Attempted Synthesis of Vinca Alkaloids Condensed with Three-Membered Rings

Our successful work for the synthesis of cyclopropanated vinblastine and its derivatives by the Simmons–Smith reaction was followed to build up further three-membered rings into the 14,15-position of the vindoline part of the dimer alkaloid. Halogenated 14,15-cyclopropanovindoline was prepared by reactions with iodoform and bromoform, respectively, in the presence of diethylzinc. Reactions of dichlorocarbene with vindoline resulted in the 10-formyl derivative. Unexpectedly, in the case of the dimer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine, the rearranged products containing an oxirane ring in the catharanthine part were isolated from the reactions. The attempted epoxidation of vindoline and catharanthine also led to anomalous rearranged products. In the epoxidation reaction of vindoline, an o-quinonoid derivative was obtained, in the course of the epoxidation of catharanthine, a hydroxyindolenine type product and a spiro derivative formed by ring contraction reaction, were isolated. The coupling reaction of vindoline and the spiro derivative obtained in the epoxidation of catharanthine did not result in a bisindole alkaloid. Instead, two surprising vindoline trimers were discovered and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.


Introduction
The "dimer alkaloids" vinblastine (vincaleukoblastine, VLB, 1) and vincristine (VCR, 2) (Figure 1), isolated from the Madagascar periwinkle Catharanthus roseus, belong to the family of the so-called "bisindole" alkaloids [1][2][3][4][5]. Their structure comprises two indole-related "monomers": derivatives of catharanthine (3) and vindoline (4). VLB (1), VCR (2) and some of their analogs are anti-microtubule drugs that have been playing an important role in cancer chemotherapy for decades [6][7][8][9][10], and there are still many ongoing medicinal chemistry projects targeted at synthesizing new derivatives to improve the therapeutic effect of this family of drugs by increasing their selectivity or reducing their toxicity [11,12]. It is interesting to note that relatively minor changes in the bisindole structure can result in major changes in the biological activity. For example, one of the simplest such modification is the catalytic hydrogenation of the olefinic bond in the vindoline part of VLB (1), leading to 14,15-dihydrovinblastine (5), whose antitumor activity is significantly lower than that of VLB (1) (Figure 2) [13]. On the other hand, if instead of only being saturated, there is also a methylene bridge connecting C-14 and C-15, the resulting compound's bioactivity changes dramatically. In our previous work [14][15][16] we synthesized different kinds of bisindole alkaloids condensed with a cyclopropane ring at position 14,15 of the vindoline part, namely cyclopropanovinblastine (6), cyclopropanovincristine, cyclopropanovinorelbin, and other derivatives. We reported their significant tumor cell inhibiting activity on different tumor types and tumor cell lines. As a continuation of that work, our objective is the synthesis of further derivatives of potentially cytotoxic dimer alkaloids condensed with, e.g., a halogen substituted cyclopropane or oxirane ring. In our research group, these molecules have been a missing link in the analysis of the structure-activity relationship of the Vinca alkaloids. Synthetic studies were not only performed on the dimer alkaloids, but also on their building blocks, i.e., catharanthine (3) and vindoline (4).

