Geometry Constrained N-(5,6,7-Trihydroquinolin-8-ylidene)arylaminopalladium Dichloride Complexes: Catalytic Behavior toward Methyl Acrylate (MA), Methyl Acrylate-co-Norbornene (MA-co-NB) Polymerization and Heck Coupling

A new pair of plladium complexes (Pd4 and Pd5) ligated with constrained N-(5,6,7-trihydroquinolin-8-ylidene)arylamine ligands have been prepared and well characterized by 1H-, 13C-NMR and FTIR spectroscopies as well as elemental analysis. The molecular structure of Pd4 and Pd5 in solid state have also been determined by X-ray diffraction, showing slightly distorted square planar geometry around the palladium metal center. All complexes Pd1–Pd5 are revealed highly efficient catalyst in methyl acrylate (MA) polymerization as well as methyl acrylate/norbornene (MA/NB) copolymerization. In the case of MA polymerization, as high as 98.4% conversion with high molecular weight up to 6282 kg·mol−1 was achieved. Likewise, Pd3 complex has good capability to incorporate about 18% NB content into MA polymer chains. Furthermore, low catalyst loadings (0.002 mol %) of Pd4 or Pd5 are able to efficiently mediate the coupling of haloarenes with styrene affording up to 98% conversion.


Introduction
The abundant chemistry of palladium-based complex catalysts has attracted considerable attention, particularly in the field of C-C bond formation, C-H functionalization, hydrocarbon oxidation, as well as radical insertion and addition reaction in polymerization, indicating that palladium is one of the most catalytically versatile transition metals [1][2][3].
On the other hand, commercial copolymerization processes plays a key role in the production of new materials, which is indispensable in all fields of human life [24][25][26][27][28][29][30].For instance, the copolymerization of polar monomers, particularly methyl acrylate (MA), with olefins confers novel properties on the resulting polymers: improved thermal stability, superior etch resistance, good adhesion due to the ester groups and a hydrophobic character derived from the C-C backbone [31][32][33].Although recent progress in polymerization based on palladium catalysts allows the efficient copolymerization of polar and nonpolar monomers, the catalyst activity and second monomer insertion ratio remain quite low [34][35][36][37].Subsequently, the design of suitable catalyst systems for efficient copolymerization of polar and non-polar monomers viz.acrylate and norbornene (NB) is still a great challenge [38][39][40][41][42][43].
In view of the aforementioned perspectives and targeting higher efficiency catalysts, many newfangled ligand frameworks have been reported to provide subtle control over the palladium driven catalysis of either coupling reactions or polymerization.For instance; Nozaki et al. developed a highly efficient organic palladium catalyst framework for copolymerization of polar and nonpolar monomers [44].Similarly, Chen et al. reported highly robust palladium(II) α-diimine catalysts for copolymerization of α-olefins with MA [45].Besides, our group successfully established highly efficient nickel complexes comprising constrained cycloalkyl-fused pyridine ligands, viz N-(5,6,7-trihydroquinolin-8-ylidene)arylamine ligands [46] (Figure 1, A) and 9-arylimino-5,6,7,8tetrahydro-cyclohepta[b]pyridine [47] (Figure 1, B).Meanwhile, recently highly efficient palladium complexes ligated with the same N-(5,6,7-trihydroquinolin-8-ylidene)arylamine ligands were reported for Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions [48].Owing to these encouraging result, we were interested in extending the scope of N-(5,6,7-trihydroquinolin-8-ylidene)arylamine ligand-containing palladium complexes (Figure 1, C).In this research, we have prepared a pair of new palladium complexes Pd4 and Pd5 along with recently reported Pd1-Pd3 complexes.Owing to the simplicity and ease of preparation of the title palladium complexes, we have employed them in MA polymerization and copolymerization of MA with NB under mild conditions.The resultant PMA has high molecular weight, up to 6282 kg•mol −1 , and gave 98.4% conversion.The incorporation of NB was improved up to 18%.Additionally Pd4 and Pd5 were also used in the coupling of haloarenes with styrene substrates.Full characterization of new complexes and structural features of PMA and PM-co-NB polymer are reported.
Molecules 2016, 21,1686 2 of 14 On the other hand, commercial copolymerization processes plays a key role in the production of new materials, which is indispensable in all fields of human life [24][25][26][27][28][29][30].For instance, the copolymerization of polar monomers, particularly methyl acrylate (MA), with olefins confers novel properties on the resulting polymers: improved thermal stability, superior etch resistance, good adhesion due to the ester groups and a hydrophobic character derived from the C-C backbone [31][32][33].Although recent progress in polymerization based on palladium catalysts allows the efficient copolymerization of polar and nonpolar monomers, the catalyst activity and second monomer insertion ratio remain quite low [34][35][36][37].Subsequently, the design of suitable catalyst systems for efficient copolymerization of polar and non-polar monomers viz.acrylate and norbornene (NB) is still a great challenge [38][39][40][41][42][43].
In view of the aforementioned perspectives and targeting higher efficiency catalysts, many newfangled ligand frameworks have been reported to provide subtle control over the palladium driven catalysis of either coupling reactions or polymerization.For instance; Nozaki et al. developed a highly efficient organic palladium catalyst framework for copolymerization of polar and nonpolar monomers [44].Similarly, Chen et al. reported highly robust palladium(II) α-diimine catalysts for copolymerization of α-olefins with MA [45].Besides, our group successfully established highly efficient nickel complexes comprising constrained cycloalkyl-fused pyridine ligands, viz N-(5,6,7-trihydroquinolin-8-ylidene)arylamine ligands [46] (Figure 1, A) and 9-arylimino-5,6,7,8tetrahydro-cyclohepta[b]pyridine [47] (Figure 1, B).Meanwhile, recently highly efficient palladium complexes ligated with the same N-(5,6,7-trihydroquinolin-8-ylidene)arylamine ligands were reported for Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions [48].Owing to these encouraging result, we were interested in extending the scope of N-(5,6,7-trihydroquinolin-8-ylidene)arylamine ligand-containing palladium complexes (Figure 1, C).In this research, we have prepared a pair of new palladium complexes Pd4 and Pd5 along with recently reported Pd1-Pd3 complexes.Owing to the simplicity and ease of preparation of the title palladium complexes, we have employed them in MA polymerization and copolymerization of MA with NB under mild conditions.The resultant PMA has high molecular weight, up to 6282 kg mol -1 , and gave 98.4% conversion.The incorporation of NB was improved up to 18%.Additionally Pd4 and Pd5 were also used in the coupling of haloarenes with styrene substrates.Full characterization of new complexes and structural features of PMA and PM-co-NB polymer are reported.

Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium Complexes
In order to explore the catalytic potential of palladium complexes, a series of ligands L1-L5 and their corresponding palladium complexes Pd1-Pd5 have been prepared.Complexes Pd1-Pd3 have already been reported as highly active catalysts for Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions [48].On the basis of these encouraging results, we extended the scope of the reported Pd1-Pd3 complexes and additionally synthesized the new compounds Pd4 and Pd5 for homopolymerization of MA and copolymerization of MA and NB.Additionally Pd4 and Pd5 were also employed in Heck coupling reactions.Ligands L4 and L5 and their complexes Pd4 (51%) and Pd5 (89%) have been prepared according to the same procedure reported in our previous work [46] as shown in Scheme 1.The new synthesized complexes were fully characterized by 1 H-, 13 C-NMR and FTIR spectroscopies as well as elemental analysis.All the distinctive peaks for proton and carbon atoms in the 1 H-and 13 C-NMR are

Synthesis and Characterization of Palladium Complexes
In order to explore the catalytic potential of palladium complexes, a series of ligands L1-L5 and their corresponding palladium complexes Pd1-Pd5 have been prepared.Complexes Pd1-Pd3 have already been reported as highly active catalysts for Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions [48].On the basis of these encouraging results, we extended the scope of the reported Pd1-Pd3 complexes and additionally synthesized the new compounds Pd4 and Pd5 for homopolymerization of MA and copolymerization of MA and NB.Additionally Pd4 and Pd5 were also employed in Heck coupling reactions.Ligands L4 and L5 and their complexes Pd4 (51%) and Pd5 (89%) have been prepared according to the same procedure reported in our previous work [46] as shown in Scheme 1.The new synthesized complexes were fully characterized by 1 H-, 13 C-NMR and FTIR spectroscopies as well as elemental analysis.All the distinctive peaks for proton and carbon atoms in the 1 H-and 13 C-NMR are consistent with the proposed structures of the palladium complexes.Moreover, the V C=N stretching vibration absorption underwent a blue shift at around 1577 cm −1 in the FT-IR spectra of the palladium complexes, which is consistent with the reported data [49,50].The palladium complexes are highly stable in the solid state as well as for several months in their solutions in haloalkanes (dichloromethane and chloroform), dimethylacetamide (DMA), dimethylformamide (DMF), toluene and acetonitrile.In addition, the molecular structures of both newly synthesized palladium complexes Pd4 and Pd5 have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
Molecules 2016, 21, 1686 3 of 14 consistent with the proposed structures of the palladium complexes.Moreover, the VC=N stretching vibration absorption underwent a blue shift at around 1577 cm −1 in the FT-IR spectra of the palladium complexes, which is consistent with the reported data [49,50].The palladium complexes are highly stable in the solid state as well as for several months in their solutions in haloalkanes (dichloromethane and chloroform), dimethylacetamide (DMA), dimethylformamide (DMF), toluene and acetonitrile.
In addition, the molecular structures of both newly synthesized palladium complexes Pd4 and Pd5 have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies.

Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction Study
The crystals of complexes Pd4 and Pd5 were grown by layering diethyl ether on their dichloromethane solutions.Both complexes Pd4 and Pd5 displayed a similar molecular structure that adopts a distorted square planar geometry around the palladium metal center and the square plane is comprised of two nitrogen atoms from the ligand as forming a chelate ring with Pd metal center and two chloride atoms.The structural features correspond to classical N,N-bidentate palladium complexes [51][52][53][54][55][56].The molecular structures of Pd4 and Pd5 are shown in Figure 2 and the selected bond lengths and bond angles are listed in Table S1 (ESI).The N2−C8 bond length shows double bonding features characteristic of imino groups: 1.292(3) Å in Pd4 and 1.287(3) Å in Pd5, whilst the C8−C7 bond length characteristically revealed single bonding features: 1.494(3) Å (Pd4) and 1.497(3) Å (Pd5) contrary to the ligand which shows single as well as double bonding features [46].The bite angle N(2)−Pd(1)−N(1): 80.31 (7) for Pd4 and 80.37 (7) for Pd5 was observed to be smaller than 90° which is accompanied by opening of the other three angles attributed to the non-aromatic six membered framework.In addition, the C2 atoms in the non-aromatic six membered framework fused with the pyridine ring are constrained from planarity, possibly due to minimization of the angle ring strain.The Nimine aryl ring is inclined nearly perpendicular with respect to the plane of the chelate ring N1-C9-C8-N2-Pd1 in Pd4 (87.98°), while, slightly less twisting of the Nimine aryl ring is observed in case of Pd5 (80.30°).Both bond lengths and bond angles are in good agreement with previously reported analogy palladium complexes [57].

Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction Study
The crystals of complexes Pd4 and Pd5 were grown by layering diethyl ether on their dichloromethane solutions.Both complexes Pd4 and Pd5 displayed a similar molecular structure that adopts a distorted square planar geometry around the palladium metal center and the square plane is comprised of two nitrogen atoms from the ligand as forming a chelate ring with Pd metal center and two chloride atoms.The structural features correspond to classical N,N-bidentate palladium complexes [51][52][53][54][55][56].The molecular structures of Pd4 and Pd5 are shown in Figure 2 and the selected bond lengths and bond angles are listed in Table S1 (ESI).The N2-C8 bond length shows double bonding features characteristic of imino groups: 1.292(3) Å in Pd4 and 1.287(3) Å in Pd5, whilst the C8-C7 bond length characteristically revealed single bonding features: 1.494(3) Å (Pd4) and 1.497(3) Å (Pd5) contrary to the ligand which shows single as well as double bonding features [46].The bite angle N(2)-Pd(1)-N(1): 80.31 (7) for Pd4 and 80.37 (7) for Pd5 was observed to be smaller than 90 • which is accompanied by opening of the other three angles attributed to the non-aromatic six membered framework.In addition, the C2 atoms in the non-aromatic six membered framework fused with the pyridine ring are constrained from planarity, possibly due to minimization of the angle ring strain.The N imine aryl ring is inclined nearly perpendicular with respect to the plane of the chelate ring N1-C9-C8-N2-Pd1 in Pd4 (87.98 • ), while, slightly less twisting of the N imine aryl ring is observed in case of Pd5 (80.30 • ).Both bond lengths and bond angles are in good agreement with previously reported analogy palladium complexes [57].
Molecules 2016, 21, 1686 3 of 14 consistent with the proposed structures of the palladium complexes.Moreover, the VC=N stretching vibration absorption underwent a blue shift at around 1577 cm −1 in the FT-IR spectra of the palladium complexes, which is consistent with the reported data [49,50].The palladium complexes are highly stable in the solid state as well as for several months in their solutions in haloalkanes (dichloromethane and chloroform), dimethylacetamide (DMA), dimethylformamide (DMF), toluene and acetonitrile.
In addition, the molecular structures of both newly synthesized palladium complexes Pd4 and Pd5 have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies.

Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction Study
The crystals of complexes Pd4 and Pd5 were grown by layering diethyl ether on their dichloromethane solutions.Both complexes Pd4 and Pd5 displayed a similar molecular structure that adopts a distorted square planar geometry around the palladium metal center and the square plane is comprised of two nitrogen atoms from the ligand as forming a chelate ring with Pd metal center and two chloride atoms.The structural features correspond to classical N,N-bidentate palladium complexes [51][52][53][54][55][56].The molecular structures of Pd4 and Pd5 are shown in Figure 2 and the selected bond lengths and bond angles are listed in Table S1 (ESI).The N2−C8 bond length shows double bonding features characteristic of imino groups: 1.292(3) Å in Pd4 and 1.287(3) Å in Pd5, whilst the C8−C7 bond length characteristically revealed single bonding features: 1.494(3) Å (Pd4) and 1.497(3) Å (Pd5) contrary to the ligand which shows single as well as double bonding features [46].The bite angle N(2)−Pd(1)−N(1): 80.31 (7) for Pd4 and 80.37 (7) for Pd5 was observed to be smaller than 90° which is accompanied by opening of the other three angles attributed to the non-aromatic six membered framework.In addition, the C2 atoms in the non-aromatic six membered framework fused with the pyridine ring are constrained from planarity, possibly due to minimization of the angle ring strain.The Nimine aryl ring is inclined nearly perpendicular with respect to the plane of the chelate ring N1-C9-C8-N2-Pd1 in Pd4 (87.98°), while, slightly less twisting of the Nimine aryl ring is observed in case of Pd5 (80.30°).Both bond lengths and bond angles are in good agreement with previously reported analogy palladium complexes [57].

