scheme 1, 3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothiohydrazide 1a was prepared in a very good yield by reaction of equimolar amount of ethyl acetoacetate with thiocarbohydrazide in ethanol containing a catalytic amount of HCl at reflux temperature. Treatment with a mixture of thiocarbohydrazide in (HCl, 0.05 M) with acetyl acetone at RT for 1.5 h afforded 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothiohydrazide 1b [24]. The molecular structure of compounds 1a was confirmed by elemental analyses and spectroscopic methods. The infrared spectrum of 1a showed a characteristic bands at 3292, 3250, 3182, and 1685 cm −1 due to NH, NH 2 , and C=O functions, respectively. 1 H-NMR revealed two singlet peaks at 2.02 and 3.28 ppm due to the CH 3 and CH 2 , respectively. Also, molecular weight determination (MS) of 1a showed the molecular ion peaks at m/z 172.
The structure of the compounds 5, 8, and 12 was confirmed by elemental analyses and spectroscopic methods. The IR spectrum of thiadiazinyl pyrazolone 5c, as a representative example, revealed the lack of an NH 2 absorption peak at 3292 and 3250 cm −1 and appearance of an absorption peak at 3149 cm −1 owing to the NH group. The 1 H-NMR spectrum of 5c exhibited new signals at δ 1.41, 7.33, and 7.37 ppm assigned to methyl and aromatic protons, in addition, the D 2 O exchangeable signal at δ 11.57 ppm due to cyclic NH. Its 13 C-NMR spectrum of 5c revealed the lack of C=S signal at 180 ppm and appearance 12 carbon signals. Moreover, the mass spectra of compounds 5a-c gave molecular ion peaks at m/z 314, 328, and 348, respectively. This clearly indicates the carbothiohydrazide moiety was involved in cyclization reaction with hydrazonyl chlorides 2a-c to give thiadiazine. The structure of the compounds 5, 8, and 12 was confirmed by elemental analyses and spectroscopic methods. The IR spectrum of thiadiazinyl pyrazolone 5c, as a representative example, revealed the lack of an NH2 absorption peak at 3292 and 3250 cm −1 and appearance of an absorption peak at 3149 cm −1 owing to the NH group. The 1 H-NMR spectrum of 5c exhibited new signals at δ 1.41, 7.33, and 7.37 ppm assigned to methyl and aromatic protons, in addition, the D2O exchangeable signal at δ 11.57 ppm due to cyclic NH. Its 13 C-NMR spectrum of 5c revealed the lack of C=S signal at 180 ppm and appearance 12 carbon signals. Moreover, the mass spectra of compounds 5a-c gave molecular ion peaks at m/z 314, 328, and 348, respectively. This clearly indicates the carbothiohydrazide moiety was involved in cyclization reaction with hydrazonyl chlorides 2a-c to give thiadiazine. In a similar way, 6-(aryldiazenyl)-4H-1,3,4-thiadiazines 15a-c, 6-(aryldiazenyl)-4H-1,3,4-thiadiazin-5(6H)-ones 17a-c, and 5-aryl-4H-1,3,4-thiadiazines 20 were synthesized in very good yields from the reaction of pyrazole-1-carbothiohydrazide 1b with hydrazonyl cholrides 2a-c, 6a-c, and α-haloketone 9, respectively, under similar reaction condition as described before (Scheme 3). Compound 20 was previously synthesized from a one pot reaction of 3-(2-bromoacetyl)-2Hchromen-2-ones, thiocarbohydrazide, and pentane-2,4-dione [25]. The IR spectrum of 17b revealed the lack of NH2 band present in the IR spectra of starting pyrazole 1b and the appearance of new absorption bands at 3176 and 1680 cm −1 corresponding to NH and CO functional groups, respectively. Likewise, the 1 H-NMR spectra showed a new singlet signal at δ 3.11 ppm due to H-6 of thiadiazine, two doublet signals at δ 7.13, 7.25 ppm integrated for four protons of 4-disubstitued benzene ring, and D2O-exchangeable signals at 11.23 ppm due to NH. Its 13 C-NMR spectrum did not Scheme 2. Synthesis of compounds 5a-c, 8a-c, and 12.