Generation of Halogencyclopropane Ring with the Simmons-Smith Reaction
Our first purpose was to build up the halogencyclopropane ring in place of the C(14)=C (15) carbon-carbon double bond of the vindoline ring (4). Based on the work of Beaulieu et al. [17], vindoline (4) was reacted with bromoform and iodoform in the presence of diethylzinc in dichloromethane (Scheme 1). The Simmons-Smith reaction resulted stereospecifically in 8 It is interesting to note that relatively minor changes in the bisindole structure can result in major changes in the biological activity. For example, one of the simplest such modification is the catalytic hydrogenation of the olefinic bond in the vindoline part of VLB (1), leading to 14,15-dihydrovinblastine (5), whose antitumor activity is significantly lower than that of VLB (1) (Figure 2) [13]. On the other hand, if instead of only being saturated, there is also a methylene bridge connecting C-14 and C-15, the resulting compound's bioactivity changes dramatically. In our previous work [14][15][16] we synthesized different kinds of bisindole alkaloids condensed with a cyclopropane ring at position 14,15 of the vindoline part, namely cyclopropanovinblastine (6), cyclopropanovincristine, cyclopropanovinorelbin, and other derivatives. We reported their significant tumor cell inhibiting activity on different tumor types and tumor cell lines. It is interesting to note that relatively minor changes in the bisindole structure can result in major changes in the biological activity. For example, one of the simplest such modification is the catalytic hydrogenation of the olefinic bond in the vindoline part of VLB (1), leading to 14,15-dihydrovinblastine (5), whose antitumor activity is significantly lower than that of VLB (1) (Figure 2) [13]. On the other hand, if instead of only being saturated, there is also a methylene bridge connecting C-14 and C-15, the resulting compound's bioactivity changes dramatically. In our previous work [14][15][16] we synthesized different kinds of bisindole alkaloids condensed with a cyclopropane ring at position 14,15 of the vindoline part, namely cyclopropanovinblastine (6), cyclopropanovincristine, cyclopropanovinorelbin, and other derivatives. We reported their significant tumor cell inhibiting activity on different tumor types and tumor cell lines. As a continuation of that work, our objective is the synthesis of further derivatives of potentially cytotoxic dimer alkaloids condensed with, e.g., a halogen substituted cyclopropane or oxirane ring. In our research group, these molecules have been a missing link in the analysis of the structure-activity relationship of the Vinca alkaloids. Synthetic studies were not only performed on the dimer alkaloids, but also on their building blocks, i.e., catharanthine (3) and vindoline (4).

Generation of Halogencyclopropane Ring with the Simmons-Smith Reaction
Our first purpose was to build up the halogencyclopropane ring in place of the C(14)=C (15) carbon-carbon double bond of the vindoline ring (4). Based on the work of Beaulieu et al. [17], vindoline (4) was reacted with bromoform and iodoform in the presence of diethylzinc in dichloromethane (Scheme 1). The Simmons-Smith reaction resulted stereospecifically in 8 As a continuation of that work, our objective is the synthesis of further derivatives of potentially cytotoxic dimer alkaloids condensed with, e.g., a halogen substituted cyclopropane or oxirane ring. In our research group, these molecules have been a missing link in the analysis of the structure-activity relationship of the Vinca alkaloids. Synthetic studies were not only performed on the dimer alkaloids, but also on their building blocks, i.e., catharanthine (3) and vindoline (4).

Scheme 1.
The formation of the bromo-and iodocyclopropane ring.

Reactions with Dichlorocarbene
The following step of our current work was the investigation of the reactions of Vinca alkaloids with dichlorocarbene. Dichlorocyclopropano derivatives of monomeric and dimeric alkaloids were aimed at as an extension of our previous work.
First, the classical method of the reaction of dichlorocarbene with alkenes [19] was tried on vindoline (4) as a model compound (Scheme 2). A chloroform solution of vindoline (4) was treated with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide at room temperature in the presence of the phase transfer catalyst benzyltriethylammonium chloride (TEBAC). Unexpectedly, the dichlorocyclopropano derivative (12) could not be detected in the reaction. However, a formyl group was built in at position 10, resulting in 10-formylvindoline (13), a compound that is already known in the literature [20][21][22]. Scheme 1. The formation of the bromo-and iodocyclopropane ring.

Reactions with Dichlorocarbene
The following step of our current work was the investigation of the reactions of Vinca alkaloids with dichlorocarbene. Dichlorocyclopropano derivatives of monomeric and dimeric alkaloids were aimed at as an extension of our previous work.
First, the classical method of the reaction of dichlorocarbene with alkenes [19] was tried on vindoline (4) as a model compound (Scheme 2). A chloroform solution of vindoline (4) was treated with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide at room temperature in the presence of the phase transfer catalyst benzyltriethylammonium chloride (TEBAC). Unexpectedly, the dichlorocyclopropano derivative (12) could not be detected in the reaction. However, a formyl group was built in at position 10, resulting in 10-formylvindoline (13), a compound that is already known in the literature [20][21][22].
A plausible interpretation of the oxirane formation is outlined in Scheme 4 (where V can represent non-modified and different kinds of modified "vindoline" units as well). First, electrophilic dichlorocarbene attacks the nucleophilic tertiary amine nitrogen at position 4', leading to an ammonium compound as the intermediate. Then the hydroxyl group at C-20' might become deprotonated under basic reaction conditions, the anionic moiety attacks C-21', and N-4' is neutralized during a heterolytic cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond. Finally, one of the chloro groups may undergo substitution with OH, and a formyl group forms by the elimination of hydrogen chloride.
Molecules 2018, 23, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 21 electrophilic dichlorocarbene attacks the nucleophilic tertiary amine nitrogen at position 4', leading to an ammonium compound as the intermediate. Then the hydroxyl group at C-20' might become deprotonated under basic reaction conditions, the anionic moiety attacks C-21', and N-4' is neutralized during a heterolytic cleavage of a carbon-nitrogen bond. Finally, one of the chloro groups may undergo substitution with OH, and a formyl group forms by the elimination of hydrogen chloride.
Scheme 4. The proposed mechanism for oxirane formation.