Polymerization of MA and Copolymerization of MA/NB
To establish the optimal conditions for polymerization using a catalyst system composed of Pd3 and (C 6 F 5 ) 4 BC 6 H 5 NH(CH 3 ) 2 , reaction temperature and run time were systematically investigated; the results are summarized in Table 1.Generally, N 2 PdCl 2 type palladium complexes are sensitive to the temperature and easily dissociate at elevated temperature, subsequently affecting the catalytic activity of polymerization, hence homopolymerization of MA was conducted at different temperatures to explore the best catalyst activity.It was observed that when the temperature was increased from 80 • C to 120 • C, the highest conversion (95%) was obtained at 100 • C. In contrast, in polymerization either at lower or higher temperatures than 100 • C, Pd3 exhibited lower activities, illustrating that partial deactivation started at elevated temperature.From the perspective of polymer microstructure, the raising temperature also causes in increase of the molecular weight of the polymers, consistent with the literature [58] and even higher than the corresponding polymerization data catalyzed by other late transition metals viz.Fe(II) and Co(II)pyridyl bis(imine)/MAO α-diimine Ni(II)/MAO systems [59].Besides, the obtained PMAs show a broad bimodal molecular weight distribution with a high molecular weight tail at 100 • C as shown in the GPC traces in Figure 3.

Polymerization of MA and Copolymerization of MA/NB
To establish the optimal conditions for polymerization using a catalyst system composed of Pd3 and (C6F5)4BC6H5NH(CH3)2, reaction temperature and run time were systematically investigated; the results are summarized in Table 1.Generally, N2PdCl2 type palladium complexes are sensitive to the temperature and easily dissociate at elevated temperature, subsequently affecting the catalytic activity of polymerization, hence homopolymerization of MA was conducted at different temperatures to explore the best catalyst activity.It was observed that when the temperature was increased from 80 °C to 120 °C, the highest conversion (95%) was obtained at 100 °C.In contrast, in polymerization either at lower or higher temperatures than 100 °C, Pd3 exhibited lower activities, illustrating that partial deactivation started at elevated temperature.From the perspective of polymer microstructure, the raising temperature also causes in increase of the molecular weight of the polymers, consistent with the literature [58] and even higher than the corresponding polymerization data catalyzed by other late transition metals viz.Fe(II) and Co(II)pyridyl bis(imine)/MAO α-diimine Ni(II)/MAO systems [59].Besides, the obtained PMAs show a broad bimodal molecular weight distribution with a high molecular weight tail at 100 °C as shown in the GPC traces in Figure 3.To check the efficiency of the catalyst regarding the reaction time, the homopolymerization of MA has been performed for different time durations such as 1, 2, 3 and 4 h: conversion was increased To check the efficiency of the catalyst regarding the reaction time, the homopolymerization of MA has been performed for different time durations such as 1, 2, 3 and 4 h: conversion was increased from 24.2 to 95.0% as the reaction duration was prolonged from 1 to 4 h (Runs 2, 4, 5 and 6, Table 1).