Molecules 2018, 23, x 4 of 12 exhibit the C=S signal at 180 ppm which observed in the starting material, but instead displayed 13 carbon signals. The mass spectra of 17a-c showed molecular ion peaks at m/z 314, 328, and 348, respectively, which were in an accord with the calculated masses (c.f. experimental section). The coupling reaction of 1a with 4-substituted arenediazonium chloride was performed in ethanol containing sodium acetate at 0-5 °C to give the corresponding hydrazones 21a-c. Also, the reaction of 1a with 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde in ethanol containing few drops of HCl gave N′- (4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene) . The 1 H-NMR spectra of 21a-c showed lack the singlet signal due to CH2 (C-4 of pyrazolone) and showed an aromatic multiplets in the region 7. 22-7.84 ppm. In addition, new D2O-exchangeable signals appeared in the region 11.74-12.24 ppm. These data support the successful coupling C-4 of pyrazolone with 4-substituted arenediazonium chloride. The IR spectrum of hydrazone 22 did not show an NH2 band. The 1 H-NMR spectrum of 22 showed a new singlet signal at 9.65 ppm due to the azamethine proton (N=CH) and an aromatic multiplets at 6.80 and 7.91 ppm. Also, the mass spectra of 21a-c and 22 are in an agreement with the calculated masses. The coupling reaction of 1a with 4-substituted arenediazonium chloride was performed in ethanol containing sodium acetate at 0-5 • C to give the corresponding hydrazones 21a-c. Also, the reaction of 1a with 4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde in ethanol containing few drops of HCl gave N -(4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene)-3-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothiohydrazide 22 (Scheme 4). The 1 H-NMR spectra of 21a-c showed lack the singlet signal due to CH 2 (C-4 of pyrazolone) and showed an aromatic multiplets in the region 7. 22-7.84 ppm. In addition, new D 2 O-exchangeable signals appeared in the region 11.74-12.24 ppm. These data support the successful coupling C-4 of pyrazolone with 4-substituted arenediazonium chloride. The IR spectrum of hydrazone 22 did not show an NH 2 band. The 1 H-NMR spectrum of 22 showed a new singlet signal at 9.65 ppm due to the azamethine proton (N=CH) and an aromatic multiplets at 6.80 and 7.91 ppm. Also, the mass spectra of 21a-c and 22 are in an agreement with the calculated masses.

Antimicrobial Activity
In vitro antimicrobial screening of the newly synthesized compounds was carried out by the agar diffusion method using cultures of two fungal strains (Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404), as well as four bacteria strains, two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Bacillus subtilus (ATCC 6051), and two Gram negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). The standard antibiotic Chloramphenicol and Antifungal Clotrimazole was used as controls to evaluate the potency of the compounds being studied under the same conditions.
As shown in Table 1 compounds 5b, 8a, 12, and 17a were found to be inactive against all microorganisms while compounds 5a, 5c, 8c, 15a, 15b, 15c, 17b, 17c, and 20 exhibited low activity against some microorganisms only and inactive against others. Compounds 8b showed good activities against fungi and Gram positive bacteria. Compound 22 displayed good activities against all microorganisms except Candida albicans did not show any activity. Compounds 21a-c displayed a broad spectrum activity against all microorganisms. Compound 21c showed the highest activity against Candida albicans with inhibition zones of 25 mm while compound 21a showed the highest activity against other strains, e.g., Aspergillus niger, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli with inhibition zones 35, 22, 30, 20, and 27 mm, respectively. The variation in the effectiveness of different compounds against microorganism depends on either the impermeability of the cells of the microbes or on differences in the ribosomes of microbial cells [26]. It may be concluded that the antimicrobial activity of the compounds is related to the cell wall structure of the bacterium as well as the structure of the pyrazole derivatives itself. It is possible because the cell wall is essential to the survival of bacteria and some antibiotics are able to kill bacteria by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan. Gram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids, but in contrast, Gram negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surround by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. These differences in cell wall structure can produce differences in antibacterial susceptibility and some antibiotics can kill only Gram-positive bacteria and are ineffective against Gram-negative pathogens [27].
On the other hand, it is obvious that compounds 21a > 21b > 21c exhibited potent inhibition activity owing to its characteristic skeleton that containing free carbothiohydrazide moiety that confer its softness, six donating N atoms, and planar 4-substituted phenyl group compared with the other pyrazolyl 1,3,4-thiadiazine derivatives.