Attempted Epoxidation of Vinca Alkaloid Building Blocks
Another objective of our research was the exploration of the reactivity of "monomeric" alkaloids (e.g., vindoline, catharanthine) towards epoxidizing agents. In the literature, only few oxirane derivatives of Vinca alkaloids are known. For instance, the 3-oxo derivative of catharanthine could be epoxidized with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid [23]. Another example, mehranine, the 14,15-epoxi derivative of aspidospermidine, was isolated from Tabernaemontana bovina and its total synthesis was recently presented [24].
The vindoline and catharanthine derivatives bearing an oxirane ring were also tried to be obtained in similar reactions, and they it was attempted to use them in coupling reactions to afford epoxidized bisindole alkaloids.
First, the oxidation of 10-bromovindoline (7) with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) was studied. The reaction could be performed either in the presence or absence of perchloric acid, which may influence the outcome of the oxidation [25]. When carrying out the reaction in methanol without HClO4, none of the oxidated products could be isolated. Surprisingly, when HClO4 was used in the reaction, the debromination and demethylation at the aromatic ring occurred. An o-quinoidal compound (19) was isolated in 27% yield, but the desired oxirane 18 could not be obtained (Scheme 5). Starting from compound 19, the reaction has been described in a short article published last year by us [26]. Scheme 4. The proposed mechanism for oxirane formation.