Run Pre-Catalyst T (°C) Time (h) Yield (g) Conversion (%) b Mw c (kg•mol
Interestingly, the molecular weight of the polymers increased regularly with the prolonged reaction time; a maximum molecular weight of 2252 kg•mol −1 was observed after 4 h reaction run time (Run 2, Table 1).
Under the optimized polymerization conditions, the catalytic behavior of additional complexes (Pd1, Pd2, Pd4 and Pd5) was also examined.The order of catalytic efficiency observed was: Pd5 > Pd4 > Pd3 > Pd2 > Pd1.By examining the data in Table 1, complexes Pd5 and Pd4 showed improved conversion (Runs 9 and 10, Table 1) when compared with their analogous complexes Pd2 and Pd1, respectively (Runs 7 and 8 Table 1).Likewise Pd5 showed slightly higher conversion of MA as compared to Pd4 and a similar correlation was observed by comparing the complexes Pd3 with Pd2 or Pd1.Contrary to Wu et al.'s observations [35,36], sterically hindered Pd5 gave improved conversion, so it seemed a ligand effect was involved during the initial insertion of the MA monomer.Considering the molecular weight of the obtained polymers (Figure 3), Pd5 gave the highest molecular weight, up to 6282 kg•mol −1 .However, Pd1, Pd2, Pd4 and Pd5 showed narrow polydispersity (M w /M n = 3.21-3.98)while Pd3 exhibited a broad polydispersity of 11.5.
In order to verify either a free radical or coordination mechanism, MA polymerization was performed in the absence of ambient light under optimized reaction conditions (Run 11, Table 1).Polymerization was totally hindered in the absence of ambient light, confirming the free radical mechanism of our catalytic system.According to the mechanistic studies of Albéniz et al., free radicals were produced by light induced-homolytic cleavage of the Pd-C bond after the incorporation of one MA unit into the Pd-C 6 F 5 bond of 1 [60].A similar mechanistic pathway was also proposed by Ye et al. [35].Although at this stage less experimental evidence is available, we reason that radicals were similarly produced from the light induced-decomposition of the palladium complex intermediate after initial incorporation of MA monomer into the palladium active species.Herein the palladium active specie could be formed only after the addition of (C 6 F 5 ) 4 BC 6 H 5 NH(CH 3 ) 2 initiator followed by insertion of one MA monomer.In fact no polymerization was observed in the absence of initiator.Furthermore, 13 C-NMR measurements of representative samples (Run 2, Table 1) indicated that the obtained PMAs are atactic.Similar results were also observed by Sen et al. and established a radical mechanism for such type of PMAs [61,62].
Polyolefins functionalized with polar and non-polar monomers remain an area of great interest for providing hybrid polymeric properties which afford useful polymeric materials in industry as well as academia.However, it remains a great challenge to design suitable catalyst systems for efficient copolymerization of MA with NB [34,[39][40][41][42][43]59].In this essence, we employed the Pd3/(C 6 F 5 ) 4 BC 6 H 5 NH(CH 3 ) 2 catalytic system for copolymerization of MA with NB under the aforementioned optimum conditions for homopolymerization of MA (Run 2, Table 1).Various feed ratios of MA/NB (9:1-5:5) were used and results are tabulated in Table 2.It was observed that the incorporation of NB monomer gradually increased with an increase of feed ratio and a maximum 18% conversion was observed at a 5:5 feed ratio.The homopolymerization of NB did not give polymer using same Pd3/(C 6 F 5 ) 4 BC 6 H 5 NH(CH 3 ) 2 catalytic system under similar reaction conditions.Conversely, 18% NB was incorporated during copolymerization of MA with NB, which assured the copolymerization was happened instead of simple physical mixing of both polymers.
Further confirmation of copolymer formation was obtained from the by 1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectrum (vide infra, Figures 4 and 5) [37,38].As mentioned in Table 2, increasing the MA/NB feed ratio caused a substantial decrease in molecular weight of the obtained MA/NB copolymer from 2252 kg•mol −1 to 152 kg•mol −1 .The molecular structure of PMA and MA-co-NB polymer was characterized by 1 H-and 13 C-NMR measurements.According to the 1 H-NMR spectrum the methoxy peak appeared at 3.67 ppm and the methine and methylene protons of acrylate units as well as norbornene units appeared as broad resonances between 0.9-2.5 ppm illustrating the copolymerization was successful.The methylene protons for the acrylate units appeared around 1.98 ppm and overlapped with the methine protons from the norbornene as well as MA units.Furthermore, an intense methoxy group peak showed the MA enriched polymer was formed.All the assigned peaks are in agreement with the literature [61,63,64].Moreover, as expected, no vibration for the C=C bond appeared at 1680-1620 cm −1 in FT IR spectrum indicating the absence of ring opening polymerization of NB [31].
polymers.Further confirmation of copolymer formation was obtained from the by 1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectrum (vide infra, Figures 4 and 5) [37,38].As mentioned in Table 2, increasing the MA/NB feed ratio caused a substantial decrease in molecular weight of the obtained MA/NB copolymer from 2252 kg•mol −1 to 152 kg•mol −1 .The molecular structure of PMA and MA-co-NB polymer was characterized by 1 H-and 13 C-NMR measurements.According to the 1 H-NMR spectrum the methoxy peak appeared at 3.67 ppm and the methine and methylene protons of acrylate units as well as norbornene units appeared as broad resonances between 0.9-2.5 ppm illustrating the copolymerization was successful.The methylene protons for the acrylate units appeared around 1.98 ppm and overlapped with the methine protons from the norbornene as well as MA units.Furthermore, an intense methoxy group peak showed the MA enriched polymer was formed.All the assigned peaks are in agreement with the literature [61,63,64].Moreover, as expected, no vibration for the C=C bond appeared at 1680-1620 cm −1 in FT IR spectrum indicating the absence of ring opening polymerization of NB [31].Similarly, for comparison 13 C-NMR spectra of PMA and MA-co-NB copolymer with different feed ratios (9/1, 7/3 and 5/5) are compiled together in Figure 5 and interpreted according to the literature [65].The peaks for the carbonyl (-C(O)OMe), methoxy (-OCH3), methine (-CH) and methylene (-CH2-) carbons of PMA appear at 175.0 ppm, 51.8 ppm, 41.8 ppm and 35.0 ppm, respectively.On the other hand, in spectra (b) and (c), the methine and methylene carbon peaks became slightly less intense as well as broader.A clearer difference was observed in spectrum (c), where even the methylene carbon peaks of both monomer units emerge in the range of 34.0-44.1 ppm.Furthermore, the methoxy (-OCH3), methine (-CH) and methylene (-CH2-) signals in spectrum (b), (c) and (d) were slightly shifted toward higher field as compared to spectrum (a), verifying that the copolymerization had happened.A similar observation was reported by Wu and his co-workers [35,36]: NB are highly polymers.Further confirmation of copolymer formation was obtained from the by 1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectrum (vide infra, Figures 4 and 5) [37,38].As mentioned in Table 2, increasing the MA/NB feed ratio caused a substantial decrease in molecular weight of the obtained MA/NB copolymer from 2252 kg•mol −1 to 152 kg•mol −1 .The molecular structure of PMA and MA-co-NB polymer was characterized by 1 H-and 13 C-NMR measurements.According to the 1 H-NMR spectrum the methoxy peak appeared at 3.67 ppm and the methine and methylene protons of acrylate units as well as norbornene units appeared as broad resonances between 0.9-2.5 ppm illustrating the copolymerization was successful.The methylene protons for the acrylate units appeared around 1.98 ppm and overlapped with the methine protons from the norbornene as well as MA units.Furthermore, an intense methoxy group peak showed the MA enriched polymer was formed.All the assigned peaks are in agreement with the literature [61,63,64].Moreover, as expected, no vibration for the C=C bond appeared at 1680-1620 cm −1 in FT IR spectrum indicating the absence of ring opening polymerization of NB [31].Similarly, for comparison 13 C-NMR spectra of PMA and MA-co-NB copolymer with different feed ratios (9/1, 7/3 and 5/5) are compiled together in Figure 5 and interpreted according to the literature [65].The peaks for the carbonyl (-C(O)OMe), methoxy (-OCH3), methine (-CH) and methylene (-CH2-) carbons of PMA appear at 175.0 ppm, 51.8 ppm, 41.8 ppm and 35.0 ppm, respectively.On the other hand, in spectra (b) and (c), the methine and methylene carbon peaks became slightly less intense as well as broader.A clearer difference was observed in spectrum (c), where even the methylene carbon peaks of both monomer units emerge in the range of 34.0-44.1 ppm.Furthermore, the methoxy (-OCH3), methine (-CH) and methylene (-CH2-) signals in spectrum (b), (c) and (d) were slightly shifted toward higher field as compared to spectrum (a), verifying that the copolymerization had happened.A similar observation was reported by Wu and his co-workers [35,36]: NB are highly Similarly, for comparison 13 C-NMR spectra of PMA and MA-co-NB copolymer with different feed ratios (9/1, 7/3 and 5/5) are compiled together in Figure 5 and interpreted according to the literature [65].The peaks for the carbonyl (-C(O)OMe), methoxy (-OCH 3 ), methine (-CH) and methylene (-CH 2 -) carbons of PMA appear at 175.0 ppm, 51.8 ppm, 41.8 ppm and 35.0 ppm, respectively.On the other hand, in spectra (b) and (c), the methine and methylene carbon peaks became slightly less intense as well as broader.A clearer difference was observed in spectrum (c), where even the methylene carbon peaks of both monomer units emerge in the range of 34.0-44.1 ppm.Furthermore, the methoxy (-OCH 3 ), methine (-CH) and methylene (-CH 2 -) signals in spectrum (b), (c) and (d) were slightly shifted toward higher field as compared to spectrum (a), verifying that the copolymerization had happened.A similar observation was reported by Wu and his co-workers [35,36]: NB are highly non-polar units which act as inert diluent that would be responsible for slightly shifting the chemical shift of MA segments to higher field.Such a shifting of peaks would not possible in a physic mixture of both polymers because no specific interaction between MA and NB monomers is possible.Moreover, some additional peaks was observed at 25.1 ppm, 30.2 ppm and 48.3 ppm which was assigned to the MA and NB sequence and the appearance of the peak intensity indicated a random sequence of co-monomers; such a sequence of MA and NB in polymer chains mostly occurs by a radical polymerization mechanism in agreement with the literature [34,[39][40][41][42][43]59].Though, a precise mechanism is unknown, like MA homopolymerization, MA free radicals are produced from the palladium intermediates, followed by propagation of MA-co-NB polymer chain by reacting with MA as well as NB monomers.