The compounds which showed greater antibacterial and antifungal activities were further assayed for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the values are listed in Table 2. MIC is the

Antimicrobial Activity
In vitro antimicrobial screening of the newly synthesized compounds was carried out by the agar diffusion method using cultures of two fungal strains (Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404), as well as four bacteria strains, two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Bacillus subtilus (ATCC 6051), and two Gram negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). The standard antibiotic Chloramphenicol and Antifungal Clotrimazole was used as controls to evaluate the potency of the compounds being studied under the same conditions.
As shown in Table 1 compounds 5b, 8a, 12, and 17a were found to be inactive against all microorganisms while compounds 5a, 5c, 8c, 15a, 15b, 15c, 17b, 17c, and 20 exhibited low activity against some microorganisms only and inactive against others. Compounds 8b showed good activities against fungi and Gram positive bacteria. Compound 22 displayed good activities against all microorganisms except Candida albicans did not show any activity. Compounds 21a-c displayed a broad spectrum activity against all microorganisms. Compound 21c showed the highest activity against Candida albicans with inhibition zones of 25 mm while compound 21a showed the highest activity against other strains, e.g., Aspergillus niger, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli with inhibition zones 35, 22, 30, 20, and 27 mm, respectively. The variation in the effectiveness of different compounds against microorganism depends on either the impermeability of the cells of the microbes or on differences in the ribosomes of microbial cells [26]. It may be concluded that the antimicrobial activity of the compounds is related to the cell wall structure of the bacterium as well as the structure of the pyrazole derivatives itself. It is possible because the cell wall is essential to the survival of bacteria and some antibiotics are able to kill bacteria by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan. Gram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids, but in contrast, Gram negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surround by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. These differences in cell wall structure can produce differences in antibacterial susceptibility and some antibiotics can kill only Gram-positive bacteria and are ineffective against Gram-negative pathogens [27].
On the other hand, it is obvious that compounds 21a > 21b > 21c exhibited potent inhibition activity owing to its characteristic skeleton that containing free carbothiohydrazide moiety that confer its softness, six donating N atoms, and planar 4-substituted phenyl group compared with the other pyrazolyl 1,3,4-thiadiazine derivatives.
The compounds which showed greater antibacterial and antifungal activities were further assayed for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and the values are listed in Table 2. MIC is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism. Compounds 21a displayed low MIC value on Aspergillus niger, Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae than standard drug Clotrimazole and Chloramphenicol and showed MIC value on Candida albicans and Escherichia coli equal to standard drugs. The MIC value of compound 21b against Aspergillus niger, B. subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was equal to standard drugs Clotrimazole and Chloramphenicol. Moreover, Compound 21c showed a MIC value on Aspergillus niger Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli equal to the standard drugs. The structure-activity relationship revealed that compounds with pyrazole-1-carbothiohydrazide unit 21a, 21b, 21c, and 22 showed higher activity than compounds have pyrazolyl thiadiazine unit. Further, the presence of free carbothiohydrazide moiety increases the activity of 21a-c and the presence of electron donating substituents at the aromatic ring increased the activity of 21a.

General Information
All melting points were determined on a digital Gallen-Kamp MFB-595 instrument (Gallenkamp, London, UK) using open capillary tubes and are uncorrected. IR spectra were recorded on a Schimadzu FTIR 440 spectrometer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) using KBr pellets. Mass spectra were performed at 70 eV on an MS-50 Kratos (A.E.I.) spectrometer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) provided with a data system. 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker model (500 MHz) Ultra Shield NMR spectrometer (Bruker, Coventry, UK) in CDCl 3 or DMSO-d 6 using tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal standard; chemical shifts are reported as δ ppm units. Solvents were dried by standard techniques. The monitoring of the progress of all reactions and homogeneity of the synthesized compounds was carried out and was run using thin layer chromatography (TLC) aluminum sheets silica gel 60 F 254 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Compound 1b was prepared previously by Alekseev et al. [24].

Conclusions
A novel series of pyrazole and pyrazolone derivatives was synthesized, in good yields, starting from pyrazole-1-carbothiohydrazide 1a,b. A number of prepared compounds showed moderate to good antimicrobial activities. Hydrazones 21a-c showed significant antimicrobial activities with MIC values equal to or lower than standard drugs chloramphenicol and clotrimazole. It is clearly that the presence of free carbothiohydrazide moiety increases antimicrobial activity.