Attempted Epoxidation of Vinca Alkaloid Building Blocks
Another objective of our research was the exploration of the reactivity of "monomeric" alkaloids (e.g., vindoline, catharanthine) towards epoxidizing agents. In the literature, only few oxirane derivatives of Vinca alkaloids are known. For instance, the 3-oxo derivative of catharanthine could be epoxidized with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid [23]. Another example, mehranine, the 14,15-epoxi derivative of aspidospermidine, was isolated from Tabernaemontana bovina and its total synthesis was recently presented [24].
The vindoline and catharanthine derivatives bearing an oxirane ring were also tried to be obtained in similar reactions, and they it was attempted to use them in coupling reactions to afford epoxidized bisindole alkaloids.
First, the oxidation of 10-bromovindoline (7) with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) was studied. The reaction could be performed either in the presence or absence of perchloric acid, which may influence the outcome of the oxidation [25]. When carrying out the reaction in methanol without HClO 4 , none of the oxidated products could be isolated. Surprisingly, when HClO 4 was used in the reaction, the debromination and demethylation at the aromatic ring occurred. An o-quinoidal compound (19) was isolated in 27% yield, but the desired oxirane 18 could not be obtained (Scheme 5). Starting from compound 19, the reaction has been described in a short article published last year by us [26]. Scheme 5. The attempted epoxidation of 10-bromovindoline (7) in the presence of perchloric acid.
Hereafter the above-mentioned two methods of oxidation with m-CPBA were also tried on catharanthine (3). In the absence of perchloric acid, the oxidation led to a mixture of two products: catharanthine N 4 -oxide (20) in 34% yield (a similar preparation of 20 is known from the literature [18]), and a new compound (N 4 -oxide of 7-hydroxyindolenine catharanthine, 21) in 35% yield (Scheme 6).
N-Oxide 20 is known to be unstable, it easily undergoes a [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement, leading to isoxazolidine 22 [27,28]. This kind of rearrangement during the NMR measurements (room temperature, CDCl3 as solvent) was also observed. Although Langlois et al. provided 1 H and 13 C NMR spectral data for 22 [19], they could not give an unequivocal assignment of the NMR peaks. In this paper, we report the unambiguous 1 H and 13 C-NMR assignments for 22, which has become achievable because of the advancements in NMR instrumentation and measurement techniques since 1976. On the other hand, when perchloric acid is applied during the oxidation of catharanthine (3) with m-CPBA, two anomalous products were obtained. The major product (58% yield) was 7β-hydroxyindolenine catharanthine (23), the minor product (12% yield) was the spiro derivative 24 (Scheme 7).
Hereafter the above-mentioned two methods of oxidation with m-CPBA were also tried on catharanthine (3). In the absence of perchloric acid, the oxidation led to a mixture of two products: catharanthine N 4 -oxide (20) in 34% yield (a similar preparation of 20 is known from the literature [18]), and a new compound (N 4 -oxide of 7-hydroxyindolenine catharanthine, 21) in 35% yield (Scheme 6).
N-Oxide 20 is known to be unstable, it easily undergoes a [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement, leading to isoxazolidine 22 [27,28]. This kind of rearrangement during the NMR measurements (room temperature, CDCl 3 as solvent) was also observed. Although Langlois et al. provided 1 H and 13 C NMR spectral data for 22 [19], they could not give an unequivocal assignment of the NMR peaks. In this paper, we report the unambiguous 1 H and 13 C-NMR assignments for 22, which has become achievable because of the advancements in NMR instrumentation and measurement techniques since 1976. Scheme 5. The attempted epoxidation of 10-bromovindoline (7) in the presence of perchloric acid.
Hereafter the above-mentioned two methods of oxidation with m-CPBA were also tried on catharanthine (3). In the absence of perchloric acid, the oxidation led to a mixture of two products: catharanthine N 4 -oxide (20) in 34% yield (a similar preparation of 20 is known from the literature [18]), and a new compound (N 4 -oxide of 7-hydroxyindolenine catharanthine, 21) in 35% yield (Scheme 6).
N-Oxide 20 is known to be unstable, it easily undergoes a [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement, leading to isoxazolidine 22 [27,28]. This kind of rearrangement during the NMR measurements (room temperature, CDCl3 as solvent) was also observed. Although Langlois et al. provided 1 H and 13 C NMR spectral data for 22 [19], they could not give an unequivocal assignment of the NMR peaks. In this paper, we report the unambiguous 1 H and 13 C-NMR assignments for 22, which has become achievable because of the advancements in NMR instrumentation and measurement techniques since 1976. On the other hand, when perchloric acid is applied during the oxidation of catharanthine (3) with m-CPBA, two anomalous products were obtained. The major product (58% yield) was 7β-hydroxyindolenine catharanthine (23), the minor product (12% yield) was the spiro derivative 24 (Scheme 7). On the other hand, when perchloric acid is applied