Heck Coupling Reaction
Generally the catalytic efficiency for Heck coupling reaction is highly influenced by the reaction conditions namely inorganic base, organic solvent, temperature and reaction time.In this context, firstly, the reaction conditions were optimized.The optimized reaction conditions were investigated by employing 0.002 mol% loading of Pd5 complex for Heck coupling of classical substrates; p-bromo-toluene with 1.2 equivalents of styrene and explored the effect of base, temperature, solvent and reaction duration.The data are compiled in Table 3. non-polar units which act as inert diluent that would be responsible for slightly shifting the chemical shift of MA segments to higher field.Such a shifting of peaks would not possible in a physic mixture of both polymers because no specific interaction between MA and NB monomers is possible.Moreover, some additional peaks was observed at 25.1 ppm, 30.2 ppm and 48.3 ppm which was assigned to the MA and NB sequence and the appearance of the peak intensity indicated a random sequence of co-monomers; such a sequence of MA and NB in polymer chains mostly occurs by a radical polymerization mechanism in agreement with the literature [34,[39][40][41][42][43]59].Though, a precise mechanism is unknown, like MA homopolymerization, MA free radicals are produced from the palladium intermediates, followed by propagation of MA-co-NB polymer chain by reacting with MA as well as NB monomers.

Heck Coupling Reaction
Generally the catalytic efficiency for Heck coupling reaction is highly influenced by the reaction conditions namely inorganic base, organic solvent, temperature and reaction time.In this context, firstly, the reaction conditions were optimized.The optimized reaction conditions were investigated by employing 0.002 mol% loading of Pd5 complex for Heck coupling of classical substrates; p-bromo-toluene with 1.2 equivalents of styrene and explored the effect of base, temperature, solvent and reaction duration.The data are compiled in Table 3.On careful inspection of the data, the best conversion was found when the coupling was performed in dimethylacetamide at 150 °C in the presence of K2CO3 for 12 h, which resulted in 98% conversion (Run 13, Table 3).Other bases including Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NaOAc and NaOH were also tested but showed lower efficiency (Runs 2-5, Table 3).In considering the crucial rule of the solvent in Heck coupling reactions, various polar and non-polar solvents were employed: the polar aprotic solvent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) exhibited similar activity as DMA and the coupling product could be obtained in 92% yield after 8 h reaction run time (Run 6, Table 3).An the other hand, due to  On careful inspection of the data, the best conversion was found when the coupling was performed in dimethylacetamide at 150 • C in the presence of K 2 CO 3 for 12 h, which resulted in 98% conversion (Run 13, Table 3).Other bases including Na 2 CO 3 , NaHCO 3 , NaOAc and NaOH were also tested but showed lower efficiency (Runs 2-5, Table 3).In considering the crucial rule of the solvent in Heck coupling reactions, various polar and non-polar solvents were employed: the polar aprotic solvent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) exhibited similar activity as DMA and the coupling product could be obtained in 92% yield after 8 h reaction run time (Run 6, Table 3).An the other hand, due to lower boiling points of the solvents toluene and acetonitrile, the reaction was conducted at 100 • C and 60 • C respectively, but no conversion was observed (Runs 6-8, Table 3).In order to distinguish the effect of solvent or/and temperature, the coupling reaction was performed at lower temperature (60 • C and 100 • C) using the optimal solvent (DMA), and still no conversion was obtained, illustrating the dynamic role of temperature in the coupling reactions (Runs 9 and 10, Table 3).On the inspection of the reaction run time, surprisingly, slightly less conversion (93%) was observed after 8 h reaction run time (Run 1, Table 3).Less reaction time, namely 2 and 4 h, gave less conversion (Runs 12 and 13, Table 3), while 12 h reaction gave slightly more conversion, but considering good the ToF values we used eight hour reaction time to explore the scope for further reaction substrates.
Using the optimum reaction conditions as established for Pd5, Pd4, PdCl 2 and Pd(OAc) 2 were additionally employed to evaluate the catalytic efficiency for the coupling of p-bromotoluene and styrene.According to the results as mentioned in Table 3, Pd4 like Pd5 exhibited excellent conversion (93%) and high ToF value (Run 14, Table 3).In contrast, PdCl 2 and Pd(OAc) 2 showed only 22% and 41% conversion, respectively, albeit at higher catalyst loading, illustrating the role of the ligand in the catalytic efficiency (Runs 15 and 16, Table 3).Complexes Pd4 and Pd5 have additional methyl groups on the para-position, which showed a detrimental effect that led to a slightly lower conversion rate as compared to analogous complexes [48].
Furthermore, keeping the optimal conditions in mind, the scope of the catalytic system Pd5 was further investigated in the coupling of styrene with a variety of haloarene substrates as listed in Table 4. High catalytic efficiency was achieved in the case of bromobenzene (Run 1, Table 4), but the efficiency abruptly dropped in the case of 2,4,6-trimethylbromobenzene (Run 2, Table 4), being attributed to the steric crowding of both ortho-methyl substituents.lower boiling points of the solvents toluene and acetonitrile, the reaction was conducted at 100 °C and 60 °C respectively, but no conversion was observed (Runs 6-8, Table 3).In order to distinguish the effect of solvent or/and temperature, the coupling reaction was performed at lower temperature (60 °C and 100 °C) using the optimal solvent (DMA), and still no conversion was obtained, illustrating the dynamic role of temperature in the coupling reactions (Runs 9 and 10, Table 3).On the inspection of the reaction run time, surprisingly, slightly less conversion (93%) was observed after 8 h reaction run time (Run 1, Table 3).Less reaction time, namely 2 and 4 h, gave less conversion (Runs 12 and 13, Table 3), while 12 h reaction gave slightly more conversion, but considering good the ToF values we used eight hour reaction time to explore the scope for further reaction substrates.
Using the optimum reaction conditions as established for Pd5, Pd4, PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 were additionally employed to evaluate the catalytic efficiency for the coupling of p-bromotoluene and styrene.According to the results as mentioned in Table 3, Pd4 like Pd5 exhibited excellent conversion (93%) and high ToF value (Run 14, Table 3).In contrast, PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 showed only 22% and 41% conversion, respectively, albeit at higher catalyst loading, illustrating the role of the ligand in the catalytic efficiency (Runs 15 and 16, Table 3).Complexes Pd4 and Pd5 have additional methyl groups on the para-position, which showed a detrimental effect that led to a slightly lower conversion rate as compared to analogous complexes [48].
Furthermore, keeping the optimal conditions in mind, the scope of the catalytic system Pd5 was further investigated in the coupling of styrene with a variety of haloarene substrates as listed in Table 4. High catalytic efficiency was achieved in the case of bromobenzene (Run 1, Table 4), but the efficiency abruptly dropped in the case of 2,4,6-trimethylbromobenzene (Run 2, Table 4), being attributed to the steric crowding of both ortho-methyl substituents.However, 1,4-dibromobenzene gave 43% conversion in the first coupling stage and but second coupling of styrene seemed more difficult as it gave only 21% conversion caused of the high steric hindrance (Run 3, Table 4).Meanwhile, introducing electron donating groups, namely -NH2 and -OMe lower boiling points of the solvents toluene and acetonitrile, the reaction was conducted at 100 °C and 60 °C respectively, but no conversion was observed (Runs 6-8, Table 3).In order to distinguish the effect of solvent or/and temperature, the coupling reaction was performed at lower temperature (60 °C and 100 °C) using the optimal solvent (DMA), and still no conversion was obtained, illustrating the dynamic role of temperature in the coupling reactions (Runs 9 and 10, Table 3).On the inspection of the reaction run time, surprisingly, slightly less conversion (93%) was observed after 8 h reaction run time (Run 1, Table 3).Less reaction time, namely 2 and 4 h, gave less conversion (Runs 12 and 13, Table 3), while 12 h reaction gave slightly more conversion, but considering good the ToF values we used eight hour reaction time to explore the scope for further reaction substrates.
