Mahimbrine A, a Novel Isoquinoline Alkaloid Bearing a Benzotropolone Moiety from Mahonia imbricata

A novel isoquinoline alkaloid, mahimbrine A, possessing a rare benzotropolone framing scaffold, was isolated from the endemic plant of Mahonia imbricata. Its structure was established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. A plausible biosynthetic route of mahimbrine A was proposed. Mahimbrine A showed no antimicrobial activity at the concentration of 1 mg/mL.


Introduction
Mahonia imbricata Ying et Boufford, as one of the endemics of seed plants in China, is a perennial shrub of the family Berberidaceae, distributed only in Guizhou and Yunan provinces of Southwest China [1]. Plants of the genus Mahonia have long been used as a traditional medicine to treat tuberculosis, periodontitis, dysentery, pharyngolaryngitis, eczema, and wounds [2]. Previous chemical investigations on this genus have involved a series of chemical constituents. Among these constituents, alkaloids are principal constituents of the genus Mahonia [3][4][5]. As part of an ongoing research program to isolate and determine structures of secondary metabolites from medicinal endemic plants of southwestern China [6,7], we performed a phytochemical study on M. imbricate. As a result, a novel isoquinoline alkaloid, possessing a rare benzotropolone substituent, was isolated ( Figure 1). Its structure was established by means of spectroscopic analysis including one-and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, the hypothetical biosynthetic route was proposed. Mahimbrine A was tested against four gram-positive bacterial strains and four gram-negative bacteria.

Introduction
Mahonia imbricata Ying et Boufford, as one of the endemics of seed plants in China, is a perennial shrub of the family Berberidaceae, distributed only in Guizhou and Yunan provinces of Southwest China [1]. Plants of the genus Mahonia have long been used as a traditional medicine to treat tuberculosis, periodontitis, dysentery, pharyngolaryngitis, eczema, and wounds [2]. Previous chemical investigations on this genus have involved a series of chemical constituents. Among these constituents, alkaloids are principal constituents of the genus Mahonia [3][4][5]. As part of an ongoing research program to isolate and determine structures of secondary metabolites from medicinal endemic plants of southwestern China [6,7], we performed a phytochemical study on M. imbricate. As a result, a novel isoquinoline alkaloid, possessing a rare benzotropolone substituent, was isolated ( Figure 1). Its structure was established by means of spectroscopic analysis including one-and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, the hypothetical biosynthetic route was proposed. Mahimbrine A was tested against four gram-positive bacterial strains and four gram-negative bacteria.   The obvious HMBC correlations ( Figure 2) from H-3 to C-1, C-4a, H-4 to C-5, C-4a, C-8a, H-5 to C-4, C-7, C-8a, H-8 to C-1, C-4a, C-6, OCH 3 to C-6 and OCH 3 to C-7 evidenced the presence of a dihydroisoquinoline unit with two methoxyl groups located at C-6 and C-7, respectively. The HMBC correlations of H-9 to C-7 (δ C 188.4), C-4 a, H-8 to C-6 , C-9 a (δ C 131.5), and H-6 to C-4 a (δ C 129.2), C-8 a, established the presence of a tropolone moiety, which was further verified by the vicinal coupling constants of H-8 /H-9 (J = 13.0 Hz) [9]. Moreover, the HMBC correlations of H-9 to C-1 , C-4 a, H-4 to C-2 , C-5 , C-9 a confirmed the tropolone moiety and 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted phenyl ring moiety connected via a bridged bond at C-4 a and C-9 a. Similarly, two methoxyl groups at C-1 and C-2 were also assigned. The HMBC correlations of H-6 to C-1, C-4 a and H-4 to C-5 indicated that the dihydroisoquinoline unit and benzotropolone unit were connected to each other by C-1 and C-5 . Thus, the final structure of this compound was determined and named mahimbrine A. phenyl ring moiety connected via a bridged bond at C-4′a and C-9′a. Similarly, two methoxyl groups at C-1′ and C-2′ were also assigned. The HMBC correlations of H-6′ to C-1, C-4′a and H-4′ to C-5 indicated that the dihydroisoquinoline unit and benzotropolone unit were connected to each other by C-1 and C-5′. Thus, the final structure of this compound was determined and named mahimbrine A.

Plausible Biogenetic Pathway
A plausible biogenetic pathway for mahimbrine A was postulated (Scheme 1). As a precursor, naphthylacetic acid and dopamine via condensation reaction to give an amide intermediate 1 [10], which subsequently undergoes a Bischler-Napieralski reaction to generate intermediate 2 [11]. Intermediate 2 is then oxidized to yield intermediate 3 [12]. Intermediate 3 can spontaneously convert to its enol form. This enol intermediate then undergoes ring expansion rearrangement to give intermediate 4 [13], which is finally methylated to get mahimbrine A.

Plausible Biogenetic Pathway
A plausible biogenetic pathway for mahimbrine A was postulated (Scheme 1). As a precursor, naphthylacetic acid and dopamine via condensation reaction to give an amide intermediate 1 [10], which subsequently undergoes a Bischler-Napieralski reaction to generate intermediate 2 [11]. Intermediate 2 is then oxidized to yield intermediate 3 [12]. Intermediate 3 can spontaneously convert to its enol form. This enol intermediate then undergoes ring expansion rearrangement to give intermediate 4 [13], which is finally methylated to get mahimbrine A.

Antimicrobial Activity
The antimicrobial activity of mahimbrine A was evaluated against four gram-positive bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Micrococcus luteus CMCC 28001, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332; and four gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, and Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, by a microdilution titre technique; neither was active [14]. Gentamicin and streptomycin were used as positive controls. Discs containing 10 μL DMSO solutions were used as a negative control. All tests were performed in triplicate.

Antimicrobial Activity
The antimicrobial activity of mahimbrine A was evaluated against four gram-positive bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Micrococcus luteus CMCC 28001, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332; and four gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, and Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, by a microdilution titre technique; neither was active [14]. Gentamicin and streptomycin were used as positive controls. Discs containing 10 µL DMSO solutions were used as a negative control. All tests were performed in triplicate.

General Procedures
UV spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 35 UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). IR spectra were measured on a PerkinElmer one FT-IR spectrometer (KBr) (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MA, USA). 1D and 2D-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker-Ascend-400 or an Agilent DD2400-MR instrument using TMS as the internal reference. HR-ESI-MS spectra were measured on a LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Column chromatography was performed using silica gel (300-400 mesh, Qingdao marine Chemical Ltd., Qingdao, China). Semi-preparative HPLC was performed on LC3000 system (Beijing ChuangXingTongHeng Science And Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) equipped with an ODS column (5 µm, i.d. 10 mm × 250 mm, YMC). Original raw data of 1D, 2D NMR spectra and HR-ESI-MS of mahimbrine A are available in the supplementary materials.

Plant Material
The plant was collected from Loushanguan in Zunyi City, People's Republic of China, in October 2013, and identified as Mahonia imbricata by Prof. Jian-Wen Yang, Zunyi Medical University. A voucher specimen (20131020) was deposited with the Herbarium of the School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University.

Conclusions
In conclusion, mahimbrine A has been isolated from the endemic plant of Mahonia imbricate and its chemical structure has been elucidated. It displays an interesting structure with a dihydroisoquinoline moiety bound to a rare benzotropolone ring system. The structure of mahimbrine A was elucidated by HR-ESI-MS, 1D, 2D NMR and a biosynthetic pathway was proposed. Mahimbrine A did not show antimicrobial activity at the tested concentration of 1 mg/mL. The interesting structural architecture of this natural product might find further applications.