during the oxidation of catharanthine (3) with m-CPBA, two anomalous products were obtained. The major product (58% yield) was 7β-hydroxyindolenine catharanthine (23), the minor product (12% yield) was the spiro derivative 24 (Scheme 7). The synthesis of 7β-hydroxyindolenine catharanthine (23) is already known [29]. The authors used singlet oxygen to oxidize catharanthine (3). They determined the configuration of compound 23 at C-7 by NMR spectroscopy using nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) measurements. Our independent NMR assignments, including the determination of the relative stereochemistry of our product, were in full agreement with those reported in Reference [29]. Hydroxyindolenines are also natural products, e.g., the 15,20-dihydro derivative of 23 is known as coronaridine hydroxyindolenine and was isolated from Ervatamia coronaria var. plena [30].
To utilize 23 in an oxidative coupling reaction [22] with vindoline (4) with the purpose of obtaining new bisindole alkaloids, the double bond at N-1-C-2 has to be saturated, supposing that the coupling reaction requires a secondary amino group (i.e., R 1 R 2 NH) on the catharanthine site. Thus, a reduction of 23 was aimed at with sodium borohydride to obtain its 1,2-dihydro derivative, but the reaction resulted in the elimination of the hydroxyl group, returning it to catharanthine (3).
Rosamine, a natural product isolated from Catharanthus roseus, was reported by Atta-ur-Rahman et al. with the same constitution as 24 [31], although they did not specify the configuration of any of the stereogenic centers. We determined the relative configuration of 24 based on NOE measurements ( Figure 3), but we could not decide if 24 was rosamine. The reason for that was the unavailability of reliable spectral data for rosamine (in Reference [31], only the 1 H NMR chemical shifts and coupling constants for the methyl groups and H-21 were given), so a reliable comparison of the spectral data of 24 with those of rosamine was not possible.
The stereogenic centers of 24 are C-2, N-4, C-14, C-16 and C-21 ( Figure 3). Since 24 has a rigid cage structure (2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) condensed with a six-membered ring, the relative configurations of N-4, C-14, C-16, and C-21 are fixed (the configuration at C-21 can be arbitrarily established as R, then N-4, C-14, and C-16 must be R,R,R). With this in mind, the configuration of C-2 was determined as follows. The NOESY correlation between NH-1 (6.60 ppm) and one of the protons at C-17 (1.95 ppm) implies that the configuration of C-2 is R (otherwise we would expect correlations between NH-1 and the protons at C-5), and the actual three-dimensional structure is supported by several other NOESY correlations ( Figure 3). The synthesis of 7β-hydroxyindolenine catharanthine (23) is already known [29]. The authors used singlet oxygen to oxidize catharanthine (3). They determined the configuration of compound 23 at C-7 by NMR spectroscopy using nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) measurements. Our independent NMR assignments, including the determination of the relative stereochemistry of our product, were in full agreement with those reported in Reference [29]. Hydroxyindolenines are also natural products, e.g., the 15,20-dihydro derivative of 23 is known as coronaridine hydroxyindolenine and was isolated from Ervatamia coronaria var. plena [30].
To utilize 23 in an oxidative coupling reaction [22] with vindoline (4) with the purpose of obtaining new bisindole alkaloids, the double bond at N-1-C-2 has to be saturated, supposing that the coupling reaction requires a secondary amino group (i.e., R 1 R 2 NH) on the catharanthine site. Thus, a reduction of 23 was aimed at with sodium borohydride to obtain its 1,2-dihydro derivative, but the reaction resulted in the elimination of the hydroxyl group, returning it to catharanthine (3).
Rosamine, a natural product isolated from Catharanthus roseus, was reported by Atta-ur-Rahman et al. with the same constitution as 24 [31], although they did not specify the configuration of any of the stereogenic centers. We determined the relative configuration of 24 based on NOE measurements ( Figure 3), but we could not decide if 24 was rosamine. The reason for that was the unavailability of reliable spectral data for rosamine (in Reference [31], only the 1 H NMR chemical shifts and coupling constants for the methyl groups and H-21 were given), so a reliable comparison of the spectral data of 24 with those of rosamine was not possible.
The stereogenic centers of 24 are C-2, N-4, C-14, C-16 and C-21 ( Figure 3). Since 24 has a rigid cage structure (2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) condensed with a six-membered ring, the relative configurations of N-4, C-14, C-16, and C-21 are fixed (the configuration at C-21 can be arbitrarily established as R, then N-4, C-14, and C-16 must be R,R,R). With this in mind, the configuration of C-2 was determined as follows. The NOESY correlation between NH-1 (6.60 ppm) and one of the protons at C-17 (1.95 ppm) implies that the configuration of C-2 is R (otherwise we would expect correlations between NH-1 and the protons at C-5), and the actual three-dimensional structure is supported by several other NOESY correlations ( Figure 3).