Using the optimum reaction conditions as established for Pd5, Pd4, PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 were additionally employed to evaluate the catalytic efficiency for the coupling of p-bromotoluene and styrene.According to the results as mentioned in Table 3, Pd4 like Pd5 exhibited excellent conversion (93%) and high ToF value (Run 14, Table 3).In contrast, PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 showed only 22% and 41% conversion, respectively, albeit at higher catalyst loading, illustrating the role of the ligand in the catalytic efficiency (Runs 15 and 16, Table 3).Complexes Pd4 and Pd5 have additional methyl groups on the para-position, which showed a detrimental effect that led to a slightly lower conversion rate as compared to analogous complexes [48].
Furthermore, keeping the optimal conditions in mind, the scope of the catalytic system Pd5 was further investigated in the coupling of styrene with a variety of haloarene substrates as listed in Table 4. High catalytic efficiency was achieved in the case of bromobenzene (Run 1, Table 4), but the efficiency abruptly dropped in the case of 2,4,6-trimethylbromobenzene (Run 2, Table 4), being attributed to the steric crowding of both ortho-methyl substituents.However, 1,4-dibromobenzene gave 43% conversion in the first coupling stage and but second coupling of styrene seemed more difficult as it gave only 21% conversion caused of the high steric hindrance (Run 3, Table 4).Meanwhile, introducing electron donating groups, namely -NH2 and -OMe lower boiling points of the solvents toluene and acetonitrile, the reaction was conducted at 100 °C and 60 °C respectively, but no conversion was observed (Runs 6-8, Table 3).In order to distinguish the effect of solvent or/and temperature, the coupling reaction was performed at lower temperature (60 °C and 100 °C) using the optimal solvent (DMA), and still no conversion was obtained, illustrating the dynamic role of temperature in the coupling reactions (Runs 9 and 10, Table 3).On the inspection of the reaction run time, surprisingly, slightly less conversion (93%) was observed after 8 h reaction run time (Run 1, Table 3).Less reaction time, namely 2 and 4 h, gave less conversion (Runs 12 and 13, Table 3), while 12 h reaction gave slightly more conversion, but considering good the ToF values we used eight hour reaction time to explore the scope for further reaction substrates.
Using the optimum reaction conditions as established for Pd5, Pd4, PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 were additionally employed to evaluate the catalytic efficiency for the coupling of p-bromotoluene and styrene.According to the results as mentioned in Table 3, Pd4 like Pd5 exhibited excellent conversion (93%) and high ToF value (Run 14, Table 3).In contrast, PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 showed only 22% and 41% conversion, respectively, albeit at higher catalyst loading, illustrating the role of the ligand in the catalytic efficiency (Runs 15 and 16, Table 3).Complexes Pd4 and Pd5 have additional methyl groups on the para-position, which showed a detrimental effect that led to a slightly lower conversion rate as compared to analogous complexes [48].
Furthermore, keeping the optimal conditions in mind, the scope of the catalytic system Pd5 was further investigated in the coupling of styrene with a variety of haloarene substrates as listed in Table 4. High catalytic efficiency was achieved in the case of bromobenzene (Run 1, Table 4), but the efficiency abruptly dropped in the case of 2,4,6-trimethylbromobenzene (Run 2, Table 4), being attributed to the steric crowding of both ortho-methyl substituents.However, 1,4-dibromobenzene gave 43% conversion in the first coupling stage and but second coupling of styrene seemed more difficult as it gave only 21% conversion caused of the high steric hindrance (Run 3, Table 4).Meanwhile, introducing electron donating groups, namely -NH2 and -OMe lower boiling points of the solvents toluene and acetonitrile, the reaction was conducted at 100 °C and 60 °C respectively, but no conversion was observed (Runs 6-8, Table 3).In order to distinguish the effect of solvent or/and temperature, the coupling reaction was performed at lower temperature (60 °C and 100 °C) using the optimal solvent (DMA), and still no conversion was obtained, illustrating the dynamic role of temperature in the coupling reactions (Runs 9 and 10, Table 3).On the inspection of the reaction run time, surprisingly, slightly less conversion (93%) was observed after 8 h reaction run time (Run 1, Table 3).Less reaction time, namely 2 and 4 h, gave less conversion (Runs 12 and 13, Table 3), while 12 h reaction gave slightly more conversion, but considering good the ToF values we used eight hour reaction time to explore the scope for further reaction substrates.
Using the optimum reaction conditions as established for Pd5, Pd4, PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 were additionally employed to evaluate the catalytic efficiency for the coupling of p-bromotoluene and styrene.According to the results as mentioned in Table 3, Pd4 like Pd5 exhibited excellent conversion (93%) and high ToF value (Run 14, Table 3).In contrast, PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 showed only 22% and 41% conversion, respectively, albeit at higher catalyst loading, illustrating the role of the ligand in the catalytic efficiency (Runs 15 and 16, Table 3).Complexes Pd4 and Pd5 have additional methyl groups on the para-position, which showed a detrimental effect that led to a slightly lower conversion rate as compared to analogous complexes [48].
Furthermore, keeping the optimal conditions in mind, the scope of the catalytic system Pd5 was further investigated in the coupling of styrene with a variety of haloarene substrates as listed in Table 4. High catalytic efficiency was achieved in the case of bromobenzene (Run 1, Table 4), but the efficiency abruptly dropped in the case of 2,4,6-trimethylbromobenzene (Run 2, Table 4), being attributed to the steric crowding of both ortho-methyl substituents.However, 1,4-dibromobenzene gave 43% conversion in the first coupling stage and but second coupling of styrene seemed more difficult as it gave only 21% conversion caused of the high steric hindrance (Run 3, Table 4).Meanwhile, introducing electron donating groups, namely -NH2 and -OMe lower boiling points of the solvents toluene and acetonitrile, the reaction was conducted at 100 °C and 60 °C respectively, but no conversion was observed (Runs 6-8, Table 3).In order to distinguish the effect of solvent or/and temperature, the coupling reaction was performed at lower temperature (60 °C and 100 °C) using the optimal solvent (DMA), and still no conversion was obtained, illustrating the dynamic role of temperature in the coupling reactions (Runs 9 and 10, Table 3).On the inspection of the reaction run time, surprisingly, slightly less conversion (93%) was observed after 8 h reaction run time (Run 1, Table 3).Less reaction time, namely 2 and 4 h, gave less conversion (Runs 12 and 13, Table 3), while 12 h reaction gave slightly more conversion, but considering good the ToF values we used eight hour reaction time to explore the scope for further reaction substrates.
Using the optimum reaction conditions as established for Pd5, Pd4, PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 were additionally employed to evaluate the catalytic efficiency for the coupling of p-bromotoluene and styrene.According to the results as mentioned in Table 3, Pd4 like Pd5 exhibited excellent conversion (93%) and high ToF value (Run 14, Table 3).In contrast, PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 showed only 22% and 41% conversion, respectively, albeit at higher catalyst loading, illustrating the role of the ligand in the catalytic efficiency (Runs 15 and 16, Table 3).Complexes Pd4 and Pd5 have additional methyl groups on the para-position, which showed a detrimental effect that led to a slightly lower conversion rate as compared to analogous complexes [48].
Furthermore, keeping the optimal conditions in mind, the scope of the catalytic system Pd5 was further investigated in the coupling of styrene with a variety of haloarene substrates as listed in Table 4. High catalytic efficiency was achieved in the case of bromobenzene (Run 1, Table 4), but the efficiency abruptly dropped in the case of 2,4,6-trimethylbromobenzene (Run 2, Table 4), being attributed to the steric crowding of both ortho-methyl substituents.However, 1,4-dibromobenzene gave 43% conversion in the first coupling stage and but second coupling of styrene seemed more difficult as it gave only 21% conversion caused of the high steric hindrance (Run 3, Table 4).Meanwhile, introducing electron donating groups, namely -NH2 and -OMe lower boiling points of the solvents toluene and acetonitrile, the reaction was conducted at 100 °C and 60 °C respectively, but no conversion was observed (Runs 6-8, Table 3).In order to distinguish the effect of solvent or/and temperature, the coupling reaction was performed at lower temperature (60 °C and 100 °C) using the optimal solvent (DMA), and still no conversion was obtained, illustrating the dynamic role of temperature in the coupling reactions (Runs 9 and 10, Table 3).On the inspection of the reaction run time, surprisingly, slightly less conversion (93%) was observed after 8 h reaction run time (Run 1, Table 3).Less reaction time, namely 2 and 4 h, gave less conversion (Runs 12 and 13, Table 3), while 12 h reaction gave slightly more conversion, but considering good the ToF values we used eight hour reaction time to explore the scope for further reaction substrates.
Using the optimum reaction conditions as established for Pd5, Pd4, PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 were additionally employed to evaluate the catalytic efficiency for the coupling of p-bromotoluene and styrene.According to the results as mentioned in Table 3, Pd4 like Pd5 exhibited excellent conversion (93%) and high ToF value (Run 14, Table 3).In contrast, PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 showed only 22% and 41% conversion, respectively, albeit at higher catalyst loading, illustrating the role of the ligand in the catalytic efficiency (Runs 15 and 16, Table 3).Complexes Pd4 and Pd5 have additional methyl groups on the para-position, which showed a detrimental effect that led to a slightly lower conversion rate as compared to analogous complexes [48].
Furthermore, keeping the optimal conditions in mind, the scope of the catalytic system Pd5 was further investigated in the coupling of styrene with a variety of haloarene substrates as listed in Table 4. High catalytic efficiency was achieved in the case of bromobenzene (Run 1, Table 4), but the efficiency abruptly dropped in the case of 2,4,6-trimethylbromobenzene (Run 2, Table 4), being attributed to the steric crowding of both ortho-methyl substituents.However, 1,4-dibromobenzene gave 43% conversion in the first coupling stage and but second coupling of styrene seemed more difficult as it gave only 21% conversion caused of the high steric hindrance (Run 3, Table 4).Meanwhile, introducing electron donating groups, namely -NH2 and -OMe lower boiling points of the solvents toluene and acetonitrile, the reaction was conducted at 100 °C and 60 °C respectively, but no conversion was observed (Runs 6-8, Table 3).In order to distinguish the effect of solvent or/and temperature, the coupling reaction was performed at lower temperature (60 °C and 100 °C) using the optimal solvent (DMA), and still no conversion was obtained, illustrating the dynamic role of temperature in the coupling reactions (Runs 9 and 10, Table 3).On the inspection of the reaction run time, surprisingly, slightly less conversion (93%) was observed after 8 h reaction run time (Run 1, Table 3).Less reaction time, namely 2 and 4 h, gave less conversion (Runs 12 and 13, Table 3), while 12 h reaction gave slightly more conversion, but considering good the ToF values we used eight hour reaction time to explore the scope for further reaction substrates.
Using the optimum reaction conditions as established for Pd5, Pd4, PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 were additionally employed to evaluate the catalytic efficiency for the coupling of p-bromotoluene and styrene.According to the results as mentioned in Table 3, Pd4 like Pd5 exhibited excellent conversion (93%) and high ToF value (Run 14, Table 3).In contrast, PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 showed only 22% and 41% conversion, respectively, albeit at higher catalyst loading, illustrating the role of the ligand in the catalytic efficiency (Runs 15 and 16, Table 3).Complexes Pd4 and Pd5 have additional methyl groups on the para-position, which showed a detrimental effect that led to a slightly lower conversion rate as compared to analogous complexes [48].
Furthermore, keeping the optimal conditions in mind, the scope of the catalytic system Pd5 was further investigated in the coupling of styrene with a variety of haloarene substrates as listed in Table 4. High catalytic efficiency was achieved in the case of bromobenzene (Run 1, Table 4), but the efficiency abruptly dropped in the case of 2,4,6-trimethylbromobenzene (Run 2, Table 4), being attributed to the steric crowding of both ortho-methyl substituents.However, 1,4-dibromobenzene gave 43% conversion in the first coupling stage and but second coupling of styrene seemed more difficult as it gave only 21% conversion caused of the high steric hindrance (Run 3, Table 4).Meanwhile, introducing electron donating groups, namely -NH2 and -OMe lower boiling points of the solvents toluene and acetonitrile, the reaction was conducted at 100 °C and 60 °C respectively, but no conversion was observed (Runs 6-8, Table 3).In order to distinguish the effect of solvent or/and temperature, the coupling reaction was performed at lower temperature (60 °C and 100 °C) using the optimal solvent (DMA), and still no conversion was obtained, illustrating the dynamic role of temperature in the coupling reactions (Runs 9 and 10, Table 3).On the inspection of the reaction run time, surprisingly, slightly less conversion (93%) was observed after 8 h reaction run time (Run 1, Table 3).Less reaction time, namely 2 and 4 h, gave less conversion (Runs 12 and 13, Table 3), while 12 h reaction gave slightly more conversion, but considering good the ToF values we used eight hour reaction time to explore the scope for further reaction substrates.
Using the optimum reaction conditions as established for Pd5, Pd4, PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 were additionally employed to evaluate the catalytic efficiency for the coupling of p-bromotoluene and styrene.According to the results as mentioned in Table 3, Pd4 like Pd5 exhibited excellent conversion (93%) and high ToF value (Run 14, Table 3).In contrast, PdCl2 and Pd(OAc)2 showed only 22% and 41% conversion, respectively, albeit at higher catalyst loading, illustrating the role of the ligand in the catalytic efficiency (Runs 15 and 16, Table 3).Complexes Pd4 and Pd5 have additional methyl groups on the para-position, which showed a detrimental effect that led to a slightly lower conversion rate as compared to analogous complexes [48].
Furthermore, keeping the optimal conditions in mind, the scope of the catalytic system Pd5 was further investigated in the coupling of styrene with a variety of haloarene substrates as listed in Table 4. High catalytic efficiency was achieved in the case of bromobenzene (Run 1, Table 4), but the efficiency abruptly dropped in the case of 2,4,6-trimethylbromobenzene (Run 2, Table 4), being attributed to the steric crowding of both ortho-methyl substituents.However, 1,4-dibromobenzene gave 43% conversion in the first coupling stage and but second coupling of styrene seemed more difficult as it gave only 21% conversion caused of the high steric hindrance (Run 3, Table 4).Meanwhile, introducing electron donating groups, namely -NH2 and -OMe However, 1,4-dibromobenzene gave 43% conversion in the first coupling stage and but second coupling of styrene seemed more difficult as it gave only 21% conversion caused of the high steric hindrance (Run 3, Table 4).Meanwhile, introducing electron donating groups, namely -NH 2 and -OMe at the para-position of bromobenzene gave slightly less conversion as compared to bromobenzene: 77% and 76%, respectively (Runs 4 and 5, Table 4).In comparison with the self-encapsulated Pd-diimine catalyst reported by Ye et al., Pd5 is an efficient catalyst showing high values of ToF (4000 and 3847 h −1 ) [66].In the case of 3-methoxybromobenzene, the catalytic efficiency was further decreased up to 53% (Run 6, Table 4) consistent with the literature [67].On comparison with our earlier reported work [48], the current catalytic system exhibited similar efficiency viz electron withdrawing groups positively enhanced the catalytic efficiency and electron donating groups showed contrasting results.At the same time, the coupling reaction of highly inert 2-bromopyridine substrates were also investigated with styrene (Runs 7 and 8, Table 4) but lower activity was exhibited, possibly due to coordination of N pyridine with Pd metal center leading to lower efficiency.This indicated that it is worthy to explore more efficient catalyst systems for the coupling of less reactive substrates, albeit a plethora of highly efficient catalysts are available.The structures of the isolated products were elucidated by 1 H-and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy and interpreted according to the literature [68][69][70].