Coupling Reaction of the Spiro Derivative of Catharanthine and Vindoline
The coupling reaction of 24 with vindoline (4) was carried out according to a general procedure formerly used by our research group in the course of synthesizing VLB derivatives [14,15], which is an oxidation in the presence of trifluoroethanol and FeCl3 in acidic medium, followed by the reduction of the intermediate with sodium borohydride (Scheme 8).
Instead of the desired bisindole 26, only unexpected products were found in the reaction mixture. We encountered that vindoline coupled to itself: a cationic trimeric vindoline (27) and a trimeric vindoline ketone (28) were isolated. The presence of a third product, N-methyl quaternary salt of a spiro derivative 29 suggests that the role of the spiro derivative 24 in the reaction might be the demethylation of the mesomer 27. To support our assumption, the reaction was repeated without adding the spiro derivative of catharanthine (24). This way, only O-methylated trimeric vindoline (27) could be isolated and ketone 28 was not found in the reaction mixture, which substantiates our hypothesis.

Coupling Reaction of the Spiro Derivative of Catharanthine and Vindoline
The coupling reaction of 24 with vindoline (4) was carried out according to a general procedure formerly used by our research group in the course of synthesizing VLB derivatives [14,15], which is an oxidation in the presence of trifluoroethanol and FeCl 3 in acidic medium, followed by the reduction of the intermediate with sodium borohydride (Scheme 8).
Instead of the desired bisindole 26, only unexpected products were found in the reaction mixture. We encountered that vindoline coupled to itself: a cationic trimeric vindoline (27) and a trimeric vindoline ketone (28) were isolated. The presence of a third product, N-methyl quaternary salt of a spiro derivative 29 suggests that the role of the spiro derivative 24 in the reaction might be the demethylation of the mesomer 27. To support our assumption, the reaction was repeated without adding the spiro derivative of catharanthine (24). This way, only O-methylated trimeric vindoline (27) could be isolated and ketone 28 was not found in the reaction mixture, which substantiates our hypothesis.

General
Vinblastine, vincristine, and catharanthine were derived from the corresponding sulfate salts; the bases were released directly before using them in the reactions. m-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) of 77% assay was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Budapest, Hungary) and was used as received. Melting points were measured on a VEB Analytik Dresden PHMK-77/1328 apparatus (Dresden, Germany) and are uncorrected. IR spectra were recorded on the Zeiss IR 75 and 80 instruments (Thornwood, NY, USA). NMR measurements were performed on a Varian VNMRS 800 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a 1 H{ 13 C/ 15

General
Vinblastine, vincristine, and catharanthine were derived from the corresponding sulfate salts; the bases were released directly before using them in the reactions. m-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) of 77% assay was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Budapest, Hungary) and was used as received. Melting points were measured on a VEB Analytik Dresden PHMK-77/1328 apparatus (Dresden, Germany) and are uncorrected. IR spectra were recorded on the Zeiss IR 75 and 80 instruments (Thornwood, NY, USA). NMR measurements were performed on a Varian VNMRS 800 MHz NMR spectrometer equipped with a 1 H{ 13 C/ 15 13 C) or dimethylsulfoxide-d 6 ( 13 C) as the internal standard (0.00 ppm and 39.4 ppm, respectively). 1 H-1 H, direct 1 H-13 C, and long-range 1 H-13 C scalar spin-spin connectivites were established from 2D COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, and HMBC experiments. 1 H-1 H spatial proximities were determined using either two-dimensional NOESY/ROESY experiments or their selective 1D counterparts. All pulse sequences were applied by using the standard spectrometer software package. All experiments were performed at 298 K. NMR spectra were processed using VnmrJ 2.2 Revision C (Varian, Inc. Palo Alto, CA, USA), Bruker TopSpin 3.5 pl 6 (Bruker Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA) and ACD/Spectrus Processor version 2017.1.3 (Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). HRMS and MS analyses were performed on an LTQ FT Ultra as well as an LTQ XL (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany) system. The ionization method was ESI operated in the positive ion mode. For the CID (collision-induced dissociation) experiment, helium was used as the collision gas, and the normalized collision energy (expressed in percentage), which is a measure of the amplitude of the resonance excitation RF voltage applied to the endcaps of the linear ion trap, was used to induce fragmentation. The protonated molecular ion peaks were fragmented by CID at a normalized collision energy of 35-55%. The samples were dissolved in methanol. Data acquisition and analysis were accomplished with Xcalibur software version 2.0 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Bremen, Germany). TLC was carried out using Kieselgel 60F 254 (Merck, Budapest, Hungary) glass plates.