General Information
All the manipulations of air and/or moisture sensitive compounds were conducted under a nitrogen atmosphere by standard Schlenk techniques.All the reagents were purchased from Aldrich (Beijing, China).NMR spectra were recorded on a DMX 400 MHz instrument (Bruker, Karlsruhe, Germany) at ambient temperature with TMS as an internal standard.FTIR spectra were determined on a System 2000 FTIR spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer, Shanghai, China).Elemental analysis was performed by an HPMOD 1106 microanalyzer (Thermo Electron SPA, Beijing, China).

Synthesis of Ligands L1-L5
Ligands L1-L5 have been prepared according to the procedure as reported in our previous study [47].

Synthesis of Palladium Complexes
A similar procedure was used as described for the synthesis of Pd1-Pd3 in our previous study [48].A solution of (CH 3 CN) 2 PdCl 2 (2 mmol) in CH 2 Cl2 (20 mL) was added with the corresponding ligand (2 mmol) at room temperature.After overnight stirring, the color of the reaction mixture turned from light yellow to dark yellow, then the complex was precipitated by adding an excess of diethyl ether, filtered and washed with diethyl ether (3 × 5 mL).Finally, the precipitate was dried under vacuum afforded a yellow microcrystalline powder in high yield.

Copolymerization of MA and NB
Typical procedure: A 50 mL oven-dried Schlenk flask was charged with Pd3 complex (9.2 mg, 20 µmol) and (C 6 F 5 ) 4 BC 6 H 5 NH(CH 3 ) 2 (0.017 mg, 24 µmol, 1.2 equiv.)under nitrogen.Then the required molar ratio of MA and NB were added into the reaction mixture by syringe.After 4 h reaction time at 100 • C, methanol was added to quench the polymerization.The polymer was obtained by filtration and dried under vacuum in an oven for 12 h at 45 • C.

Heck Reaction
In a typical procedure for Run 1 in Table 3, a 50 mL oven-dried Schlenk flask was charged with p-bromotoluene (342 mg, 2.0 mmol), styrene (254 mg, 2.4 mmol), anhydrous K 2 CO 3 (304 mg, 2.2 mmol) and dimethylacetamide (DMA, 4.0 mL) under nitrogen.A 4 µmol Pd5 solution in DMA solvent was added into reaction mixture using a syringe, and then the reaction tube was kept stirring at 150 • C for 8 h.After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with water and EtOAc.The combined organic extract was washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated.The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the desired product 1-methyl-4-styrylbenzene.

X-ray Crystallographic Study
Single crystals of Pd4 and Pd5 suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis were obtained from their dichloromethane solution using diethyl ether at room temperature.X-ray diffraction study were conducted on a Saturn 724 + CCD diffractometer (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) with graphite-monochromated Mo-Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å) at 173(2) K. Cell parameters were obtained by global refinement of the positions of all collected reflections.Intensities were corrected for Lorentz and polarization effects and empirical absorption.The structures were solved by direct methods and refined by full-matrix least squares on F 2 .All hydrogen atoms were placed in calculated positions.Structure solution and refinement were performed by using the SHELXL-97 package [71].Details of the X-ray structure determinations and refinements are provided in Table S2.

Conclusions
Along with reported complexes Pd1-Pd3, a pair of new complexes Pd4 and Pd5 have been prepared and fully characterized by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopies as well as elemental analysis.The molecular structures of Pd4 and Pd5 in the solid state have also been determined by X-ray diffraction, showing slightly distorted square planar geometry around the palladium metal center.All complexes Pd1-Pd5 displayed excellent catalytic activity, with as high as 98% conversion, for MA polymerization.From the perspective of PMA microstructure, a high molecular weight (6282 kg•mol −1 ) was achieved.Moreover, Pd3 has good capability in copolymerization of MA with NB and exhibted up to 18% incorporation.Additionally Pd4 and Pd5 was employed for the coupling of halorenes with styrene and gave almost quantitative conversions.In summary, the reported complexes are easy to

aFigure 3 .
Figure 3. GPC traces of PMA produced by complex Pd3 at different polymerization temperature (a) and by different complexes Pd1-Pd5 (b).

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. GPC traces of PMA produced by complex Pd3 at different polymerization temperature (a) and by different complexes Pd1-Pd5 (b).

Table 1 .
The catalytic properties of Pd complexes for MA homopolymerization a .
a Conditions: 10.0 µmol of Pd complexes activated with 1.2 eq (C 6 F 5 ) 4 BC 6 H 5 NH(CH 3 ) 2 ; 10 mL MA. b Calculated by 1 H-NMR.c Determined by GPC.d Polymerization in absence of light.

Table 1 .
The catalytic properties of Pd complexes for MA homopolymerization a .

Table 2 .
Copolymerization of MA and NB by complexes Pd3 a .
c Determined by GPC.

Table 3 .
Optimization of reaction conditions using Pd1 as catalyst a .

Table 3 .
Optimization of reaction conditions using Pd1 as catalyst a .

Table 4 .
Heck reaction of various aryl bromides and styrene using complex Pd5 a .

Table 4 .
Heck reaction of various aryl bromides and styrene using complex Pd5 a .

Table 4 .
Heck reaction of various aryl bromides and styrene using complex Pd5 a .

Table 4 .
Heck reaction of various aryl bromides and styrene using complex Pd5 a .

Table 4 .
Heck reaction of various aryl bromides and styrene using complex Pd5 a .

Table 4 .
Heck reaction of various aryl bromides and styrene using complex Pd5 a .

Table 4 .
Heck reaction of various aryl bromides and styrene using complex Pd5 a .

Table 4 .
Heck reaction of various aryl bromides and styrene using complex Pd5 a .

Table 4 .
Heck reaction of various aryl bromides and styrene using complex Pd5 a .