Bromocyclopropanation of Vindoline (4)
Vindoline (4) (228 mg, 0.50 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) and under Ar with 1.28 mL (1.28 mmol in 1 M hexane solution) of diethylzinc and then 88 µL (1.00 mmol) bromoform was injected to the solution. After stirring for 2 h at room temperature the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was diluted with dichloromethane (50 mL) and washed with water (100 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (4 × 50 mL) and the combined organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The crude product was separated by preparative TLC (dichloromethane-methanol 19:1) and 86 mg (31%) of product (8) (7) The compound 10-Bromovindoline (7) (268 mg, 0.50 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) and under Ar with 1.28 mL (1.28 mmol in 1 M hexane solution) of diethylzinc and then 88 µL (1.00 mmol), the bromoform was injected to the solution. After stirring for 3 h at room temperature the reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (40 mL) and washed with water (100 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (2 × 50 mL) and the combined organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The crude product was purified by preparative TLC (dichloromethane-methanol 30:1) and 126 mg (40%) of product (9) (4) Vindoline (4) (228 mg, 0.50 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (20 mL) and under an Ar at 0 • C 1.28 mL (1.28 mmol in 1 M hexane solution) of diethylzinc, it was injected to the solution. Then 394 mg (1.00 mmol) of iodoform was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0 • C and then for 6 h at room temperature. After allowing the solution to stand overnight, the addition of diethylzinc (1.28 mL) and iodoform (394 mg) was repeated at 0 • C. After stirring for 7 h at room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was diluted with dichloromethane (30 mL) and washed with water (100 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (5 × 60 mL) and the combined organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The crude product was separated by preparative TLC (dichloromethane-methanol 19:1) and 28 mg (9%) of product (10) (7) The compound 10-Bromovindoline (7) (268 mg, 0.50 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (20 mL) and under Ar at 0 • C with 1.28 mL (1.28 mmol in 1 M hexane solution) of diethylzinc being injected into the solution. Then 394 mg (1.00 mmol) of iodoform was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0 • C and then for 8 h at room temperature. After allowing the solution to stand overnight, the addition of diethylzinc (1.28 mL) and iodoform (394 mg) was repeated at 0 • C. After stirring for 6 h at room temperature, the reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was diluted with dichloromethane (30 mL) and washed with water (100 mL). The aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (5 × 60 mL) and the combined organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness. The crude product was separated by preparative TLC (dichloromethane-methanol 19:1) and 74 mg (22%) of product (11)

Attempted Dichlorocyclopropanation of Vindoline (4)
Vindoline (4) (256 mg, 0.56 mmol) and TEBAC (9 mg, 0.04 mmol) were dissolved in chloroform (1.4 mL), then a solution of sodium hydroxide (0.6 g, 15.00 mmol) in water (0.6 mL) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture, and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to 7 using 1 M hydrochloric acid. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with chloroform. The combined organic phase was washed with water, dried over magnesium sulfate, and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative TLC (dichloromethane-methanol 20:1) and 24 mg (9%) of product (13) [20−22] was obtained. (1) Vinblastine (1) (120 mg, 0.15 mmol) was dissolved in chloroform (0.4 mL), TEBAC (3 mg, 0.013 mmol) was added, and 200 mg (5.00 mmol) of NaOH in water (0.2 mL) was added dropwise. After stirring at room temperature for 2 h, the pH of the reaction mixture was neutralized using 1 M hydrochloric acid. Water (20 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with chloroform (2 × 10 mL). The combined organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative TLC (dichloromethane-methanol 10:1) and 20 mg (16%) of product (15) (2) Vincristine (2) (130 mg, 0.16 mmol) was dissolved in chloroform (1 mL) and TEBAC (7 mg, 0.031 mmol) was added. Then 230 mg (5.75 mmol) of NaOH in water (0.23 mL) was added dropwise. After stirring at room temperature for 2 h, the pH of the reaction mixture was neutralized with 1 M hydrochloric acid. Water (10 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (2 × 10 mL). The combined organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative TLC (dichloromethane-methanol 10:1) and 49 mg (36%) of product (17) (7) To a solution of 10-bromovindoline (7) (300 mg, 0.56 mmol) in methanol (5 mL) and 72% perchloric acid (0.17 mL), m-CPBA (306 mg, 1.37 mmol) in methanol (2 mL) was added dropwise at 0 • C, and the reaction mixture was stirred at reflux for 5 h. Methanol was evaporated, 10% aqueous sodium carbonate solution (20 mL) was added to the residue, and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3 × 20 mL). The combined organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative TLC (dichloromethane-methanol 15:1) and 70 mg (27%) of product (19)